HVAC Systems

Design
Handbook

Roger W. Haines, P.E.

Michael E. Myers, P.E., LEED AP

Fifth Edition

Mc
Graw
Hill
New York Chicago San Francisco
Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan
Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
 Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii

Chapter 1. HVAC Engineering Equations for Daily Use 1

1.1 Introduction "I

Part 1-Frequently Used HVAC Equations

1.2 Air Side Equations 3

1.3 Fan Laws 6

1.4 Heat Transfer Equations 7

1.5 Fluid Handling 8

1.6 Power and Energy 10

1.7 Steam Equations 11

Part 2-lnfrequently Used HVAC Equations

1.8 Air Side Equations 12

1.9 Fluid Handling 15

1.10 Smoke Management 16

Chapter 2. HVAC Engineering Fundamentals: Part 1 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Problem Solving 21

2.3 ValueEngineering 22
2.4 Codes, Regulations and Standards 23

2.5 Fluid Mechanics 23

2.6 Thermodynamics 23

2.7 Heat Transfer 24

2.8 Psychrometrics 25

2.9 Sound and Vibration 25

2.10 Energy Conservation 25

2.11 Summary 25

Chapter 3. HVAC Engineering Fundamentals: Part 2 27

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Comfort 27

iii
iv Contents

3.3 HVAC Cycles 28

3.4 Control Strategies 29
3.5 Architectural, Structural and Electrical Considerations 29

3.6 Conceptual Design 30

3.7 Environmental Criteria for Typical Buildings 30
3.8 Designing for Operation and Maintenance 33
3. 9 Codes and Standards 34
3.10 Summary 34

Chapter 4. Design Procedures: Part 1 —

Load Calculations 37

4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Use of Computers 38
4.3 Rule of Thumb Calculations 38
4.4 Design Criteria and Documentation Forms 39
4.5 Factors for Load Components 45
4.6 Load Calculations 79
4.7 Dynamic versus Static Load Calculations 86
4.8 Ventilation Loads 86
4.9 Other Loads 87
4.10 Summary 88

Chapter 5. Design Procedures: Part 2—General Concepts

for Equipment Selection 89

5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Sustainable Systems and Equipment 89
5.3 Maintainability of Systems and Equipment 90
5.4 Criteria for System and Equipment Selection 90
5.5 Options in System and Equipment Selection 97
5.6 The Psychrometric Chart 100
5.7 Effects of Altitude and Temperature 103
5.8 Software-Based Equipment Selection 105
5.9 Summary 105

Chapter 6. Design Procedures: Part 3—Air Handling Systems 107

6.1 Introduction 107

6.2 Fans 107
6.3 Air Duct Design 121
6.4 Registers and Grilles 141
6.5 Louvers 143
6.6 Dampers 144
6.7 Filters 147
6.8 Air Distribution with High Flow Rates 148
6.9 Stratification 152
6.10 Noise Control 154
6.11 Indoor Air Quality 155
6.12 Summary 155

Chapter 7. Design Procedures: Part 4—Fluid Handling Systems 157

7.1 Introduction 157

7.2 Steam 157
 Contents v

7.3 Water 165

7.4 High-Temperature Water 167
7.5 Secondary Coolants (Brines and Glycols) 167
7.6 Piping Systems 169
7.7 Pumps 196
7.8 Refrigerant Distribution 204
7.9 Summary 205

Chapter 8. Design Procedures: Part 5-Central Plants 207

8.1 Introduction 207

8.2 General Plant Design Concepts 207

8.3 Central Steam Plants 208

8.4 Low-Temperature Hot Water Central Plants 210

8.5 High-Temperature Hot Water Central Plants 212

8.6 Fuel Options and Alternate Fuels 213
8.7 Central Chilled Water Plants 214

8.8 Thermal Storage Systems 221

8.9 Central Plant Distribution Arrangements 224
8.10 Cogeneration Plants 225

8.11 Summary 230

Chapter 9. Design Procedures: Part 6—Automatic Controls 231

9.1 Introduction 231

9.2 Control Fundamentals 232

9.3 Control Devices 237
9.4 Instrumentation 268
9.5 Typical Control Systems 269
9.6 Electrical Interfaces 280
9.7 Computer-Based Controls 281
9.8 Control Symbols 284
9.9 Summary 284

Chapter 10. Equipment: Part 1 —

Cooling 287

10.1 Introduction 287

10.2 Refrigeration Cycles 287
10.3 Compressors 291
10.4 Chillers 295
10.5 Condensers 297
10.6 Cooling Towers 300
10.7 Cooling Coils 304
10.8 Radiant Cooling 313
10.9 Evaporative Cooling 313
10.10 Refrigerants 316
10.11 Summary 317

Chapter 11. Equipment: Part 2— Heating 319

11.1 Introduction 319

11.2 General 319
vi Contents

11.3 Boilers 320

11.4 Boiler Types 321
11.5 Combustion Processes and Fuels 322
11.6 Fuel-Burning Equipment 324
11.7 Boiler Feedwater and Water Treatment Systems 328
11.8 Boiler Codes and Standards 331
11.9 Boiler Design 331
11.10 Acceptance and Operational Testing 332
11.11 Direct- and Indirect-Fired Heating Equipment 332
11.12 Heat Exchangers-Water Heating 332
11.13 Heat Exchangers-Air Heating 333
11.14 Unit Heaters and Duct Heaters 337
11.15 Terminal Heating Equipment 340
11.16 Heat Pumps 342
11.17 Heat Recovery and Reclaim 346
11.18 Solar Heating 354
11.19 Humidification 354
11.20 Summary 358

Chapter 12. Equipment: Part 3—Air-Handling Systems 361

12.1 Introduction 361

12.2 AH U System Arrangements 363
12.3 Package AHUs 375
12.4 Built-Up (Field-Assembled) AHU 378
12.5 Terminal Units 379
12.6 Individual Room AHUs 380
12.7 Humidity Control 383
12.8 Control of Outside Air Quantity 384
12.9 Effects of Altitude 386
12.10 Exhaust Systems 387
12.11 Smoke Control 387
12.12 Summary 387

Chapter 13. Electrical Features of HVAC Systems 389

13.1 Introduction 389

13.2 Fundamentals of Electric Power 389
13.3 Common Service Voltages 390
13.4 Power Factor 391
13.5 Motors 391
13.6 Variable Speed Drives 393
13.7 Electrical Interface 394
13.8 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 396
13.9 Standby Power Generation 397
13.10 Electrical Room Ventilation 397
13.11 Lighting Systems 398
13.12 National Electrical Code 398
13.13 Summary 398

Chapter 14. Design Documentation: Drawings and Specifications 401

14.1 Introduction 401

14.2 The Nature of Contracts 402
 Contents vii

14.3 Drawings 403

14.4 Specifications 404

14.5 Summary 415

Chapter 15. After Design: Through Construction to Operation 417

15.1 Introduction 417

15.2 Participation During Construction 417

15.3 Commissioning 421

15.4 Summary 422

Chapter 16. Technical Report Writing 425

16.1 Introduction 425

16.2 Organization of a Report 425
16.3 Writing with Clarity 427
16.4 Use of Tables and Figures 427
16.5 Printing and Binding 428

16.6 Letter Reports 428

16.7 Summary 428

Chapter 17. Engineering Fundamentals: Part 1 — Fluid Mechanics 431

17.1 Introduction 431

17.2 Terminology in Fluid Mechanics 431

17.3 Law of Conservation of Mass 432

17.4 The Bernoulli Equation (Law of Conservation of Energy) 432

17.5 Flow Volume Measurement 434

17.6 Summary 435

Chapter 18. Engineering Fundamentals: Part 2—Thermodynamics 437

18.1 Introduction 437

18.2 Thermodynamics Terms 437

18.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 438

18.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 439

18.5 440
Efficiency
18.6 Coefficient of Performance 440

18.7 Specific Heat Cp 441

18.8 Summary 441

Chapter 19. Engineering Fundamentals: Part 3—Heat Transfer 443

19.1 Introduction 443

19.2 Heat Transfer Modes 443
19.3 Thermal Conduction 443
19.4 Thermal Convection 446
19.5 Thermal Radiation 448
19.6 Latent Heat and Moisture 449
19.7 Summary 451

Chapter 20. Engineering Fundamentals: Part 4—Psychrometrics 453

20.1 Introduction 453

20.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air 453
viii Contents

20.3 Tables of Properties 455

20.4 Psychrometric Charts 455

20.5 HVAC Processes on the Psychrometric Chart 461

20.6 The Protractor on the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart 465

20.7 Effects of Altitude 467

20.8 Summary 468

Chapter 21. Engineering Fundamentals: Part 5—Sound and Vibration 469

21.1 Introduction 469

21.2 Definitions 469

21.3 Methods of Specifying and Measuring Sound 470

21.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission 473

21.5 Ambient Sound Level Design Goals 475

21.6 Reducing Sound and Vibration Transmission 477

21.7 Summary 484

Chapter 22. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 485

22.1 Introduction 485

22.2 Basics of IAQ Design 486
22.3 Methods of Providing Acceptable IAQ 487
22.4 Design Considerations for Acceptable IAQ 490
22.5 Additional Design Considerations for Acceptable IAQ 497
22.6 Protection of Outside Air Intakes 499
22.7 IAQ and Energy Conservation 504
22.8 Summary 506

Chapter 23. Sustainable HVAC Systems 507

23.1 Introduction 507

23.2 Energy-Efficient "Green" Buildings 508
23.3 HVAC Sustainable Design Approaches 508
23.4 Energy Efficiency Compliance 509
23.5 Indoor Air Quality Compliance 509
23.6 Bridging the Gap Between Energy Efficiencies and IAQ Requirements 510
23.7 Summary 521

Chapter 24. Smoke Management 523

24.1 Introduction 523

24.2 Basics Statements, Codes, Definitions and
Design Guides for Smoke Management Systems 524
24.3 Atrium and Mall Smoke Management Design Requirements 526
24.4 Zoned Smoke Management System 541
24.5 Design Procedure for Zoned Smoke Control 544
24.6 Zoned Smoke Management Calculation Example 545
24.7 Implementation and Performance Testing 548
24.8 Testing of Zoned Smoke Control Systems 549
24.9 Note of Caution on Smoke Machine or Smoke Bomb Testing 550
24.10 Summary 552

Index 553