효율계산

1) Generating efficiency at Generator terminal 발전달 열효율

Output (kW)
η = ----------------------------------
SFOC x LCV

Gross Generationg Output 발전단 전력

2) Net generating efficiency Generating efficiency at power transmission line

Output (kW) - Power station internal consumption (Auxiliary power consumption)

η = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SFOC x LCV

3) 발전단 소비율 (GHR : Gross Heat Rate)

SFOC x LCV 0.187 x 42707 kJ/kg

= ---------------------------------- = 0.63889672 kJ/kWh
Power Output 12500

4) 터빈 열소비율 (GHR : Gross Heat Rate)

터어빈내 공급된 열량
η = ---------------------------------- `
Generating Electirc power

5) Daily load factor

평균전력 발전전력량/24
η = ---------------------------------- = ----------------------------------
최대전력 최대 전력량

6) 일이용률

평균전력 발전전력량/24
η = ---------------------------------- = ----------------------------------
설비전력 설비출력

발전전력량 = 최대 전력 x 24 hr x 부하율
= 설비출력 x 24 hr x 이용률

ex1) 화력발전소에서 1 t 의 석탄으로 발생할 수 있는 전력량은 몇 kWh ?

SFOC : 1 ton

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 효율계산

LCV of coal : 5500 kcal/kg

η : 34 %

Q = SFOC x LCV x 0.34

= 1000 kg x 5500 kcal/kg x 0.34 = 1870000 kcal

1 kwh = 860 Kcal

Q
E= -------------- = 2174.4186 kwh
860 kcal

ex2) gross generating output : 500000 kW

LCV of heavy fuel oil : 10000 kcal/L
SFOC : 107 kL/hr
Power station internal consumption : 3.5 %
η generating efficiency at generator terminal
PG x 860 kcal/hr
= -------------------------------------------------------------------------
SFOC x LCV

500000 x 860 kcal/hr

= ------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.40186916
107000 L/hr x 10000 kcal/L = 40.2 %

ηL Net generating efficiency

PL
Power station internal power consumption factor (L) = ----------------- x 100
(Auxiliary use factor) PG

PG x 860 L
= ------------------------------------------------ x ( 1 - --------------- ) x 100
SFOC x LCV 100

500000 x 860 3.5

------------------------------------------------ x ( 1 - --------------- ) x 100 = 38.8 %
107000 x 10000 100

ex3) Gross generating output PG = 400 MW

= 400000 kW
Daily load factor DLF = 90 %
LC V of heavy fuel oil = 9600 kcal/l
η generating efficiency at generator terminal = 39.2 %

How much is the daily fuel oil comsumption ?

Power generation output per day

Average Load gross generating output/24

Daily Load factor = ----------------------- x 100 = ---------------------------------------- x 100
Peak Load Max. generating output

P' = PG x DLF x 24 hr
400000 x 0.9 x 24 hr = 8640000 kwh

Output x 860 kcal/hr

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 효율계산

η = ---------------------------------------------------------------
SFOC x LCV

Output x 860 kcal/hr

SFOC = ---------------------------------------------------------------
η x LCV

8640000 x 860 kcal/hr

--------------------------------------------------------------- = 1974489.8 L
0.392 x 9600

ex4) SFOC : 5000000 kg/day

LCV of coal : 6000 kcal/kg
η : 30 %

Q0 : Total heat capacity converted to electric power

Q0 = SFOC x LCV x η
5000000 x 6000 x 0.3 = 9000000000 kcal/day
= 375000000 kcal/hr
1kWh = 860 kcal
1kW = 860 kcal/hr

W0 = Q0 / 860 kcal/hr = 436046.512 kW

ex5) Max. generating output PG : 50000 kW

Daily load factor DLF : 60 %
LCV of coal : 5000 kcal/kg
SFOC : 40000 t/50day
: 800 t/day

P' = PG x DLF x 24 hr
50000 x 0.6 x 24 hr = 720000 kwh/day

P'50day = 720000 x 50 day = 36000000 kwh

Heat capacity of coal

Q0 = SFOC x LCV x 50 day

800000 x 5000 x 50 day = 2E+11 kcal

1kWh = 860 kcal

1kW = 860 kcal/hr 232558140 kWh

generating output during 50days

overall efficiency = ------------------------------------------------
Electrical power of coal

36000000
overall efficiency = ------------------------ x 100 = 15.48 %

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 효율계산

232558139.53488

ex6) Max. generating output PG : 500000 kW

no. of generators 6 sets

Daily load factor DLF : 90 %
LCV of coal : 6500 kcal/kg
SFOC :
: ? t/day
η : 38 %

P' = PG x DLF x 24 hr x 6 sets

500000 x 0.9 x 24 hr x 6 sets = 64800000 kwh

Output x 860 kcal/hr

η = ---------------------------------------------------------------
SFOC x LCV

64800000 x 860 kcal/hr

SFOC = ---------------------------------------------------------------
η x LCV

64800000 x 860 kcal

--------------------------------------------------------------- = 22561943 kg
0.38 x 6500 = 22562 ton/day

total coal quantity during 30 days

22562 ton/day x 30 day = 676860 ton

ex7) Max. generating output PG : 500000 kW

load factor DLF : 70 %
LCV of coal : 9800 kcal/L
SFOC : ?
η : 39 %
production cost per 1kwh : ?
price of Heavy oil : 140000 KRW/kL
fixed cost : 8.86E+07 KRW

P' = PG x DLF x 24 hr
500000 x 0.7 x 24 hr = 8400000 kwh

output x 860 kcal/hr

SFOC = ---------------------------------------------------------------
η x LCV

8400000 x 860 kcal

--------------------------------------------------------------- = 1890109.89 L/day
0.39 x 9800 = 1890 KL/day

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 효율계산

Fuel oil cost

α= SFOC /day x Price of fuel

1890 x 140000 = 264600000 KRW

264600000 + 8.86E+07
αG = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 42.047619 KRW/kwh
8400000

ex6) Max. generating output PG : 600000 kW

Plant factor : 70 %

LCV of coal : 10000 kcal/L

production cost per 1kwh : ?
η : 38.7 %
price of Heavy oil : 150000 KRW/kL
150 KRW/L
fixed cost : 8.86E+07 KRW
Auxiliary use factor : 2.8 %
construction cost : 800000 원/kW
annual expenditure (cost) such as interest rate, depreciation : 13 %
( service life is equal during 30 years)

1) Since variable & fixed cost includes in power generation cost, calculating variable cost

kcal/kwh Fuel price krw/KL

α= annaul power generation output x ;-------------------------------- x -------------------------------
thermal efficiency LCV kcal/L
860 150
= 600000 x 8760 x 0.7 x ----------------------- x --------------------------
0.387 10000

= 122640000000 krw/kcal
2) fixed cost

power generation output x construction cost x annaul expenditure ratio

600000 x 800000 x 0.13 = 6.24E+10 krw

3) Annual power generation output

= 600000 x 8760 x 0.7 = 3679200000

annaul variable cost = 122640000000 / 3679200000 = 33.3333333 원/kWh

annaul fixed cost = 62400000000 / 3679200000 = 16.9602087 원/kwh

Gross power generation cost = 50.2935421 원/kwh

Net power generation cost

Gross power generation cost
------------------------------------------------------

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 효율계산

( 1- aux. use factor )

50.2935420744
------------------------------------------------------ = 51.7423272 원/kWh
( 1- 0.028 )

ex7)

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효율계산

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 효율계산

krw/KL

kcal/L

krw/kcal

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 Gas turbine

1 Carnot cycle

ex1) 공기표준 Carnot cycle 에서 압축초기의 공기의 압력과 온도가

P1 = 0.1 Mpa
T1 = T2 = 300 K

Cycle 최고 온도
T3 = T4 = 2000 K
P2 k-1/k
s4 = s1 T2 = T1 x( ------ )
Adiabatic Process P1
Cp 1.0035 P2 = P1 x( ------ )
K = ------ = ------------- = 1.4 V2
Cv 0.7165

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 Gas turbine

T4 P4 k-1/k
------ = ( ------ )
T1 P1
T4 k/k-1 2000 k/k-1
P4 = P1 x ( ------------- ) = 0.1 x ( ------------- ) = 76.503375 Mpa
T1 300

v3
q12 = ∫ du + ∫ P dv = 0 + R x T3 Ln ------------- =
v4

P4
R x T3 Ln ------------- = 1200 kJ/kg
P3

1200
P3 = P4 x e ^ (-----------------------------------)
R x T3

1200
76.503375 x e ^ (-----------------------------------) = 618.88978 Mpa
0.287 x 2000

T2 k/k-1 300 k/k-1

P2 = P3 x ( ------------- ) = 618.88978 x ( ------------- ) = 0.8089706 Mpa
T3 2000
T3 - T2 2000 - 300
ηc = = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 0.85 %
T3 2000

2) Brayton cycle

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 Gas turbine

1 → 2 : Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2 → 3 : Constant pressure heat addition
3 → 4 : Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4 → 1 : Constant pressure heat rejection

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 Gas turbine

QH QL QL m x CP x ( T4 - T1
ηth = ------------------------------------- = 1 - -------------- = 1 - -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QH QH m x CP x ( T3 - T2
( T4 - T1 )
1 → 2 , 3 → 4 : isentropic process = 1 - -----------------------------------------
( T3 - T2 )

1 (k-1)/k

= 1 - ------------
γ

ex1)

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 Gas turbine

Where,

Cp 1.0035
T3= 1100 K K = ------ = ------------- = 1.4
P2 = 0.5 Mpa Cv 0.7165

Cv 0.7165 kJ/kg K
specific heat at constant volume

Cp 1.0035 kJ/kg K
specific heat at constant pressure

P1= 0.1 Mpa

T1= 300 K

T2 P2 (k-1)/k
P2 (k-1)/k

------------ = ------------ T2 = T1 x ------------

T1 P1 P1
0.5 0.2857143
= 300 x ------------ = 475.1 K
0.1 = 201.95 ℃
P3 = P2 = 0.5 Mpa
P4 = P1 = 0.1 Mpa

T4 P4 (k-1)/k
P4 (k-1)/k

------------ = ------------ T4 = T3 x ------------

T3 P3 P3
0.1 0.2857143
= 1100 x ------------ = 694.5 K
0.5 = 421.35 ℃

wc = h2 - h1 = Cp x ( T2 - T1 )
= 1.0035 x ( 475.1 - 300 ) = 175.7 kJ/kg

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 Gas turbine

wt = h3 - h4 = Cp x ( T3 - T4 )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 694.5 ) = 406.9 kJ/kg

wnet = wt - wc = 406.9 - 175.7 = 231.2 kJ/kg

qH q23 = h3 - h2 = Cp x ( T3 - T2 )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 475.1 ) = 627.1 kJ/kg

qL q41 = h4 - h1 = Cp x ( T4 - T1 )
= 1.0035 x ( 694.5 - 300 ) = 395.9 kJ/kg

QH QL 395.9
ηth = ------------------------------------- = 1 - -------------- = 36.9 %
QH 627.1

wnet 231.2
ηth = ------------------------------------- = -------------- = 36.9 %
QH 627.1

P2 P3
γ = ------------- = ------------- = 5
P1 P4

1 (k-1)/k
1 0.29
ηth = 1 - ------------ = 1 - ------------ = 36.9 %
γ 5

wt h3 - h4 T3 - T4
ηt = ------------ = ----------------------------------- = -----------------------------------

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 Gas turbine

wts h3 - h4s T3 - T4s

wcs h2s - h1 T2s - T1

ηc = ------------ = ----------------------------------- = -----------------------------------
wc h2 - h1 T2 - T1

P1 = 0.1 Mpa T1 = 300 K

P2 = 0.5 Mpa T2s = 475.1 K
P3 = 0.5 Mpa T3 = 1100 K
P4 = 0.1 Mpa T4s = 694.5 K

wcs = h2s - h1 = Cp x ( T2s - T1 )

= 1.0035 x ( 475.1 - 300 ) = 175.7 kJ/kg

wts = h3 - h4s = Cp x ( T3 - T4s )

= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 694.5 ) = 406.9 kJ/kg

wt h3 - h4 T3 - T4
ηt = ------------ = ----------------------------------- = -----------------------------------
wts h3 - h4s T3 - T4s

wt = ηt x wts = 0.85 x 406.9 = 345.865 kJ/kg

T4 = T3 - ηt x ( T3 - T4s )
= 1100 - 0.85 x ( 1100 - 694.5 ) = 755.3 K

wcs h2s - h1 T2s - T1

ηc = ------------ = ----------------------------------- = -----------------------------------

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 Gas turbine

wc h2 - h1 T2 - T1

wcs 175.7
wc = ------------ = ------------ = 219.625 kJ/kg
ηc 0.8

T2s T1 475.1 - 300

T2 = ---------------------------------- + T1 = ---------------------------------- + 300 = 518.875 K
ηc 0.8

qH q23 = h3 - h2 = Cp x ( T3 - T2 )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 518.875 ) = 583.2 kJ/kg

qL q41 = h4 - h1 = Cp x ( T4 - T1 )
= 1.0035 x ( 755.3 - 300 ) = 456.9 kJ/kg

QH - QL 456.9
ηth = ------------------------------------- = 1 - -------------- = 21.7 %
QH 583.2

wnet 126.24
ηth = ------------------------------------- = -------------- = 21.6 %
QH 583.2

Consideration for gas turbine with regenerative cycle

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 Gas turbine

h4 - hy' T4 - Ty' hx' - h2

ηreg = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = -----------------------------------
h4 - hy T4 - Ty hx - h2

wnet wt - wc

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 Gas turbine

ηth = ------------------------------------- = ---------------------------------------

QH QH

P1 = 0.1 Mpa T1 = 300 K

P2 = 0.5 Mpa T2 = 475.1 K
P3 = 0.5 Mpa T3 = 1100 K
P4 = 0.1 Mpa T4 = 694.5 K

Tx = T4 = 694.5 K
Ty = T2 = 475.1 K

qH q23 = h3 - hx = Cp x ( T3 - Tx )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 694.5 ) = 406.9 kJ/kg

wc = h2 - h1 = Cp x ( T2 - T1 )
= 1.0035 x ( 475.1 - 300 ) = 175.7 kJ/kg

wt = h3 - h4 = Cp x ( T3 - T4 )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 694.5 ) = 406.9 kJ/kg

wnet = wt - wc = 406.9 - 175.7 = 231.2 kJ/kg

wnet 231.2
ηth = ------------------------------------- = -------------- = 56.8 %
QH 406.9

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 Gas turbine

In case of using the regenerative cycle

P1 = 0.1 Mpa T1 = 300 K
P2 = 0.5 Mpa T2s = 475.1 K
P3 = 0.5 Mpa T3 = 1100 K
P4 = 0.1 Mpa T4s = 694.5 K
T2 = Ty = 518.875 K
T4 = Tx = 755.3 K

qH = h3 - hx = Cp x ( T3 - Tx )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 755.3 ) = 345.9 kJ/kg

wc = h2 - h1 = Cp x ( T2 - T1 )
= 1.0035 x ( 518.875 - 300 ) = 219.6 kJ/kg

wt = h3 - h4 = Cp x ( T3 - T4 )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 755.3 ) = 345.9 kJ/kg

wnet = wt - wc = 345.9 - 219.6 = 126.3 kJ/kg

h4 - hy' T4 - Ty' hx' - h2

----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- =
h4 - hy T4 - Ty hx - h2

Tx' - T2

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 Gas turbine

ηreg = -----------------------------------
Tx - T2

Tx' = T2 + ηreg x ( Tx - T2 )
= 518.875 + 0.9 x ( 755.3 - 518.875 ) = 731.6575 K

qH = h3 - hx' = Cp x ( T3 - Tx' )
= 1.0035 x ( 1100 - 731.6575 ) = 369.6 kJ/kg

wnet 126.3
ηth = ------------------------------------- = -------------- = 34.2 %
QH 369.6

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Gas turbine

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Gas turbine

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 steam turbine

Ex1)
By steam table
Ti = 250 ℃ vi = 0.4249 m3/kg
523.15 K ui = 2642.9 kJ/kg
Pi = 0.5 Mpa hi = 2855.4 kJ/kg
5 bar si = 7.0592 kJ/kg K
mi = 2 kg/s

Te = 99.63 ℃ vfe = 0.001043 m3/kg ufe = 417.36 kJ/kg hfe = 417.46 kJ/kg
372.78 K vge = 1.694 m /kg
3
uge = 2506.1 kJ/kg he = 2675.5 kJ/kg
Pe = 0.1 Mpa ufge = 2088.74 kJ/kg hfge = 2258.04 kJ/kg
1 bar
me = 2 kg/s sfe = 1.3026 kJ/kg K
sge = 7.3594 kJ/kg K
sfge = 6.0568 kJ/kg K

Under isentropic process

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 steam turbine

si = ses = 7.0592 kJ/kg K

ses = sfe + sfge x χ
ses - sfe 7.0592 - 1.3026
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.95043587
sfge 6.0568

hes = hfe + hfge x χ = 417.46 + 2258.04 x 0.95043587 = 2563.58222 kJ/kg

wts = hi - hes = 2855.4 - 2563.58222 = 291.81778 kJ/kg
Wts = m x wts = 2 x 291.81778 = 583.635559 kw

wt hi - he
ηt = ------------- = ----------------------------------
wts hi - hes
wt = hi - he = = wts x 0.85 = 248.045113 kJ/kg
he = hi - ηt x ( hi - hes )
2855.4 - 0.85 x ( 2855.4 - 2563.58222 ) = 2607.35489 kJ/kg

he - hfe 2607.35489 - 417.46

χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.96982112
hfge 2258.04
se = sfe + sfge x χ = 1.3026 + 6.0568 x 0.96982112 = 7.17661257 kJ/kg

[ 출구 단면적]
Ex2) Inlet

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 steam turbine

Ti = 300 ℃ vi = 0.2579 m3/kg ui = 2793.2 kJ/kg hi = 3051.2 kJ/kg si = 7.1229 kJ/kg K

573.15 K
Pi = 1 Mpa vfi = m3/kg ufi = kJ/kg hfi = kJ/kg sfi = kJ/kg K
10 bar vgi = m /kg
3
ugi = kJ/kg hi = kJ/kg sgi = kJ/kg K
mi = ufgi = kJ/kg hfgi = kJ/kg sfgi = kJ/kg K
Nv = 30 m/s

Ti = 120.23 ℃ outlet
393.38 K vfe = 0.001061 m3/kg ufe = 504.49 kJ/kg hfe = 504.7 kJ/kg sfe = 1.5301 kJ/kg K
Pi = 0.2 Mpa vge = 0.8857 m /kg
3
uge = 2529.5 kJ/kg hge = 2706.7 kJ/kg sge = 7.1271 kJ/kg K
2 bar ufge = 2025.01 kJ/kg hfge = 2202 kJ/kg sfge = 5.597 kJ/kg K
me = 1 kg/s

1 1
hi + ------ Vi 2
= hes + ------ Ves 2
2 2

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 steam turbine

si = ses = 7.1229 kJ/kg K

ses = sfe + sfge x χ
ses - sfe 7.1229 - 1.5301
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.9992496
sfge 5.597

hes = hfe + hfge x χ = 504.7 + 2202 x 0.9992496 = 2705.04761 kJ/kg

1 1 2
------ Ves 2
= hi - hes + --------- x Vi
2 2
1 2
=( 3051.2 - 2705.04761 ) x 1000 + --------- x 30 = 346602.385 J/kg (= m2/s2)
2
Ves = 832.589197 m/s

ves = vfe + vfge x χ = 0.001061 + 0.8857 x 0.9992496 = 0.88609637 kJ/kg

Ax V
me = -------------
v
me x v 1 x 0.88609637
A= -------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 0.00106427 m2
V 832.5891966707

Nozzle 의 효율이 90 % 인 경우
2
Ve 2
= ηt x Ves 2
= 0.9 x 832.589197 = 623884.293 m/s
Ve = = 789.863465 m/s

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 steam turbine

1 1
hi + ------ Vi 2 = he + ------ Ve 2
2 2
1
he = hi + ------ ( Vi 2 - Ve 2 ) =
2
1 2 2
= 3051.2 x 1000 + ----- ( 30 - 789.863465 ) = 2739707.85 J/kg
2 = 2739.70785 KJ/kg
Where, he > hge
2739.70785 > 2706.7 Superheated steam
ve = 0.92498005 m3/kg

me x v 1 x 0.92498005
A= -------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 0.00117106 m2
V 789.8634650188

Ex3) Throttling
Ti = 80 ℃ R= 0.287 KJ/kg K hi [ Pi,Ti ] = he [ Pe,Te ]
353.15 K
Pi = 0.5 Mpa

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 steam turbine

5 bar
mi = 2 kg/s
Nv = m/s

0.2 m 교축과정의 경우 온도 상승효과 발생

Te = ℃
K
Pe = 0.2 Mpa
2 bar
me = 2 kg/s

1 1
hi + ------ Vi 2 = he + ------ Ve 2
2 2
R x Ti 0.287 KJ/kg K x 353.15 K
vi = --------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.2027081 m3/kg

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 steam turbine

Pi 0.5 x 1000 Kpa

m x vi 2 x 0.2027081
Vi = ------------------------ = ---------------------------------------- = 12.9047984 m/s
A 0.0314159265

R x Te 0.287 KJ/kg K x Tx K
ve = --------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.001435 Tx m3/kg
Pe 0.2 x 1000 Kpa
m x ve 2 x 0.001435 Tx
Ve = ------------------------ = ---------------------------------------- = 0.09135494 Tx m/s
A 0.0314159265

1 1 1 1
hi + ------ Vi 2
= he + ------ Ve 2
or CpTi + ------ Vi 2
= CpTe + ------ Ve 2
2 2 2 2

Vapor Power Cycle

1) Rankine Cycle

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 steam turbine

1 → 2 Isentorpic expansion (Steam turbine) wt = h1 - h2

2 → 3 Isobaric heat rejection (Condensor) qc = h2 - h1 =∫ T ds = Tc (s2-s1)
3 → 4 Isentropic compression (Pump) wp= h4 - h3 =∫ v dp = v ( P2-P1)
4 → 1 Isobaric heat supply (Boiler) wp= h1 - h4 =∫ T ds

1) Basic Rankine Cycle

2 Mpa

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 steam turbine

10 kpa

Process 1 → 2 Pump
wp = h2 - h1 s2 = s1
= ∫ v dp = v1 x ( P2 P1 ) = 0.00101 x ( 2000 - 10 ) = 2.0099 kJ/kg

At P= 10 Kpa T= 45.81 ℃
vf1 = 0.00101 m /kg
3

hf1 = 191.83 kJ/kg

h2 = Wp + h1 = 2.0099 + 191.83 = 193.8399 kJ/kg

Process 2 → 3 Boiler
qB = h3 - h2 = 2799.5 - 193.8399 = 2605.6601 kJ/kg
At P= 2 Mpa T = 212.42 ℃
h3g = 2799.5 m /kg
3

h2 = 193.8399 kJ/kg
s3g = 6.3409 kJ/kg
Process 3 → 4 Turbine sg3 = s4
wt = h3 - h4 = 2799.5 - 2007.5133 = 791.986696 kJ/kg

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 steam turbine

At P= 10 Kpa T= 45.81 ℃
vf4 = 0.6493 m /kg 3
uf4 = kJ/kg hf4 = 191.83 kJ/kg sf4 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg4 = 8.1502 m3/kg ug4 = kJ/kg hg4 = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg4 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg4 = kJ/kg hfg4 = 2392.87 kJ/kg sfg4 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

s4 = sf4 + sfg4 x χ
s4 - sf4 6.3409 - 0.6493
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.75878895
sfg4 7.5009
h4 = hf4 + hfg4 x χ = 191.83 + 2392.87 x 0.75878895 = 2007.5133 kJ/kg

Process 4 → 1 Condensor sg3 = s4

qc = h4 - h1 = 2007.5133 - 191.83 = 1815.6833 kJ/kg

Average Temp. of Fluid in Boiler

qB 2605.6601
TB = ----------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------- = 457.808015 K
( s3 - s2 ) ( 6.3409 - 0.6493 ) = 184.658015 ℃

At P= 10 Kpa T= 45.81 ℃
vf2 = 0.6493 m /kg 3
uf2 = kJ/kg hf2 = kJ/kg sf2 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg2 = 8.1502 m3/kg ug2 = kJ/kg hg2 = kJ/kg sg2 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg2 = kJ/kg hfg2 = kJ/kg sfg2 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

wnet = wt - wp = 791.986696 - 2.0099 = 789.976796 kJ/kg

wnet wt - wp 791.986696 - 2.0099
ηR = ------------- = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 30.3 %
qB qB 2605.6601

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 steam turbine

TB - TC 457.808015 - 318.96
ηR = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = = 30.3 %
TB 457.8080153208

2) Rankine Cycle with superheater

T = 400 ℃
673.15 K
P = 4 Mpa

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 steam turbine

10 Kpa

Process 1 → 2 Pump
wp = h2 - h1 s2 = s1
= ∫ v dp = v1 x ( P2 - P1 ) = 0.00101 x ( 4000 - 10 ) = 4.0299 kJ/kg

At P= 10 Kpa T= 45.81 ℃
vf1 = 0.00101 m /kg
3

hf1 = 191.83 kJ/kg

h2 = Wp + h1 = 4.0299 + 191.83 = 195.8599 kJ/kg

Process 2 → 3' Boiler

qB = h3' - h2 = 3213.6 - 195.8599 = 3017.7401 kJ/kg

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 steam turbine

At P= 4 Mpa T = 400 ℃
h3' = 3213.6 m /kg 3

h2 = 195.8599 kJ/kg
s3g = 6.3409 kJ/kg
Process 3' → 4 Turbine s3' = sg4'
wt = h3' - h4 = 3213.6 - 2144.08193 = 1069.51807 kJ/kg

At P= 4 Mpa T = 400 ℃
vf3' = 0.7341 m /kg 3
uf3' = 2919.9 kJ/kg hf3' = 3213.6 kJ/kg sf3' = 6.769 kJ/kg K
vg3' = m /kg
3
ug3' = kJ/kg hg3' = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg3' = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg3' = kJ/kg hfg3' = -628.9 kJ/kg sfg3' = 1.3812 kJ/kg K

At P= 10 Kpa T= 45.81 ℃
vf4 = 0.00101 m /kg 3
uf4 = 191.82 kJ/kg hf4 = 191.83 kJ/kg sf4 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg4 = 14.67 m3/kg ug4 = 2437.9 kJ/kg hg4 = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg4 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg4 = 2246.08 kJ/kg hfg4 = 2392.87 kJ/kg sfg4 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

s4 = sf4 + sfg4 x χ
s4 - sf4 6.769 - 0.6493
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.8158621
sfg4 7.5009
h4 = hf4 + hfg4 x χ = 191.83 + 2392.87 x 0.8158621 = 2144.08193 kJ/kg

Process 4' → 1 Condensor sg3 = s4

qc = h4' - h1 = 2144.08193 - 191.83 = 1952.25193 kJ/kg

Average Temp. of Fluid in Boiler

qB 3017.7401
TB = ----------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------- = 493.11896 K

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 steam turbine

( s3' - s2 ) ( 6.769 - 0.6493 ) = 219.96896 ℃

At P= 10 Kpa T= 45.81 ℃
vf2 = 0.6493 m /kg 3
uf2 = kJ/kg hf2 = kJ/kg sf2 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg2 = 8.1502 m /kg 3
ug2 = kJ/kg hg2 = kJ/kg sg2 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg2 = kJ/kg hfg2 = kJ/kg sfg2 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

wnet = wt - wp = 1069.51807 - 4.0299 = 1065.48817 kJ/kg

wnet wt - wp 1069.51807 - 4.0299
ηR = ------------- = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 35.3 %
qB qB 3017.7401

TB - TC 493.11896 - 318.96
ηR = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = = 35.3 %
TB 493.1189600797

3) Reheat Cycle (재열 싸이클)

If max. temp. of vapor from high pressure boiler with superheater is limited due to turbine material, there are a lots of moisture in the vapor at outlet turbine.
thereby, the turbine blade has a continious problem. T3 = 400 ℃
673.15 K
P3 = 4 Mpa

P4= 0.4 Mpa

T5 = 400 ℃
673.15 K

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 steam turbine

P6 = 10 Kpa

Process 1 → 2 Pump
wp = h2 - h1 s2 = s1
= ∫ v dp = v1 x ( P2 - P1 ) = 0.00101 x ( 4000 - 10 ) = 4.0299 kJ/kg

At P= 10 Kpa T = 45.81 ℃
vf1 = 0.00101 m3/kg
hf1 = 191.83 kJ/kg
h2 = Wp + h1 = 4.0299 + 191.83 = 195.8599 kJ/kg

Process 3 → 6 Turbine s3 = s4
wt = ( h3 - h4) + ( h5 - h6) =
= ( 3213.6 - 2685.70471 ) + ( 3273.4 - 2504.40492 ) = 1296.89037 kJ/kg

At P= 4 Mpa T = 400 ℃
vf3 = 0.7341 m3/kg uf3 = 2919.9 kJ/kg hf3 = 3213.6 kJ/kg sf3 = 6.769 kJ/kg K

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 steam turbine

At P= 0.4 Mpa T = 143.63 ℃

vf4 = 0.001084 m3/kg uf4 = 604.31 kJ/kg hf4 = 604.74 kJ/kg sf4 = 1.7766 kJ/kg K
vg4 = 0.4625 m3/kg ug4 = 2553.6 kJ/kg hg4 = 2738.6 kJ/kg sg4 = 6.8959 kJ/kg K
ufg4 = 1949.29 kJ/kg hfg4 = 2133.86 kJ/kg sfg4 = 5.1193 kJ/kg K

s4 = sf4 + sfg4 x χ
s4 - sf4 6.769 - 1.7766
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.97521145
sfg4 5.1193
h4 = hf4 + hfg4 x χ = 604.74 + 2133.86 x 0.97521145 = 2685.70471 kJ/kg

s5 = s6

At P= 10 Kpa T = 45.81 ℃
vf6 = 0.00101 m3/kg uf6 = 191.82 kJ/kg hf6 = 191.83 kJ/kg sf6 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg6 = 14.67 m3/kg ug6 = 2437.9 kJ/kg hg6 = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg6 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg6 = 2246.08 kJ/kg hfg6 = 2392.87 kJ/kg sfg6 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

At P= 0.4 Mpa T = 400 ℃

vf5 = 0.7726 m3/kg uf5 = 2964.4 kJ/kg hf5 = 3273.4 kJ/kg sf5 = 7.8985 kJ/kg K

s6 = sf6 + sfg6 x χ
s5 - sf6 7.8985 - 0.6493
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.96644403
sfg6 7.5009
h6 = hf6 + hfg6 x χ = 191.83 + 2392.87 x 0.96644403 = 2504.40492 kJ/kg

Process 6 → 1 Condensor s5 = s6
qc = h6 - h1 = 2504.40492 - 191.83 = 2312.57492 kJ/kg

Process 2 → 5 Boiler
q B= ( h3 - h2) + ( h5 - h4)
= ( 3213.6 - 195.8599 ) + ( 3273.4 - 2685.70471 ) = 3605.43539 kJ/kg

Average Temp. of Fluid in Boiler

qB 3605.43539
TB = ----------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------- = 497.356313 K

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 steam turbine

( s5 - s2 ) ( 7.8985 - 0.6493 ) = 224.206313 ℃

At P= 10 Kpa T = 45.81 ℃
vf2 = 0.6493 m3/kg uf2 = kJ/kg hf2 = kJ/kg sf2 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg2 = 8.1502 m3/kg ug2 = kJ/kg hg2 = kJ/kg sg2 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg2 = kJ/kg hfg2 = kJ/kg sfg2 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

wnet = wt - wp = 1296.89037 - 4.0299 = 1292.86047 kJ/kg

wnet wt - wp 1296.89037 - 4.0299

ηR = ------------- = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 35.9 %
qB qB 3605.4353852929

TB - TC 497.356313 - 318.96
ηR = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = = 35.9 %
TB 497.3563131508

4) Regenerative cycle (재생 싸이클)

이러한 이상적인 재생 싸이클은 실제문제에 적용하기 어렵다. 터어빈 내에서 열전단은 터어빈 구조면에서 곤란하며, 가능하더라도 터어빈 출구에서의 건도가 너무 낮아져
앞에서 설명한 문제가 발생된다.

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 steam turbine

T5 = 400 ℃
673.15 K
P5 = 4 Mpa

10 Kpa

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 steam turbine

추기 압력의 선정 (응축수 온도 + 포화온도 )/2 로 산정

At P5= 4 Mpa T5 = 400 ℃

vf5 = 0.7341 m3/kg uf5 = 2919.9 kJ/kg hf5 = 3213.6 kJ/kg sf5 = 6.769 kJ/kg K

At P6= 0.45 Mpa T6 = 147.93 ℃

vf6 = 0.001088 m3/kg uf6 = 622.77 kJ/kg hf6 = 623.25 kJ/kg sf6 = 1.8207 kJ/kg K
vg6 = 0.414 m3/kg ug6 = 2557.6 kJ/kg hg6 = 2743.9 kJ/kg sg6 = 6.8565 kJ/kg K
ufg6 = 1934.83 kJ/kg hfg6 = 2120.65 kJ/kg sfg6 = 5.0358 kJ/kg K

S6 = S5

s6 = sf6 + sfg6 x χ
s5 - sf6 6.769 - 1.8207
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.98262441
sfg6 5.0358

h6 = hf6 + hfg6 x χ = 623.25 + 2120.65 x 0.98262441 = 2707.05245 kJ/kg

At P7= 10 Kpa T5 = 45.81 ℃

vf7 = 0.00101 m3/kg uf7 = 191.82 kJ/kg hf7 = 191.83 kJ/kg sf7 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg7 = 14.67 m3/kg ug7 = 2437.9 kJ/kg hg7 = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg7 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K

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 steam turbine

ufg7 = 2246.08 kJ/kg hfg7 = 2392.87 kJ/kg sfg7 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

S7 = S5
s7 = sf7 + sfg7 x χ
s5 - sf7 6.769 - 0.6493
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.8158621
sfg7 7.5009

h7 = hf7 + hfg7 x χ = 191.83 + 2392.87 x 0.8158621 = 2144.08193 kJ/kg

wp12 = h2 - h1
= ∫ v dp = v7 x ( P2 - P1 ) = 0.00101 x ( 450 - 10 ) = 0.4444 kJ/kg

h2 = Wp + hf1 = 0.4444 + 191.83 = 192.2744 kJ/kg

m1 x ( h6 - h3 ) = ( 1 - m1) x ( h3 - h2 )

m1 ( h3 - h2 )
------------------------------------------ = -------------------------------------------------
( 1 - m1) ( h6 - h3 )

( 623.3 - 192.3 )
= ------------------------------------------------- (A) = 0.207 kJ/kg
( 2707.1 - 623.3 )

A
m1 = ----------------------------------- = 0.171 kg
( 1 + A )

WP12 = ( 1- m1 ) x wp12
( 1- 0.1714 ) kg x 0.4444 kJ/kg = 0.368 kJ/kg(t)

wp34 = h4 - h3
= ∫ v dp = vf3 x ( P4 - P3 ) = 0.001088 x ( 4000 - 450 ) = 3.862 kJ/kg

h4 = wp34 + hf3 = 3.8624 + 623.25 = 627.112 kJ/kg

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 steam turbine

wt = ( h5 - h6 ) + ( 1 - m1 ) x ( h6 - h7 )
= ( 3213.6 - 2707.05245 ) + ( 1 - 0.1714 ) x ( 2707.05245 - 2144.08193 ) = 973.025 kJ/kg (t)

wnet = wt - ( 1- m1 ) x wp12 - wp34

973.024918 - ( 1- 0.1714 ) x 0.4444 - 3.8624 = 968.794 kJ/kg (t)

qB45 = h5 - h4
3213.6 - 623.25 = 2590.350 kJ/kg (t)

wnet 968.79
ηth = ------------- = ----------------------------------- = 37.4 %
qB 2590.35

5) Loss due to pressure, heat etc

T = 400 ℃
673.15 K
P = 4 Mpa

10 Kpa

Process 1 → 2 Pump
wps = h2 - h1 s2 = s1
= ∫ v dp = v1 x ( P2 - P1 ) = 0.00101 x ( 4000 - 10 ) = 4.0299 kJ/kg

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 steam turbine

At P= 10 Kpa T = 45.81 ℃
vf1 = 0.00101 m3/kg
hf1 = 191.83 kJ/kg

wps
ηp = -------------
wp

wps 4.0299
wp = ------------- = -------------- = 5.037375 kJ/kg
ηp 80.0%

h2 = Wp + h1 = 5.037375 + 191.83 = 196.867375 kJ/kg

Process 3 → 2 boiler
qB = h3 - h2 = 3213.6 - 196.867375 = 3016.73263 kJ/kg

At P= 10 Kpa T = 45.81 ℃
vf2 = 0.00101 m3/kg uf2 = 191.82 kJ/kg hf2 = 191.83 kJ/kg sf2 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K
vg2 = 14.67 m3/kg ug2 = 2437.9 kJ/kg hg2 = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg2 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
ufg2 = 2246.08 kJ/kg hfg2 = 2392.87 kJ/kg sfg2 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K

At P5= 4 Mpa T5 = 400 ℃

vf3 = 0.7341 m3/kg uf3 = 2919.9 kJ/kg hf3 = 3213.6 kJ/kg sf3 = 6.769 kJ/kg K

s4 = s3
s4 = sf4 + sfg4 x χ
s3 - sf4 6.769 - 0.6493
χ = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------ = 0.8158621
sfg4 7.5009
h4 = hf4 + hfg4 x χ = 191.83 + 2392.87 x 0.8158621 = 2144.08193 kJ/kg

wt
ηt = -------------
wts

wt = ηt x wts = 85.0% x ( h3 - h4s )

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 steam turbine

= 85.0% x ( 3213.6 - 2144.08193 ) = 909.090355 kJ/kg

wnet = wt - wp = 909.090355 - 5.037375 = 904.05298 kJ/kg

wnet wt - wp 909.090355 - 5.037375

ηR = ------------- = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 30 %
qB qB 3016.732625

Case Study

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 steam turbine

HP section
State Position
1 HP tubine inlet
P1 = 25 Mpa
T1 = 550 ℃

vf 1 = m3/kg uf 1 = kJ/kg hf 1 = kJ/kg sf 1 = kJ/kg

vg 1 = 0.012724 m3/kg ug 1 = 3017.5 kJ/kg hg 1 = 3335.6 kJ/kg sg 1 = 6.1765 kJ/kg
ufg 1 = kJ/kg hfg 1 = kJ/kg sfg 1 = kJ/kg

2 HP tubine inlet
P2 = 5 Mpa
T2 = 300 ℃

vf 2 = m3/kg uf 2 = kJ/kg hf 2 = kJ/kg sf 2 = kJ/kg

vg 2 = 0.04532 m3/kg ug 2 = 2698 kJ/kg hg 2 = 2924.5 kJ/kg sg 2 = 6.2084 kJ/kg
ufg 2 = kJ/kg hfg 2 = kJ/kg sfg 2 = kJ/kg

3 Reheat turbine inlet

P3 = 4.5 Mpa
T3 = 550 ℃

vf 3 = m3/kg uf 3 = kJ/kg hf 3 = kJ/kg sf 3 = kJ/kg

vg 3 = 0.07363 m3/kg ug 3 = 3182 kJ/kg hg 3 = 3550.15 kJ/kg sg 3 = 7.1174 kJ/kg
ufg 3 = kJ/kg hfg 3 = kJ/kg sfg 3 = kJ/kg

4 LP turbine inlet

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 steam turbine

P4 = 800 Kpa
T4 = 350 ℃

vf 4 = m3/kg uf 4 = kJ/kg hf 4 = kJ/kg sf 4 = kJ/kg

vg 4 = 0.3544 m3/kg ug 4 = 2878.2 kJ/kg hg 4 = 3161.7 kJ/kg sg 4 = 7.4089 kJ/kg
ufg 4 = kJ/kg hfg 4 = kJ/kg sfg 4 = kJ/kg

5 LP turbine outlet
P5 = 10 Kpa
T5 = 45.81 ℃

vf 5 = 0.00101 m3/kg uf 5 = 191.82 kJ/kg hf 5 = 191.83 kJ/kg sf 5 = 0.6493 kJ/kg

vg 5 = 14.67 m3/kg ug 5 = 2437.9 kJ/kg hg 5 = 2584.7 kJ/kg sg 5 = 8.1502 kJ/kg
ufg 5 = 2246.08 kJ/kg hfg 5 = 2392.87 kJ/kg sfg 5 = 7.5009 kJ/kg

χ5 = 0.93
h5 = hf5 + hfg5 x X5 = 191.83 + 2392.87 x 0.93 = 2417.2 kJ/kg

6 Hotwell outlet
P6 = 7.384 Kpa
T6 = 40 ℃

vf 6 = 0.001008 m3/kg uf 6 = 167.56 kJ/kg hf 6 = 167.57 kJ/kg sf 6 = 0.5725 kJ/kg

vg 6 = 19.52 m3/kg ug 6 = 2430.1 kJ/kg hg 6 = 2574.3 kJ/kg sg 6 = 8.257 kJ/kg
ufg 6 = 2262.54 kJ/kg hfg 6 = 2406.73 kJ/kg sfg 6 = 7.6845 kJ/kg

7 Condensate pump outlet h7 = h6

P7 =
T7 = 40 ℃

vf 7 = 0.001008 m3/kg uf 7 = 167.56 kJ/kg hf 7 = 167.57 kJ/kg sf 7 = 0.5725 kJ/kg

vg 7 = 19.52 m3/kg ug 7 = 2430.1 kJ/kg hg 7 = 2574.3 kJ/kg sg 7 = 8.257 kJ/kg
ufg 7 = 2262.54 kJ/kg hfg 7 = 2406.73 kJ/kg sfg 7 = 7.6845 kJ/kg

9 Open feedwater heater

P9 = 800 Kpa

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 steam turbine

T9 = 170.43 ℃

vf 9 = 0.001115 m3/kg uf 9 = 720.22 kJ/kg hf 9 = 721.11 kJ/kg sf 9 = 2.0462 kJ/kg

vg 9 = 0.2404 m3/kg ug 9 = 2576.8 kJ/kg hg 9 = 2769.1 kJ/kg sg 9 = 6.6628 kJ/kg
ufg 9 = 1856.58 kJ/kg hfg 9 = 2047.99 kJ/kg sfg 9 = 4.6166 kJ/kg

10 Feedwater pump outlet

P 10 = 30 Mpa 0.892 Mpa
T 10 = 175 ℃

vf 10 = 0.001121 m3/kg uf 10 = 740.17 kJ/kg hf 10 = 741.17 kJ/kg sf 10 = 2.0909 kJ/kg

vg 10 = 0.2168 m3/kg ug 10 = 2580.2 kJ/kg hg 10 = 2773.6 kJ/kg sg 10 = 6.6256 kJ/kg
ufg 10 = 1840.03 kJ/kg hfg 10 = 2032.43 kJ/kg sfg 10 = 4.5347 kJ/kg

State Position
t8 HP turbine tap
P t8 = 8 Mpa
T t8 = 350 ℃

vf t8 = m3/kg uf t8 = kJ/kg hf t8 = kJ/kg sf t8 = kJ/kg

vg t8 = 0.02995 m3/kg ug t8 = 2747.7 kJ/kg hg t8 = 2987.3 kJ/kg sg t8 = 6.1301 kJ/kg
ufg t8 = kJ/kg hfg t8 = kJ/kg sfg t8 = kJ/kg

11 Closed Feedwater heater #8 outlet

P 11 = 8 Mpa
T 11 = 295.06 ℃

vf 11 = 0.001384 m3/kg uf 11 = 1305.57 kJ/kg hf 11 = 1316.64 kJ/kg sf 11 = 3.2068 kJ/kg

vg 11 = 0.02352 m3/kg ug 11 = 2569.8 kJ/kg hg 11 = 2758 kJ/kg sg 11 = 5.7432 kJ/kg
ufg 11 = 1264.23 kJ/kg hfg 11 = 1441.36 kJ/kg sfg 11 = 2.5364 kJ/kg

f7 Closed Feedwater heater #7 outlet

P f7 = 5 Mpa
T f7 = 263.99 ℃

vf f7 = 0.001286 m3/kg uf f7 = 1147.81 kJ/kg hf f7 = 1154.23 kJ/kg sf f7 = 2.9202 kJ/kg

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 steam turbine

vg f7 = 0.03944 m3/kg ug f7 = 2597.1 kJ/kg hg f7 = 2794.3 kJ/kg sg f7 = 5.9734 kJ/kg

ufg f7 = 1449.29 kJ/kg hfg f7 = 1640.07 kJ/kg sfg f7 = 3.0532 kJ/kg

d8 Closed Feedwater heater #8 drain

P d8 = 5.4154 Mpa
T d8 = 268.99 ℃ = T f7 + 5℃

vf d8 = 0.0012994 m3/kg uf d8 = 1172.436 kJ/kg hf d8 = 1179.464 kJ/kg sf d8 = 2.96596 kJ/kg

vg d8 = 0.036266 m3/kg ug d8 = 2594.28 kJ/kg hg d8 = 2790.48 kJ/kg sg d8 = 5.93732 kJ/kg
ufg d8 = 1421.844 kJ/kg hfg d8 = 1611.016 kJ/kg sfg d8 = 2.97136 kJ/kg

f6 Closed Feedwater heater #6 outlet

P f6 = 2 Mpa
T f6 = 212.42 ℃

vf f6 = 0.001177 m3/kg uf f6 = 906.44 kJ/kg hf f6 = 908.79 kJ/kg sf f6 = 2.4474 kJ/kg

vg f6 = 0.09963 m3/kg ug f6 = 2600.3 kJ/kg hg f6 = 2799.5 kJ/kg sg f6 = 6.3409 kJ/kg
ufg f6 = 1693.86 kJ/kg hfg f6 = 1890.71 kJ/kg sfg f6 = 3.8935 kJ/kg

d7 Closed Feedwater heater #7 drain

P d7 = 2.104 Mpa
T d7 = 217.42 ℃ = T f6 + 5℃

vf d7 = 0.0012 m3/kg uf d7 = 929.1413 kJ/kg hf d7 = 920.62 kJ/kg sf d7 = 2.7152 kJ/kg

vg d7 = 0.0906 m3/kg ug d7 = 2597.5184 kJ/kg hg d7 = 2800.5 kJ/kg sg d7 = 6.1324 kJ/kg
ufg d7 = 1668.37708 kJ/kg hfg d7 = 1879.88 kJ/kg sfg d7 = 3.4171812 kJ/kg

t6 Reheat turbine tap

P t6 = 2 Mpa
T t6 = 450 ℃

vf t6 = m3/kg uf t6 = kJ/kg hf t6 = kJ/kg sf t6 = kJ/kg

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 steam turbine

vg t6 = 0.16344 m3/kg ug t6 = 3030.7000 kJ/kg hg t6 = 3357.6000 kJ/kg sg t6 = 7.2794 kJ/kg

ufg t6 = kJ/kg hfg t6 = kJ/kg sfg t6 = kJ/kg

d6 Closed Feedwater heater #6 drain

P d6 = 1.0021 Mpa
T d6 = 180 ℃ = T 10 ( 175 )+ 5℃

vf d6 = 0.001127 m3/kg uf d6 = 762.0900 kJ/kg hf d6 = 763.22 kJ/kg sf d6 = 2.1396 kJ/kg

vg d6 = 0.194050 m3/kg ug d6 = 2583.7000 kJ/kg hg d6 = 2778.2 kJ/kg sg d6 = 6.5857 kJ/kg
ufg d6 = 1821.61 kJ/kg hfg d6 = 2014.98 kJ/kg sfg d6 = 4.4461 kJ/kg

h8 Closed feedwater heater #4 outlet

P8 = 450 Kpa
T8 = 147.93 ℃

vf 8 = 0.001088 m3/kg uf 8 = 622.77 kJ/kg hf 8 = 623.25 kJ/kg sf 8 = 1.8207 kJ/kg

vg 8 = 0.414000 m3/kg ug 8 = 2557.60 kJ/kg hg 8 = 2743.9 kJ/kg sg 8 = 6.8565 kJ/kg
ufg 8 = 1934.83 kJ/kg hfg 8 = 2120.65 kJ/kg sfg 8 = 5.0358 kJ/kg

The Resultant fractional mass flow rate

Mass flow Path

HP turbine tap t8 → Closed feedwater heater #8

y8 x( ht8 - hd8 ) = ( h11 - hf7 )

( h11 - hf7 ) ( 1316.64 - 1154.23 )

y8 = ------------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------ = 0.0898
( ht8 - hd8 ) ( 2987.3 - 1179.464 )

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 steam turbine

HP turbine outlet 2 → Closed feedwater heater #7

y7 x( h2 - hd7 ) = ( hf7 - hf6 ) - y8 x ( hd8 - hd7 )

( hf7 - hf6 ) - y8 x ( hd8 - hd7 )

y7 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( h2 - hd7 )

( 1316.64 - 908.79 ) - 0.0898 x ( 1179.464 - 920.62 )

= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.1919
( 2924.5 - 920.62 )

Reheat turbine tap t6 → Closed feedwater heater #6

y6 x( ht6 - hd6 ) = ( hf6 - h10 ) -( y7 + y8 ) x ( hd7 - hd6 )

( hf6 - h10 ) y7 + Y8 ) X ( hd7 - hd6 )

y6 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( ht6 - hd6 )
( 908.79 - 741.17 ) - ( 0.1919 + 0.0898 ) X ( 920.62 - 763.22 )
= ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0475
( 3357.6000 - 763.22 )

Reheat turbine outlet 4 → Open feedwater heater #5

y5 x( h4 - h8 ) = ( h9 - h8 ) -( y6+y7 + y8 ) x ( hd6 - h8 )

( h9 - h8 ) - ( y6 + y7 + y8 ) x ( hd6 - h8 )
y5 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( h4 - h8 )

( 721.11 - 623.25 ) - ( 0.0475 + 0.1919 + 0.0898 ) x ( 763.22 - 623.25 )

= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( 3161.7 - 623.25 )
= 0.0204

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 steam turbine

LP section

t4 LP A&C turbine tap

P t4 = 450 kpa
T t4 = 250 ℃

vf t4 = m3/kg uf t4 = kJ/kg hf t4 = kJ/kg sf t4 = kJ/kg

vg t4 = 0.56712 m3/kg ug t4 = 2772.2 kJ/kg hg t4 = 3024.3 kJ/kg sg t4 = 7.4378 kJ/kg
ufg t4 = kJ/kg hfg t4 = kJ/kg sfg t4 = kJ/kg
h8 Closed feedwater heater #4 outlet
P8 = 450 Kpa
T8 = 147.93 ℃

vf 8 = 0.001088 m3/kg uf 8 = 622.77 kJ/kg hf 8 = 623.25 kJ/kg sf 8 = 1.8207 kJ/kg

vg 8 = 0.414000 m3/kg ug 8 = 2557.60 kJ/kg hg 8 = 2743.9 kJ/kg sg 8 = 6.8565 kJ/kg
ufg 8 = 1934.83 kJ/kg hfg 8 = 2120.65 kJ/kg sfg 8 = 5.0358 kJ/kg

t3 LP B&D turbine tap

P t3 = 250 kpa
T t3 = 220 ℃

vf t3 = m3/kg uf t3 = kJ/kg hf t3 = kJ/kg sf t3 = kJ/kg

vg t3 = 0.93802 m3/kg ug t3 = 2683.5 kJ/kg hg t3 = 2908.6 kJ/kg sg t3 = 7.4905 kJ/kg
ufg t3 = kJ/kg hfg t3 = kJ/kg sfg t3 = kJ/kg

f3 Closed feedwater heater #3 outlet

P f3 = 250 kpa
T f3 = 127.44 ℃

vf f3 = 0.001067 m3/kg uf f3 = 535.1 kJ/kg hf f3 = 535.37 kJ/kg sf f3 = 1.6072 kJ/kg

vg f3 = 0.71870 m3/kg ug f3 = 2537.2 kJ/kg hg f3 = 2716.9 kJ/kg sg f3 = 7.0527 kJ/kg
ufg f3 = 2002.1 kJ/kg hfg f3 = 2181.5 kJ/kg sfg f3 = 5.4 kJ/kg

d4 Closed feedwater heater #4 drain

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P d4 = 0.2873 Mpa
T d4 = 132.44 ℃ = T f3 ( 127.44 )+ 5℃

vf d4 = 0.00107 m3/kg uf d4 = 554.6 kJ/kg hf d4 = 554.9 kJ/kg sf d4 = 1.6554 kJ/kg

vg d4 = 0.63398 m3/kg ug d4 = 2541.9 kJ/kg hg d4 = 2723.2 kJ/kg sg d4 = 7.0072 kJ/kg
ufg d4 = 1987.4 kJ/kg hfg d4 = 2168.4 kJ/kg sfg d4 = 5.4 kJ/kg

t2 LP A&C turbine tap

P t2 = 100 kpa
T t2 = 120 ℃

vf t2 = m3/kg uf t2 = kJ/kg hf t2 = kJ/kg sf t2 = kJ/kg

vg t2 = 1.79204 m3/kg ug t2 = 2537.1 kJ/kg hg t2 = 2716.3 kJ/kg sg t2 = 7.4622 kJ/kg
ufg t2 = kJ/kg hfg t2 = kJ/kg sfg t2 = kJ/kg

f2 Closed feedwater heater #2 outlet

P f2 = 100 kpa
T f2 = 99.63 ℃

vf f2 = 0.001043 m3/kg uf f2 = 417.36 kJ/kg hf f2 = 417.36 kJ/kg sf f2 = 1.3026 kJ/kg

vg f2 = 1.69400 m3/kg ug f2 = 2506.1 kJ/kg hg f2 = 2675.5 kJ/kg sg f2 = 7.3594 kJ/kg
ufg f2 = 2088.7 kJ/kg hfg f2 = 2258.1 kJ/kg sfg f2 = 6.1 kJ/kg

d3 Closed feedwater heater #3 drain

P d3 = 0.12082 Mpa
T d3 = 104.63 ℃ = T f2 ( 99.63 )+ 5℃

vf d3 = 0.00105 m3/kg uf d3 = 440.0 kJ/kg hf d3 = 440.2 kJ/kg sf d3 = 1.3630 kJ/kg

vg d3 = 1.41940 m3/kg ug d3 = 2512.4 kJ/kg hg d3 = 2683.8 kJ/kg sg d3 = 7.2958 kJ/kg
ufg d3 = 2072.4 kJ/kg hfg d3 = 2243.7 kJ/kg sfg d3 = 5.9 kJ/kg

t1 LP B&D turbine tap

P t1 = 40 kpa
T t1 = 75.87 ℃

vf t1 = 0.001027 m3/kg uf t1 = 317.53 kJ/kg hf t1 = 317.58 kJ/kg sf t1 = 1.0259 kJ/kg

vg t1 = 3.99300 m3/kg ug t1 = 2477.0 kJ/kg hg t1 = 2636.8 kJ/kg sg t1 = 7.6700 kJ/kg
ufg t1 = 2159.47 kJ/kg hfg t1 = 2319.22 kJ/kg sfg t1 = 6.64 kJ/kg

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χ t1 = 0.98
h t1 = hft1 + hfgt1 x Xt1 = 317.58 + 2319.22 x 0.98 = 2590.4 kJ/kg

f1 Closed feedwater heater #1 outlet

P f1 = 40 kpa
T f1 = 75.87 ℃

vf f1 = 0.001027 m3/kg uf f1 = 317.53 kJ/kg hf f1 = 317.58 kJ/kg sf f1 = 1.0259 kJ/kg

vg f1 = 3.99300 m3/kg ug f1 = 2477.0 kJ/kg hg f1 = 2636.8 kJ/kg sg f1 = 7.6700 kJ/kg
ufg f1 = 2159.47 kJ/kg hfg f1 = 2319.22 kJ/kg sfg f1 = 6.64 kJ/kg

d2 Closed feedwater heater #2 drain

P d2 = 47.39 Kpa
T d2 = 80.87 ℃ = T f1 ( 75.87 )+ 5℃

vf d2 = 0.00103 m3/kg uf d2 = 334.9 kJ/kg hf d2 = 334.9 kJ/kg sf d2 = 1.0753 kJ/kg

vg d2 = 3.40700 m3/kg ug d2 = 2482.2 kJ/kg hg d2 = 2643.7 kJ/kg sg d2 = 7.6122 kJ/kg
ufg d2 = 2147.3 kJ/kg hfg d2 = 2308.8 kJ/kg sfg d2 = 6.5 kJ/kg

d1 Closed feedwater heater #1 drain

P d1 = 9.593 Kpa
T d1 = 45 ℃ = T6 ( 40 )+ 5℃

vf d1 = 0.00101 m3/kg uf d1 = 188.4 kJ/kg hf d1 = 188.5 kJ/kg sf d1 = 0.6387 kJ/kg

vg d1 = 15.26000 m3/kg ug d1 = 2436.8 kJ/kg hg d1 = 2583.2 kJ/kg sg d1 = 8.1648 kJ/kg
ufg d1 = 2248.4 kJ/kg hfg d1 = 2394.8 kJ/kg sfg d1 = 7.5 kJ/kg

The Resultant fractional mass flow rate

Mass flow Path

m = 1234 kg/s
y5 = 0.0204 m = 1234 kg/s y5 x m = 25.2 kg/s
y6 = 0.0475 m = 1234 kg/s y6 x m = 58.6 kg/s
y7 = 0.1919 m = 1234 kg/s y7 x m = 236.8 kg/s
y8 = 0.0898 m = 1234 kg/s y8 x m = 110.8 kg/s

fractional mass flow z= 1- ( y5 + y6 + y7 + y8 + )

1- ( 0.0204 + 0.0475 + 0.1919 + 0.0898 + ) = 0.6504

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ZF = Z - y FPT = 0.5974
Reheat turbine outlet 4 → Feedwater pump turbine
mFPT = 65.4 kg/s y FPT = mFPT / m = 65.4 / 1234 = 0.05299838

LT turbine A&C tap t4 → Heater #4

y4 x( ht4 - hd4 ) = ( h8 - hf3 ) x ZF

( h8 - hf3 ) ( 623.25 - 535.37 )

y4 = ------------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------ x 0.5974 = 0.0212675
( ht4 - hd4 ) ( 3024.3 - 554.9 )

LT turbine B&D tap t3 → Heater #3

y3 x( ht3 - hd3 )= ZF x( hf3 - hf2 ) - y4 x ( hd4 - hd3 )

ZF x( hf3 - hf2 ) - y4 x ( hd4 - hd3 )

y3 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( ht3 - hd3 )

0.5974 x ( 535.37 - 417.36 ) - 0.0212675 x ( 554.9 - 440.2 )

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0276
( 2908.6 - 440.2 )

LT turbine A&C tap t2 → Heater #2

y2 x( ht2 - hd2 )= ZF x ( hf2 - hf1 ) -( y3 + y4 ) x ( hd3 - hd2 )

ZF x ( hf2 - hf1 ) -( y3 + y4 ) x ( hd3 - hd2 )

y2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( ht2 - hd2 )

0.5974 x ( 417.36 - 317.58 ) -( 0.0488675 ) x ( 440.2 - 334.9 )

y2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( 2716.3 - 317.58 )
= 0.0227

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LT turbine B&D tap t1 → Heater #1

y1 x( ht1 - hd1 )= ZF x( hf1 - h7 ) -( y2+y3 + y4 ) x ( hd2 - hd1 )

ZF x( hf1 - h7 ) -( y2+y3 + y4 ) x ( hd2 - hd1 )

y1 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( ht1 - hd1 )

0.5974 x ( 317.58 - 167.57 ) -( 0.0715675 ) x ( 334.9 - 188.5 )

y1 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.03294592
( 2590.4 - 188.5 )

Performance Results
The work done by the HP, Reheat and LP turbine set

w HPT = ( h1 - ht8 ) + ( ht8 - h2 ) x ( 1 - y8 )

= ( 3335.6 - 2987.3 ) + ( 2987.3 - 2924.5 ) x ( 1 - 0.0898 ) = 348.3 kJ/kg

w RHT = ( h3 - ht6 )x ( 1 - ( y7 + y8 )) + ( ht6 - h4 )x ( 1 - ( y6

= ( 3550.15 - 3357.6000 ) x ( 1 - ( 0.1919 + 0.0898 )) + ( 3357.6000 - 3161.7 )x ( 1 - ( 0.0475
= 269.7 kJ/kg
w LPT = ZF x ( h4 - h5 ) - y4 x ( ht4 - h5 )
- y3 x ( ht3 - h5 ) - y2 x ( ht2 - h5 )
- y1 x ( ht1 - h5 )

= 0.5974 x ( 3161.7 - 2417.2 ) - 0.0212675 x ( 3024.3 - 2417.2 )

- 0.0276 x ( 2908.6 - 2417.2 ) - 0.0227 x ( 2716.3 - 2417.2 )
- 0.03294592 x ( 2590.4 - 2417.2 ) = 405.8 kJ/kg

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w total = w HPT + w RHT + w LPT = 348.3 + 269.7 + 405.8 = 1023.8 kJ/kg

Total heat input to the steam generator including the reheat section

q in = ( h1 - h11 ) +( 1 -( y7 + y8 ) x( h3 - h2 )
= ( 3335.6 - 1316.64 ) + ( 1 -( 0.1919 + 0.0898 )) x ( 3550.15 - 2924.5 ) = 2468.3644 kJ/kg
qin 2468.3644
Boiler Efficiency = ------------ = ------------ = 85.6 %
qactual 2882

Until now we have not considered the boiler efficiency. This is dependent on many factors, includign the grade of coal used, the heat transfer and heat loss mechanism in the boiler, etc.
A typical design value of boiler efficiency for a large power plant is 88 % .
wtotal 1023.8
Thermal efficiency (ηth) = ------------ = ------------ = 41.5 %
qin 2468.3644

wtotal 1023.8
Thermal efficiency (ηactual) = ------------ = ------------ = 35.5 %
qactual 2882

- Feedwater pump and turbine performance

Feedwater pump w FP = ( h9 - h10 ) = ( 721.11 - 741.17 ) = -20.06 kJ/kg

Feedwater pump turbine w FPT = ( yFPT ) x ( h4 - h5 )
= ( 0.05299838 ) x ( 3161.7 - 2417.2 ) = 39.5 kJ/kg

wFP -20.06
Feedwater pump efficiency (ηFP) = ------------ = ------------ = 50.8 %
WFPT 39.5
Feedwater pump power WFPTpower = m x wFPT = 1234 x 39.5 = 48743 kW
= 48.743 MW

- The power output of the turbines, and heat power to the steam generator

mass flow rate of steam m = 1234 kg/s

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Total turbine output power Wtotal = m x wtotal = 1234 x 1023.8 = 1263.3692 MW

Steam generator heat power Qin = m x qin = 1234 x 2468.3644 = 3045.96166 MW

It is always a good idea to validate ones calculations by evaluating the thermal efficiency using only the heat supplied to the steam generator and that rejected by the condenser.

qout = [ Z - ( y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 )]x h5
+ ( y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 ) x hd1 - Z x h6

= [ 0.6504 - ( 0.03294592 + 0.0227 + 0.0276 + 0.0212675 ) ] x 2417.2

+ ( 0.03294592 + 0.0227 + 0.0276 + 0.0212675 ) x 188.5 - 0.6504 x 167.57 = 1230.22508 kJ/kg

qin - qout 2468.3644 - 1230.22508

Thermal efficiency (ηth) = ----------------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 0.50160313 %
qin 2468.364395

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+
+

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www.scribd.com
Universal gas constant calculation

0 ℃ 1 barometric Pressure, 22.4 L/mol

P = 1 bar
= 101.325 KPa N/m2
= 101325 Pa N/m2
V = 22.4 L/mole
T = 273.15 K

R = P x V
T
= 101325 x 22.4
= 8.309 J/mol K
273.15

T = 250 K Temp of gas

= -23.15 ℃

P = 5 Mpa Pressure
5000 Kpa

R = 0.2968 kJ/kg K Specific gas constant

Pυ = RT
υ = R x T
P

= 0.2968 kJ/kg K x 250 K

= 0.01484 m3/kg
5000 Kpa

T = 250 ℃ Temp of gas

= 523 K

P = 1 Mpa Pressure
1000 Kpa

R = 0.287 kJ/kg K specific gas constant of air

V = 0.1 m3 Volume
PV = MRT

P v
m = x
R T

= 1000 Kpa 0.1 m3

x = 0.666218 m3/kg
0.287 kJ/kg K 523 K

In case of Air
P1 = 1 Mpa
V1 = 0.1 m3
T1 = 523 K
250 ℃
P2 = 0.35 Mpa
V2 = 0.1 m3
T2 = 183.05 K

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-89.95 ℃

P2 x V2 x T1
T2 = = 183.05 K
P1 x V1

At constant volume

Q = U2 - U1 = m x Cv x △T
0.666218 x 0.7165 x ( 183.05 - 523 )
= -162.27351916 kJ

In case of Vapor
V = 0.1 m3
P1 = 1 Mpa
T1 = 523 K
υ1 = 0.2327 m3/kg

V
m = = 0.429738 kg
υ1

P2 = 0.35 Mpa
T2 = 133.88 K
υ2f = 0.001079 m3/kg
υ2g = 0.5243 m3/kg
υ2fg = m3/kg
χ= υ1 - υ2f
υ2fg
0.2327 - 0.001079
= 0.442683
0.5243 - 0.001079

At P1
u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg u2f = 583.95 kJ/kg
u2 = u2f + u2fg x X = 1453.822 kJ/kg u2fg= 1965 kJ/kg
u2g= 2578.9 kJ/kg
Q = m x (u2-u1) = -539.7843 kJ

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Adiabatic Process

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