Think and Tell

Arrange the puzzle to get the word being described.

- The kind of text that provide information.

Read and Learn

Talk About it
1. What is the topic of the paragraph?
2. What does cyber bullying includes?
3. Who is the writer of the paragraph?
4. What do you think is the type of informational text being used in tha paragraph?
5. How do you say so that this is a descriptive text?

Find Out and Learn

Read the paragraph and identify the type of text used.

1.
 2.

Try and Learn

Arrange the jumbled letters to get the exact word. Answer it orally.

USECA NDA FECFET - Descriptions of events and the reasons (causes) for why the event
happened.
QESUECEN - Presents events in a sequence from beginning to end
SDPCTNEIIOR - Sensory and descriptive details

Do and Learn
A. Listen to the ff. And tell the types of informational text being used.

1. 2.

B. Read the descriptions and identify the type of informational text.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.
 Remember

Informational text are text that provide factual information to readers.

Types:

 Description- Sensory and descriptive details that help the reader visualize information. Ask
yourself: what specific person, place, thing, or idea is being described. Description shares
the who, what, when, where, why or how of a topic/subject. Clue words are such as, for
instance, in addition, also, specifically.
 Sequence- Presents events in a sequence from beginning to end, or organizes how-to text
in a series of directions. Look for steps or references to time such as dates. Clue words are
first, second, third, then, next, before, after, and finally.
 Compare and Contrast- Comparisons are used to describe ideas. Ask yourself: what is
being compared? Clue words are similar, same, alike, unlike, and different.
 Cause and Effect- Descriptions of events and the reasons (causes) for why the event
happened. Ask yourself: What happened and why did it happen? Clue words are since,
because, if, due to, as a result of , causes, leads to, and therefore.
 Problem and Solution-The text introduces a problem and presents one or more solutions.
Ask yourself: What is the problem and what is the solution? Clue words are problem, issue,
since, as a result, and idea.

Learn Some More

The Boys and the Frogs

Some boys, playing near a pond, saw a number of Frogs in the water and
began to pelt them with stones. 
They killed several of them, when one of the Frogs, lifting his head out of
the water, cried out:

"Pray stop, my boys: what is sport to you, is death to us."

He wanted to save other frogs but he has a problem.

Find Out and Learn

 Problem: Identify the connotative meanings of the words in the leaves in order to save
other frogs.

LEAFING FROG

weather

fact Science

observe

environment

CONNOTATIVE MEANING
1.Observe -
2. Environment -
3. Fact -
4. Weather -
5. Science –

Try and Learn

Below are groups of words which are often used to describe people. What are the connotations of
the words? Underline your answer.
1. Childlike - Youthful, Childish, Young
2. Disabled, - Crippled, Handicapped, Retarded
3. Relaxed - Laid-back, Lackadaisical, Easy-going
4. Slim - Skinny, Slender, Thin
5. Cheap - Frugal, Miserly, Economical
6. Young - Immature, Juvenile, Youthful
7. Inquisitive - Interested, Curious, Convivial
8. Confident - Secure, Proud, Egotistical
9. Lovely - Knockout, Beautiful, Stunning
10. Talkative - Conversational, Chatty, Nosy

Do and Learn
 Exercise 1

Match the words in Column A with the denotation meaning in Column B.

(Using your dictionary)

Column A Column B
1. Age A. an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
2. Adaptation B. the action or process of adapting or being adapted.
3. Culture C. the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual
4. Gender achievement regarded collectively.
5. Organism D. the length of time that a person has lived
or a thing has existed.
E. the state of being male or female

Exercise 2

A. Identify the connotation of the given words.

1. Home

A. suggests family, comfort and security.

B. the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household.

2. Mom and Dad’

A. a father or mother or parents

B. Mom and Dad when used in place of mother and father connote loving parents.

3. Pushy

A. excessively or unpleasantly self-assertive or ambitious.

B. refers to someone loud-mouthed and irritating.

B. Identify the denotation of the given words.

4. Love

A. an intense feeling of deep affection.

B. Symbol of affection

5. Hope

A. a feeling of expectation and desire for a certain thing to happen

B. faith

Remember

Denotation is generally defined as literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its

connotative or associated meanings.

Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it
describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their
literal meanings or denotations.
 Example:

Connotation Denotation
 A dove implies peace or gentility.  a stocky seed- or fruit-eating bird with a small
head, short legs, and a cooing voice.
 A dog connotes shamelessness or an ugly  a domesticated carnivorous mammal that
face. typically has a long snout, an acute sense of
smell, and a barking, howling, or whining
voice.
 Politician has a negative connotation of  a person who is professionally involved in
wickedness and insincerity while politics, especially as a holder of or a
statesperson connotes sincerity. candidate for an elected office.

Think and Tell

What can you see in the picture?

What are the different parts of a book?
Tell something about each part of the book

Find Out and Learn

Let us study the glossary below.

Glossary
Adolescent – a boy or a girl between the ages of 12-18 when there is a great physical
change in the body.
Aeration – the spraying of water into the air to remove unpleasant odors and tastes.
Ailerons – Movable flaps on each side of the wings of an airplane.
Air- A mixture of several gases.
Airplane – a flying machine with wings and motors
Using the glossary above, fill in the blanks with the word that has the correcr meaning.

 A mixture of several gases _________

 A flying machine with the wings and motor _____________
 The spraying of water into the air to remove unpleasant odors and tastes. ______________
 Movable flaps on each side of the wings of an airplane. _________________
 A boy or a girl between the ages of 12-18 ______________

Try and Learn

Read the glossary below.

Glossary
Airport – A place where airplanes land and take off.
Air pressure – the force of air upon all surfaces.
Amphibians – animals that live both on land and water
Anopheles – a kind of mosquito that carries malaria germs.
Antennae – feelers of the head of insects and some other animals
Appendicitis – an inflammation of the appendix
Aquatic animals – animals that live in water

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1. ____________ is a kind of mosquito that carries malaria.
2. ____________ is a place where airplanes land and take off.
3. Feelers on the head of insects or another animals are called ____________.
4. Animals that live both in land and in water are called _____________.
5. Animals that live in water are called _____________.
6. _____________ is the force of air upon all surfaces.
7. An inflammation of the appendix is called ______________.

Do and Learn

Exercise 1
Read the glossary below.

Glossary
Fish hatchery- a place where eggs of fish are artificially hatched.
Fishery - a fishing ground.
Force – a push of a pull.
Friction – the rubbing of one thing against another
Fry – the young of a fish.

Fill the blanks with the correct words.

1. A fishing ground is called _____________.
2. A push or a pull is called _____________.
3. ___________ is rubbing of one thing against another.
4. __________ is the young of a fish.
 5. __________ is a place where eggs of fish are artificially hatched.

Exercise 2
Read the glossary below.

Glossary

 mahogany /ma-‘hag-a-ni/ (n.) – any of the various tropical trees with reddish wood used in
furniture
 naive /nu -‘ev/ (adj.) – marked by unaffected simplicity
 naphthalene /’naph-tha-lin/ (n.) – crystalline hydrocarbon
 octave /’ak-tav/ (adj.) – a stanza or poem of eight lines
 octopus /’ak-ta-pas/ (n.) any of the various sea mollusks having eight muscular arms with two
rows of suckers.

Study this partial list from a glossary.

Answer the questions below.
1. How many syllables does thge word mahogany have?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. What does naive mean?
A. brave B. complex C. fair D. simple
3. A stanza or poem of eight lines is a/an ________________.
A. musical score B. octave C. song D. verse
4. How are the words in the glossary arranged?
A. alphabetically B. By importance C. by topics D. chronologically
5. Which word has two syllables?
A. indefinite B. magnitude C. mahatma D. octave

Remember
The glossary is a special disctionary.
It is at the back and it is where difficult and unsual words used in the book are located.
It gives the meaning of words as used in the selections.

Think and Tell

Look at the pictures and think of a word that best describe it.
Read and Learn

1. Singular: The man in the room is making me nervous

Plural: The men in the room are making me nervous.
2. Singular: The woman in my reading club is a very good friend of mine.
Plural: The women in my reading club are very good friends of mine.
3. Singular: My chilld is playing outside.
Plural: My children are playing outside

The irregular nouns used in the sentences are:

Singular subjects Plural subjects

Man Men

Woman Women

Child Children

Some irregular nouns:

 Try and Learn
Group Work
Direction: Study the word list. Then choose 5 irregular nouns from the list and use those words
in sentences.

WORD LIST
people foot tooth leaves
wife life bacteria dwarf
cactus alumni data firemen

Do and Learn
Exercise 1
Choose a partner.
The word list contains irregular nouns. Choose two words from the list and use it in a sentence
together with you partner.

WORD LIST
children goose half memorandum
mice self syllabus shelves
thesis wolf zero thief

Exercise 2

Compose clear and coherent sentences using the words below.

Policeman feet mouse

 Fish knives

Remember
When the subject is an irregular noun, we still do not need to add an –s ending on the verb, since the subject is
still plural even though it does not end in –s.
Rule: The number of the noun (singular or plural) determines the form of the verb.

Learn Some More

Read the statements below and determine if it is influenced by stereotypes, propaganda or point
of view.
__________1. Promising happiness - Selling happiness is a concept used in ads, such as a
well-liked actor will explain why you need to buy a product in order to solve a
problem.
__________ 2. Girls are not good at sports.
__________ 3. All Americans are generally considered to be friendly, generous, and tolerant,
but
also arrogant, impatient, and domineering.
__________ 4. Sometimes you cannot clearly discern between anger and frustration
__________ 5. Building a mental image - A politician will present an image of what the world
would be like with immigration or crime so that the voters will think of that image
and believe that voting for him will reduce that threat.

Try and Learn

Read the statements below and determine if it is influenced by stereotypes, propaganda or
point of view.Write S – if it is stereotype, P – for propaganda, and PV – for point of view.

__________ 1. All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists.

__________ 2. Assertion - This is presenting a fact without any proof, as in “This is the best
cavity-fighting toothpaste out there.”
__________ 3. Generating fear - Fear is generated to change people’s behavior. An ad will
show a bloody accident then remind people to wear their seatbelts.
__________ 4. “I felt like I was getting drowned with shame and disgrace.”
__________ 5. Name calling - An example of name calling would be: "My opponent is an
alcoholic"

Do and Learn
A. Determine the factors that influenced the viewers.
1. Using slogans - If a slogan is repeated enough times, eventually the public will come to
believe it.
2. All children don't enjoy healthy food.
3. All Irish people are drunks and eat potatoes.
4. All teenagers are rebels.
 5. Appealing to tradition - Good feelings are generated by the thoughts of certain goods
and actions, and are frequently included in advertisements such as: "Baseball, apple
pie, and Chevrolet."

B. Write paragraphs about the cause and effect of the television shows and socials medias to the
viewers.

Remember
Factors that influence viewers.
1. Stereotypes – this is the belief that all people within the same racial, ethnic, or cultural
group will act alike and share the same beliefs and attitudes. Stereotypes ignore individual
identity. This is a type of discrimination.  An exaggerated belief that can be positive or
negative but generalizes without allowing for differences.

Common Examples of Stereotypes:

Racial Profiling
One of the more common stereotype examples is stereotypes surrounding race. For
example, saying that all Blacks are good at sports is a stereotype, because it’s grouping the
race together to indicate that everyone of that race is a good athlete.

Gender Profiling
There are also some common stereotypes of men and women, such as:
 Men are strong and do all the work.
 Men are the "backbone."
 Women aren't as smart as a man.
 Women can’t do as good of a job as a man.
 Guys are messy and unclean.
 Men who spend too much time on the computer or read are geeks.
Cultures
Stereotypes also exist about cultures an countries as a whole. Stereotype examples of this
sort include the premises that:
 All white Americans are obese, lazy, and dim-witted. Homer Simpson of the TV
series The Simpsons is the personification of this stereotype. 
 Mexican stereotypes suggest that all Mexicans are lazy and came into America illegally.
 All people who live in England have bad teeth.
 Italian or French people are the best lovers.
 All Blacks outside of the United States are poor.
 All Jews are greedy.
 All Asians are good at math. All Asians like to eat rice and drive slow.
.
Groups of Individuals
A different type of stereotype also involves grouping of individuals. Skaters, Goths,
Gangsters, and Preps are a few examples. Most of this stereotyping is taking place in
schools. For example:
 Goths wear black clothes, black makeup, are depressed and hated by society.
 Punks wear mohawks, spikes, chains, are a menace to society and are always getting
in trouble.
 All politicians are philanders and think only of personal gain and benefit.
 Girls are only concerned about physical appearance.
 All blonds are unintelligent.
 Only anorexic women can become models.
 The elderly have health issues and behave like children.
 Sexual Stereotypes
Sexual stereotypes, on the other hand, suggest that any feminine man is gay and any
masculine woman is a lesbian. Those who believe gay stereotypes may also believe that
homosexuality is immoral, wrong and an abomination.
2. Propaganda -information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or
publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Common Examples of Propaganda

 Overstating participation - The concept of "Get on the Bandwagon" is appealing to a
huge number of people by finding common threads, like religion, race, or vocation. The
theme here is "everyone else is doing it, and so should you."
 Building false images - Presidents try to appear to be “common folks” but they really
aren’t. Examples are Bill Clinton eating at McDonald’s or Ronald Reagan chopping
wood.
 Creating a false dilemma - An example of false dilemma is where two choices are
offered as if they are the only two options. For example, a president saying in order to
reduce the deficit, we have to either tax the wealthy more or ask seniors to pay more for
Medicare.
 Misquoting - By taking a quote out of context a false impression can be given to the
reader or listener. For the film Live Free or Die Hard, Jack Mathews was quoted as
saying, “Hysterically...entertaining.". The real quote is, "The action in this fast-paced,
hysterically overproduced and surprisingly entertaining film is as realistic as a Road
Runner cartoon."

3. Point of View – it is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings
of the individuals involved in a situation.
Common Examples of Point of View

 First person singular: “I had the craziest night last night! I’ll tell you all about it.”
 First person plural: “New York was great. We went to the Statue of Liberty, we walked
around Central Park, and we ate fantastic food. It’s our favorite city.”
 Third person: “My grandfather was a pilot in the war, and one time he survived a
terrible crash.”