Physics Electricity CBSE 10

Electricity:
Flow of electric charge is called Electricity. Electricity can be provided by using a battery or
a cell.
I = Q/t
Q = Electric charge (Coulomb)
t= Time
Unit of Electric current is Ampere (A).
1 Coulomb contains 6 x 10 19 electrons, where each electrons carry a charge of 1.6 x 10_19 C.
Electric current flow opposite of electric charge, that is positive terminal to negative terminal.

Q) A charge of 60C is flowing in a filament for 3 minutes. Calculate electricity?

Ans): I = Q/t
Q= 60C
I = 60/180 t= 3 minutes= 3×60s=180 s
= 0.3334A

Q) A current of 2.2A is flowing through a bulb foe 2 minutes. Calculate electricity and number of
charges?
Ans): I =Q/t
I= 2.2A
Q=It t=2 min=2×60s = 120s
= 2.2×120
= 264C
Number of charges in 1C = 6×10 19 electrons
Number of charges in 264C=264×6×10 19 electrons
=1.584×1022electrons

Electrical Potential and Potential difference

Fluid, say water flow from a higher to lower altitude, current also flow from a higher potential to
lower potential. I n other word current only flow if there is a potential difference. In a cell potential
difference is created due to chemical reaction in cell.
A potential difference is defined is amount of work done
used to move a unit charge from a point to point.
V = W/Q (Volt)

Q) Calculate Potential difference is for a device, which use 12J and charge of 1.2C?
Ans): V = W/ Q
= 12/1.2
=10V
Q) Calculate work done in moving a charge of 3C in a current having potential difference of 40V?
Ans): V= W/Q
W=V×Q
= 40×3
= 120J

Circuit Diagram
Ohms Law

Current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to potential difference.

VαI
V = IR
Where R is the Resistance of the material, which is the property of material to resist the flow of current.

Q) Calculate the Voltage in a circuit, when 3A of current is flowing and resistance of circuit is 1.5Ω?
Ans): V=IR
= 1.5×3 = 4.5V
Q) Calculate resistance of a wire in which a current of 6A is flowing and Voltage of 8V applied across the circuit?
Ans): R=V/I
= 8/6 = 1.33A
Factors effecting Resistance

Resistance of a conductor is depend on Length, Area and Material type.

The resistance R of the wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire :
RαL

It means if we increase the wire length the Resistance is also doubled.

Eg: length is halved, its resistance would become one half.The area is inversly propotional to the
resistance, if we increase the area, Resistance

R α 1/A……(2)

Combining 1 and 2, we get

R α L/A

R=ρL/A

ρ is called Resistivity of the material. It is characteristic property of the material. Metal with a
higher resistivity oppose the current more as compared to the material which has a lower
Resistivity. Resistivity of the material vary with the temperature.

Eg: Metal like Aluminum has lower resistivity so that it is used for Transmission line.

Q) Calculate resistance of the coil which draws Voltage of 180V and consume current of 2A?

Ans): R = V/I

= 180/2 = 90Ω

Q) Calculate the resistance of the coil which is connected to a power supply of 220V and
current of 4A?

Ans): R = V/I

= 220/4 = 55Ω

Q) A metal of ρ=1.84×10-6Ωm at 20° is made in a wire of length 1m and Area of cross-section

0.533mm2. Calculate resistance of wire?

Ans): ρ=1.84×10-6Ωm

A= 0.533mm2 = 0.533×10-6m2

L= 1m

R=ρL/A
 =(1.84×10-6×1)/0.533×10-6

=3.4Ω

Q) Calculate Resistance of the wire, whose length is doubled and radius is halved?

Ans): L’’= 2L

r’’=r/2

So that area would be A’’=π(r/2)2

= πr2/4 = A/4

R’=ρL’’/A’

= ρ(2L)/(4A)

= ρL/2A

= R/2

Resistance of a system of Resistance

Series Connection

Reffective =R1+R2+R3+ …… +Rn

In a series connection the effective Resistance is greater than all individual resistance. Current in a series
connection is same for all the resistance, but voltage across each resistance differs.

V = V1+V2+V3+……….+Vn
Resistance in parall el

In a parallel connection, the total Resistance is smaller than all the individual Resistance. Voltage
drop across each Resistance is same, but current through all resistance is different.

I= I1+I2+I3+………...+ In

Q) A resistance of 10Ω is connected series with the bulb resistance of 25Ω,Find current in the
circuit if it is connected across 5V?
Ans): R= R1+R2 ( since resistances are connected in series )
= 25Ω+10Ω
= 35Ω
I= V/R
= 5/35
=0.142A

Q) Three individual resistance of 30Ω are connected in parallel connection and a supply of 220V is
given. Calculate current in the circuit?
Ans): 1/Reff=1/R+1/R+1/R
= 3/30 = 1/10
Reff= 10Ω
I = V/R = 220/10
= 22A
Q) Calculate current flowing in the following circuit?
Ans): Effective Resistance of above parallel circuit can found by
1/Reff=1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3
= 1/5 + 1/10 + 1/30
= 10/30
Reff = 3Ω

Current in the circuit = voltage / total Resistance

= 6/3
= 2A

Heating effect of Electric Current

We know, Work done = VQ

Power = Work done / time
=VQ/t
= VI ----(1)

From ohms law, we have V = IR, substituting this result in (1)

Power = I2R

Heat produced = work done = power × Time

= I2Rt

Q) An Electric device consume energy at the rate of 960W, if resistance of the device is 150Ω, Calculate the
voltage drop across the Electric device?
Ans): Resistance = 150Ω
Power = 960W
We’ve P= VI = I2R
960=I2×150
I2 = 960/150 = 6.4A
I= 2.5A
Voltage drop across the device = IR
= 2.5 × 150 = 375V

Q) 100J is produced in each second in a device which is connected to a voltage of 240V, find resistance?
Ans): P = 100W
V= 240V
R=?
We’ve P= VI
I = P/V
= 100/240
=0.42A
Resistance of circuit = V/I
=240/0.42
= 571.5Ω

Q) An Electric Heater consumes energy at the rate of 840W when heated at maximum rate and a rate of 300W
when it is heated at minimum rate. Voltage of the circuit is 220V, What are the current and resistance of the
circuit at each cases?
Ans): Maximum case:
Pmax= 840W
V = 220V
 we’ve P = V×I
I = P/V = 840/220
= 3.82A
Resistance = V / I
= 220/3.82 = 57.60Ω

ii) Minimum Case:

Pmin= 300W
V=220V
I = P/V
= 300/220
= 1.36A

Resistance can be found be, R = V/I

= 220/1.36
= 161.7Ω

Practical Application if heating of Current

When a current passes through a conductor, it produces heat and leading to increase of temperature of the
conductor, results in changing properties of the Material, But it has good application in bulb, Electric Iron and
electric Toaster etc.
When current passes through Fuse, it produces heat in it, and increase temperature depending on
the current passing. Every Fuse are designed to rated value of current, If a current more than the rated value pass
through it the material start melting. If a fuse of rated current 5A, will start melting if a current more than 5A
passes through it.

Electric Power

Rate at which Electric Power is dissipated is called Electric Power. Power is given by
P = V× I
= I2R
SI unit of Power is Watt.
1W= 1VA
For commercial use, we use kilowatt to meassure power, since watt is very smaall unit.
1 kW = 1000W

Electric Energy and its Unit

Electric Energy is the meassure of energy. SI unit of Electric Energy is J. But it is very small unit, so we
meassure in Kwh.
1 Kwh = 1 kW × 1 hour
= 1000 W × 60×60s
= 3.6×106 Ws = 3.6×106 J

Q) An Electric device rated 550W operates 1/4th of the day. What is the energy used, if it is used for 30 days?
Ans): P = 550 W= 0.555Kw
for a day, t = ¼ th of the day = ¼ ×24 Hours = 6 Hours
for 30 days, t = 6×30
= 180h

Energy = power × time

=0.55× 180
= 99 Kwh

Q) A Electric heater rate 600W operates 1/6 th of the day. What is the cost of energy if it run for 30 days , and the
cost of energy is Rs. 4 per Kwh?
Ans): Power, p = 600 W = 0.6Kw
for a day, it is used for 1/6 th of the day, ie 1/6 × 24 hours = 4 hours
for a month it is used for 4×30hours = 120Hours

Electric Energy = Power × time

= 0.6×120 = 72 Kwh

Cost of Electric Energy = 72×4 = Rs 288 ( for each 1 kwh, cost is 4)