Design of Medical Gas System of Assiut I PDF
Design of Medical Gas System of Assiut I PDF
Design of Medical Gas System of Assiut I PDF
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT (BATCH 2016)
Under supervisor:
Prof. Dr / Nabil Yassen Abd El-Shafy
Design and calculations: covers piped medical gases, medical and surgical air, and
medical vacuum installations: it applies to all medical gas pipeline systems installed in
healthcare premises and an aesthetic gas scavenging disposal systems.
Operational management. [1]
1.6 oxygen
1.6.1 Provision of terminal units, and the location of AVSUs, local alarm indicator panels
and LVAs
1.6.1.1 Terminal units
Terminal units should be mounted in positions that result in the shortest practicable
routes for flexible connecting assemblies, between the terminal unit and apparatus.
Terminal units may be surface- or flush-mounted. They may also be incorporated with
electrical services, nurse call systems, televisions, radio and audio services, in proprietary
fittings such as medical supply units, wall panel systems and pendant fittings etc.
When planning the installation of operating-room pendant fittings, the location of the
operating luminaire and other ceiling-mounted devices should be taken into
consideration. When the operating room is provided with an ultra-clean ventilation
(UCV) system, it may be more practicable (and cost-effective) to have the services (both
medical gas and electrical) incorporated as part of the UCV system partial walls.
Terminal units intended for wall mounting where directly connected equipment such as
flow meters are to be used must include a non-swivel device. Terminal units intended for
installation with the socket axis vertical, or where horizontally mounted but intended for
use with indirectly connected equipment by means of a flexible connecting assembly,
should also have a non-swivel device because flow meters may be attached.[1]
1.6.1.4 LVAs:
LVAs should be installed at branches from risers, branches from main runs, and where
pipelines pass into or out of a building.[1]
.
1.8 Medical vacuum systems:
The medical vacuum pipeline system provides immediate and reliable suction for medical needs,
particularly in surgical accommodation.
The medical vacuum pipeline system consists of the vacuum supply system, the distribution
pipework and terminal units. The performance of the pipeline system is dependent on the correct
specification and installation of its component parts. This chapter describes the requirements of
the vacuum supply system. The capacity of the vacuum supply system should be appropriate to
the estimated demand. [1]
Oxygen White
Air White and black
Nitrous blue
vacuum yellow
Oxygen is essential to the life functions of animals and plants. In humans, oxygen is carried to
tissue by hemoglobin in red blood cells, where it assists in the metabolism of the chemical bonds
from nutrients. Oxygen therapy is used in several applications: to supplement the breathing of
patients whose respiratory system has become comprised from ailments such as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, or emphysema; to treat patients who need
resuscitation or who are suffering from hemorrhage, shock, convulsions or other trauma; to
administer atomized, liquid medication into the lungs; or as a treatment itself, due to pure
oxygen's vasoconstrictive properties.
Medical oxygen used in hospitals or other large healthcare facilities is frequently provided by a
vacuum-insulated evaporator. In this instance, liquid oxygen is supplied to the facility and kept
at a temperature which assures a liquid state. This reserve is drawn from and the oxygen
is fractionally distilled to turn it back into a gas. For patients who need access to O2 at home, gas
cylinders or oxygen concentrators are available and provide medical oxygen at lower volumes.
Medical oxygen is frequently represented by green or white labels, and exceptional care must be
taken around pure oxygen due to its high combustibility. Furthermore, it cannot come into contact
with hydrocarbon materials.
Oxygen is the most important gas on the earth; it formed about 21% of the natural air. In the
ordinary conditions, oxygen is colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Primarily used in respiratory -
therapy and anesthesia, Has the ability to support life and support combustion. Although oxygen
is non-flammable gas, Materials that burn in air will much more vigorously and create higher
temperature in oxygen-enriched atmospheres so the oxygen pipes or Cylinders considered as a
high-risky source[6]
Medical Oxygen Plant is installed to provide a reliable source of supply for the Oxygen,
requirements of hospitals. These pressured gases are used in Operation Theatres, Intensive Care
Units, Baby Care Units, Emergency Rooms and Patient Rooms.[3]
It is necessary for all medical oxygen installations to have three independent supply sources
capable of feeding medical oxygen to the pipeline. These three sources are referred to as:
The main source of medical oxygen on site, providing gas to the pipeline Fig. (1-1)
The prime responsibility to ensure that adequate stocks of medical oxygen are available for
patient use should remain firmly with the hospital’s management team. However, the hospital
may with its gas supplier or facilities management supplier that they should manage the supplies
of medical oxygen and maintain adequate stocks in the vessel. These arrangements should be
clearly documented within the MGPS operational policy and procedures document. The
effectiveness of these arrangements will need to be assessed as part of the risk assessment review
and be validated to ensure that they can be met [1]
The secondary source of medical oxygen on site, providing gas to the pipeline and capable of
providing the total oxygen flow requirement in the event of a primary supply failure Fig. (2-2)
The capacity of the primary and secondary supply system will consist of:
• Operational stock.
• reserve stock.
The operational stock is the volume of product that the gas supplier uses to manage deliveries to
the hospital, and its exhaustion signals the point at which the vessel should be refilled under
normal conditions.
The system should be designed so that the primary and secondary supply system stocks are kept
separate from each other. Under no circumstances can the primary supply system operational
stock be stored in the secondary supply system vessel. As shown in Fig. (2-2) [1]
The final source of supply to specific sections of the pipeline, capable of meeting the
required demand in the event of failure of the primary and secondary supplies, or failure of
The capacity of the operational stock of primary and secondary supply systems should be
agreed with the gas supplier and based on the following parameters:
• The current average medical oxygen daily demand, plus any natural growth over the
contract period.
• Any additional planned growth (above any natural growth) in the usage pattern within the
contract period. The current average daily demand can be calculated by dividing the current
annual consumption by 365 days. The operational stock should be based on an average
daily demand predicted for the end of the contract period calculated by:
Average daily demand = Current daily demand + Planned growth + Natural growth [htm]
The consumption of oxygen =6470 l/min gas
6470
Daily demand=(1000) ∗ 60 ∗ 24 = 9316.8m3/day
Average daily demand = 9316.8*1.1+no natural growth =10248.48m3/day oxygen gas
Daily demand= (10248.48/860)=11.917m3/day liquid oxygen
Where 860 is the expansion ratio from table (2-1).
Table (2- 1) Liquid Oxygen Physical and Chemical Properties
Expecting one day the maximum number of days needed to fix the problem that can occur
in the supply company.
Reserve stock=11.917*1=11.917 m3
2.3.2.6 Calculation of secondary reserve stock:
The minimum level for reserve stock for the secondary supply should allow for
circumstances in which the primary supply system is not available for use.
This secondary supply system reserve stock level will be dependent on:
• The proximity of the supplier’s distribution depot;
• The response time that the gas supplier needs to make a delivery under these conditions;
• The delivery frequency that can be sustained under the conditions when the primary
supply is unavailable for use. Expecting one day the maximum number of days needed to
fix the primary supply if it damage. We take one days. The reserve stock
for the secondary supply=11.917*1=11.917 m3
Total volume= 2*the operational stock + primary reserve stock + the reserve stock for the
secondary supply:
=2*23.834+2*11.917=71.502m3
From the table (2-2) below we can determine the number of tanks Number of tanks
=71502/11685=6 tanks stand for 6 day.[6]
Technical Data LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT- LGT-
3000 6000 9000 12000 17000 20000 27000 21000 28000
Capacity (ltr) 3300 6000 8800 12300 17600 20200 26700 21000 28200
Capacity (ltr) - 3135 5700 8360 11685 16720 19190 25365 19950 26790
95% *
A vaporizer which derives energy for vaporizing and heating liquid gas from storage
conditions to send out conditions from naturally occurring sources such as the atmosphere,
sea water, or geothermal waters.
The use of various forms of ambient air vaporizers is well known in the cryogenic industry.
The ambient air vaporizers are known to take the form of aluminum castings in the form
of blocks which may be interconnected for the passage of the cryogenic fluid being heated.
In another well-known construction the vaporizer takes the form of elongated sections of
extended surface material which are formed from aluminum extrusions. Extrusions are
generally star-shaped with a plurality of radially extending fins and with a central opening
through which the cryogenic fluid passes. The extrusion is usually made from aluminum
alloy 6063-Tl and the extrusion is made in an elongated length which is then cut up into
desired lengths. In its most common form the extrusions are placed in a block with four
sections on a side and each section is interconnected with the next in a series or parallel or
combination thereof (as desired) arrangement by means of bent tubing which is welded to
interconnect the central openings of the aluminum extrusions so that fluid may be
transmitted into one end of the extrusion and through the opening which passes through the
interior of the extrusion and then out the other end through the exit tubing. The exit tubing
is serially connected by welding to an adjacent extrusion and the cryogenic liquid is thereby
passed from one section to the next until it has passed through all 16 sections. Such ambient
air vaporizers are often used with customer stations which include a liquid storage tank in
which the liquefied gas is stored, from the vaporizer the gaseous product is directed to a
use point.[4]
Selecting vaporizer
SIZE
Pressure(BAR) Vaporizer QTY (Nm3/h) NOTE
TYPE (°C) L×W×H(mm)
CYY-50/4-350 50 693×439×3165
• The healthcare facility supply pipeline reducing station which reduces supply pressure to
the Healthcare facility pipeline pressure must consist of a dual parallel regulator system.
• Both regulators must be online and ALL isolation valves and regulators must be in the
open Position.
• The design based on a single pressure regulator with a by-pass is not accepted.
• The nominal distribution pressure should be within the range of 400 kPa to 500 kPa.
Medical gas alarm warning systems provide a means to continuously monitor the medical
gas source equipment and the operating pressures in the pipeline distribution system, as
well as, the critical care areas of the facility to ensure that the medical gas and vacuum
systems remain safe for patient use.
There are (3) types of alarm warning systems utilized for medical gas and vacuum
systems.
These alarm-warning systems include:
Master Alarm Warning Systems
Local Alarm Warning Systems
Area Alarm Warning Systems
Each of these systems has a unique function within the entire medical gas and vacuum
monitoring system.[3]
2.4.1.1 Master alarm warning systems
These warning systems monitor each medical gas and vacuum source system and the
mainline operating pressures at the source of supply. There are (2) master alarm warning
panels required to be installed as shown in Fig (2-3) . One master alarm panel must be
located in an area where it is continuously supervised during all operating hours of the
healthcare facility and the other one should be located in the department having
responsibility for maintaining the medical gas and vacuum systems (i.e. facility
management, engineering, maintenance shop, etc.). Each master alarm panel shall be
independently wired to each monitoring device to ensure 100% redundancy in the master
alarm warning system. [3]
These warning systems monitor the medical gas and vacuum source equipment at the
source location (i.e. mechanical or equipment room). The local alarm systems can be
considered an extension of the master alarm systems as showm if Fig. (2-4) . Many of the
points monitored on the local alarm panels are also monitored on the master alarm
panels. However, some points monitored on the local alarm panels are allowed to be
grouped together and indicate a general fault alarm at the master alarm panels. The local
alarm panels can either be integrated into the source equipment electrical control panels or
be in a separate alarm panel located in the equipment room. [3]
These warning systems monitor the operating pressures in the pipeline distribution system
for specific areas of the healthcare facility. They are required for all life support, critical
care, and anesthetizing locations (i.e. operating rooms, ICU/CCU, NICU, emergency
rooms, etc.). These alarm-warning systems provide the clinical staff with important
information regarding the operation of the medical gas and vacuum pipeline systems used
with life supporting equipment and monitor these systems to ensure they remain safe for
patient use. These alarm panels are required to be located to provide for surveillance during
operation of the area. The area alarm panels are NOT required to be monitored at the
master alarm panels as shown in Fig. (2-5). However, some systems allow this if so desired
by the healthcare facility.[3]
The high-pressure regulator as shown in Fig. (2-6) , provides regulation by decreasing the
pressure of high-pressure gas coming from the cylinder banks or from the tanks (in
systems that include banks) if appropriate, to a level that can be controlled by the line
pressure regulator. The flow rate is 120 m³/h. The Maximum running pressure is 250
bars. Adjustable outgoing pressure value is 0- 12 bar. In the factory adjusted outgoing
value is set at 7-8 bar. [3]
Solenoid valve, trying to empty the tube groups in the case of automatic control panel is
filled by changing the direction of the tube to provide transitional benefits to the group.
The function of the safety valve is to discharge, to regulate pressure, when there is a
leakage in one of the high pressure regulators and the line pressure rises up to 13 bar.[3]
After the second pressure reducing valve solenoid is mounted as a by-pass circuit. Inlet
pressure is 7-8 bar. The second stage regulator adjusts the outgoing pipeline pressure to a
value of 4 bar and for surgical air the setting would be about 7 bar. [3]
The pressure drop ΔP across the pipe can be calculated from the formula : [3]
Pipeline pressure loss: 400 kPa (4 bar) pipelines from (HTM) from table (2-4) [3]
pressure
measured selected measured selected
Pass from (2- press drop
length length flow flow
4)
1_2 11.94 15 200 209 7 5.102447288
2_3 6.62 8 180 209 7 4.296536251
3_4 7.22 8 130 311 7 1.103852834
4_5 7.18 8 80 311 7 0.415711169
5_6 7.12 8 30 311 7 0.057970865
total Pressure 10.97651841
pressure
Measured selected measured selected
Pass from (2- press drop
length length flow flow
4)
1—2 12.26 15 280 307 14 8.85070823
2—3 7.29 8 210 311 7 0.105520001
3—4 4.9 8 200 311 7 2.344979374
4—5 7.21 8 150 311 7 2.354668324
5—6 3.76 8 130 311 7 0.66670113
6—7 3.25 8 120 311 7 0.423382719
7—8 6.3 8 90 311 7 0.36792682
8--9 7.15 8 50 311 7 0.316949008
9--20 7.12 8 20 311 7 0.161708678
total pressure 15.1138866
Table (2- 10) calculation of pressure drop in 2nd floor line (3)
Table (2- 11) calculations of pressure drop of 3rd & 4th floor line 1
Measured selected measured selected Pressure
pass press drop
length length flow flow from( 2-4)
1--2 12.41 15 260 307 14 8.307655961
2--3 5.17 8 200 311 7 1.870845008
3--4 7.19 8 160 311 7 1.665160617
4--5 7.18 8 120 311 7 0.935350131
5--6 7.65 8 80 311 7 0.44292346
6--7 6.37 8 40 311 7 0.092203348
total pressure 13.31413852
Table (2- 13) calculations of pressure drop of 3rd & 4th floor line 3
Table (2- 14) calculation of pressure drop in 5th &6th &7th floor line 1
Fig. (2- 18) pass for 5th &6th &7th floor line 1
Medical air is usually supplied from a compressed air plant that includes high-quality drying and
filtration equipment.
Air is used to provide power for several types of equipment including surgical tools, ventilators
and nebulisers. Oxygen should be avoided as a power source because of fire risk and cost, and
should not be used where medical air is available, unless specifically recommended by the device
manufacturer.
Air should be provided at two different pressures: -
a. a pressure of 400 kPa is required for medical air to drive ventilators and for other respiratory
applications.
b. a pressure of 700 kPa or higher is required for surgical air to drive surgical tools.
Medical air from a conventional pipeline sometimes contains much humidity or water and
sometimes carries particles or toxic gases. In this case, not only damage of the medical equipment
but also critical influence to patients shall be concerned. The Medical Air Unit which manufacture
for this purpose provides with clean air without humidity, fine particles, oil mist, etc, all necessary
dryers and filters are factory-assembled in a unit to be utilized in an existing air facility as well as
in a new air facility plan.
Medical air is also directly inhaled by patients during ventilation, It may also be used to dilute
oxygen before administration because of the potentially toxic effects of pure oxygen. [1]
The supply system for medical air 400 kPa may be a manifold system, compressor system or a
proportioning system (synthetic air), and includes
an emergency reserve manifold. A compressor plant, or synthetic air supply, should always be
specified where air-powered ventilators are to be
used.
One of the major uses of medical air is for patients’ ventilators, which fall into two main categories
– those used during anaesthesia and those used during critical care. Pneumatically-powered
ventilators can use up to 80 L/min free air continuously. The exact flow requirements will depend
on the design of the ventilator. The flow and pressure requirements for some typical ventilators.
Current models of anaesthetic ventilator are very similar to critical care models, and may require
peak flows of up to 80 L/min and average flows of 20 L/min. Almost all such units are
pneumatically driven and electronically controlled
Current models of anaesthetic ventilator are very similar to critical care models, and may require
peak flows of up to 80 L/min and average flows of 20 L/min. Almost all such units are
pneumatically driven and electronically controlled.
Medical air 400 kPa is also used for other equipment such as anaesthetic gas mixers, humidifiers
and nebulizers. The flow rates normally required would not exceed 10 L/min, and this flow is
always in excess of the actual volume respired. [1]
The pressure requirements of surgical tools are between 600 and 700 kPa and flows may vary
between 200 and 350 L/min Most surgical tools are designed to operate within this pressure range.
Higher pressures are likely to cause damage to tools. Inadequate tool performance, however, is
likely to result from the lack of flow at the specified pressure
Medical compressed air can be derived from compressor systems or by mixing gaseous oxygen
and nitrogen from cryogenic liquid supply sources; air produced by this latter method is referred
to as synthetic air
There should be individual starter units for each compressor which operate a single designated
compressor. The starters should be provided with safety interlocks, as specified by the compressor
manufacturers, which should inhibit plant operation until manually reset by means of a button. The
starters should allow automatic restart after an interruption to the power supply. [1]
There are many different types of compressor currently available, the most common types
being:
a. reciprocating piston compressors;
b. rotary vane compressors;
c. rotary screw compressors.
The compressors may be of any type, provided they are suitable for continuous running on load
and for high frequency start/stop operation. When selecting compressors, the opportunity should
be taken to maximize energy efficiency. If reciprocating compressors are used, they may be either
of the single- or of the two-stage type, although for a 400 kPa system a single-stage compressor is
usually satisfactory. Fig.(3-1) shown that type of compressor .[1]
Rotary compressors are sealed and cooled by oil or water. Oil control is therefore essential and is
usually provided as an integral part of the compressor. Reciprocating compressors may be oil
lubricated, carbon ring, Oil-free compressors may be beneficial in reducing filtration requirements.
Where oil-lubricated compressors are used, suitable means of separating oil from condensate is
essential. [1]
3.3.1.3 Compressor noise
The noise level produced by the compressors will increase with the capacity of the supply system.
The maximum free-field noise level for unsilenced compressed air plant, at 1 m from the plant,
table (3-2) show how noise varies with the type and power of the plant but should not normally
exceed the following values:[1]
An important part of many compressed air systems is the compressed air dryer. Although not
necessary for DIY at home type compressors, when you use many air tools or air-operated
machinery, an air dryer is a must have.
As the name implies, air dryers are used to dry the compressed air: they remove moisture from the
air, resulting in dryer air. This way, your valuable tools and machinery are protected from water
and rust. But also your piping used to transport the compressed air is protected. [7]
Over compression. The over compressed air is cooled. Any condensate formed is removed and
then the air is expanded to normal working pressure. Expensive and seldom used.
Absorption. Water in the compressed air is chemically bound to an absorption material. The
water dissolves in the material. Both the material and water is then discharged.
Adsorption. The water ‘sticks’ to the surface of the adsorption material (desiccant). The desiccant
is ‘regenerated’ to remove the water again. This process is used in desiccant compressed air
dryers. [7]
Basically, they use a small refrigerator to cool down the compressed air to about 3 degrees Celsius.
At this low temperature, condensate will form which is removed by a condensate trap. When all
the water is removed, the air is re-heated to room-temperature. Your air is now dry and will not
form any water as long as it stays above 3 degrees Celsius.
Basically, they use a small refrigerator to cool down the compressed air to about 3 degrees Celsius.
At this low temperature, condensate will form which is removed by a condensate trap. When all
the water is removed, the air is re-heated to room-temperature. Your air is now dry and will not
form any water as
long as it stays
above 3 degrees
Celsius Fig (3-
2) show an air
compressor
dryer. [7]
Desiccant air dryers use desiccant to remove the water from the compressed air. Basically, the
water will ‘stick’ to the surface of the desiccant, resulting in dryer air. Desiccant is re-generated.
This is done automatically by the dryer. It blows dry, hot air through the desiccant to remove the
water. The desiccant is now ready to do its job again. Desiccant compressed air dryers can reach
much lower dew-points, up to -70 degrees Celsius.[7]
When shopping for a compressed air dryer keep in mind that the capacity (liters per second of air)
and maximum pressure must be right for your compressor. Also, make a choice what kind of dryer
is right for you. Refrigerated air dryers are the most economical option energy-wise.
Also keep in mind that the purchase price and the yearly energy-costs are NOT all of your
expenses. There are a few extra ‘hidden’ costs!
The term “Wet Air Receiver” refers to the storage vessel or tank placed immediately after the air
compressor. It provides additional storage capacity and reduces moisture by allowing bulk liquids
to drop to the bottom of the receiver. Due to the moisture being reduced at this point in the system,
the load on filters and dryers will be reduced. Wet receivers also aid in contaminant removal,
pressure stabilization and pulsation reduction before going into your dryer. fig.(3-4) shown an air
receiver connected with compressor out let and shown out let of air receiver .[7]
After coolers are heat exchangers for cooling the discharge from a air compressor. They use
either air or water and are an effective means of removing moisture from compressed air.
After coolers reduce the amount of water vapor in a compressed air system by condensing the
water vapor into liquid form. After coolers combined with a separator is an excellent way to reduce
moisture in a compressed air system. In a distribution or process manufacturing system, liquid
water causes significant damage to equipment.
After-coolers (and inter-coolers) usually form part of the compressor sub-assembly. After-coolers
should be fitted to oil-lubricated medical air compressor systems. These will normally be air-
cooled, and may need ducting with forced ventilation to ensure an adequate supply of cooling air.
The after cooler reduces the temperature of the pressurized air before it enters the air tank of your
Atlas Air Force air compressor. When the temperature of the compressed air is lowered, there is
less moisture the tank and in the air being used from the tank. Moisture is the enemy of all air
powered tools. The Air Cooled After Cooler and the Automatic Tank Drain help to solve this
problem. Fig. (3-5) shown after cooler in a circuit [1][8][9]
3.6.1 Can You Fig. (3- 11) Air compressor regulator Have Multiple Air
Regulators?
Absolutely you can. Many industrial plants plumb their compressed air up to a ceiling mounted air
main that circulates the plant. The air pressure in the air main is typically the highest pressure that
the plant compressor can generate.
Drop lines are installed from the air main down to the shop floor to supply compressed air to
various pieces of equipment. Each machine or piece of equipment may have a different minimum
operating pressure, so there will be a regulator (and typically a filter too) installed just before each
piece of equipment so that the pressure can be set to the optimal performance level.
So too, in your home shop you can adjust the pressure for your airline on the regulator in the
discharge line from the tank, and if desired, you can install air regulators anywhere else in the line
to be able to further adjust the air pressure if you have multiple uses of compressed air.[7]
The most significant misconception about compressor regulators is that they can raise the air
pressure!
The air regulator can only adjust pressure down. No air regulator can adjust the pressure up past
whatever the pressure is in the tank or air mains. [7]
Since most replacement regulators come equipped with a display gauge, if the old gauge is still
working, keep it for a spare. [7]
Contaminants can enter the compressed air system from three sources: the atmosphere, the
compressor and the pipeline distribution system. Each potential source must be taken into account
when specifying the type and location of air treatment equipment. Filtration equipment may
include pre-filters, coalescing filters, adsorption equipment, carbon filters, particulate filters and
Particles in the environment cover a wide range of sizes, but approximately 80% are less than 0.2
μm and are therefore not
Fig. (3- 13)removed by the intake(3-filter
Solid contaminantsFig. to the compressor
14) Compressed air filter Although particles smaller
than 40 μm are unlikely to cause mechanical damage, a 5 μm intake filter is preferred to avoid
blockage of internal air/oil separators. Filters are specified in terms of performance tests – a sodium
flame test, a DOP (dispersed oil particulate) test.Fig. (3-8) shown [1][13]
There should be a dust filter downstream of the dryers to remove particles down to 1 μm, with a
DOP penetration of less than 0.03%, when tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 3549:2002. Each
dryer and filter assembly should be rated for continuous use at the system demand flow, with air
at 100% relative humidity at 35°C.[1]
Duplex bacteria filters should be fitted upstream of the final pressure regulator with appropriate
isolating valves. The filters should provide particle removal to 0.01 mg/m3 and a DOP penetration
of less than 0.0001%.[1]
Table
Table (3-
(3-4)2)
Table(3- 3)selection
selection
of of
selection ofpressure
pressure drop
drop
pressure for
formedical
for medical
drop air 4 air
medical air44Bar
Bar Bar
Table
Table (3-
(3-
Fig. (3- 5)2)selection
17) selection
First of pipe
floor pressure
of drop
pressure
network formedical
drop
for medical air 4bar
for medical
air 4 air
Bar 4 Bar(3- 3) selection of pressure drop for
Table
medical air 4 Bar
Example: Calculate the pressure drop in a 15 mm diameter pipe, 12 m in length, carrying medical
air at a design flow rate of 800 L/min.
Solution
From Table 2-4 , the nearest length to 12 m is 15 m and the nearest flow rate to the design flow of
800 L/min is711 L/min in the 15 m column, at which there is a pressure drop of 21 kPa across a
15 mm diameter, 15 m[1]
12 800 2
p =15 ∗ (711) ∗ 21 = 21.3Kpa
3.8.1.1 Design network for 1st floor medical air system 4 Bar
Fig. (3- 18) First floor pipe network for medical air 4bar
Table (3- 6) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in first floor
Fig. (3- 19) pipe network for second floorFig. (3- 20) First floor pipe network for medical air
Pass MLOP NLOP T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP .T 1-4 press.drop
4bar
1----2 14.2 15 1120 1135 7 6.452669888
2----3 4.35 8 840 1677 7 0.954970062
3----4 2 8 800 1677 7 0.398246436
4----5 7.2 8 600 1677 7 0.806449032
5----6 3.1 8 520 1677 7 0.260801635
6----7 4.3 8 480 1677 7 0.308242741
7----8 3.75 8 360 1677 7 0.151209194
8----9 6.6 8 280 1677 7 0.160991122
9----10 7.35 8 80 1677 7 0.014635557
Total pressure
drop 9.508215665
Hints:
1- “MLOP“means measured length of pipe .
2- “NLOP T 1-1” means nearest length of pipe from table [1-4]
3- “Des.flow” means design flow.
4- “NDF T A1-4 “means nearest design flow from table [1-4]
5- “P Drop T A1-4” means pressure drop from table [1-4]
Table (3- 7) select of air compressorFig. (3- 22) pipe network for second floor Table
(3- 8)
Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in second floor (line 1)
pass MLOP NLOP T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP.T 1-4 press.drop
1----3 32 30 720 768 7 6.5625
3----4 7.1 8 640 1677 7 0.904815902
4----5 3.2 8 560 1677 7 0.312225206
5----6 4.1 8 520 1677 7 0.344931194
6----7 4.75 8 440 1677 7 0.286115174
7----8 5.7 8 400 1677 7 0.283750585
8----9 4.15 8 360 1677 7 0.167338174
9----10 3.5 8 280 1677 7 0.08537408
10----11 18.1 15 240 1135 7 0.377673155
11----12 4.2 8 160 1677 7 0.033452701
12----13 3.6 8 120 1677 7 0.016128981
13----14 3.75 8 40 1677 7 0.00186678
Total pressure
drop 9.37617193
pass MLOP NLOP T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP.T 1-4 press.drop
1----15 14.25 15 480 1135 7 1.189357449
15----16 4.1 8 440 1677 7 0.246962571
16----17 3.25 8 360 1677 7 0.131047968
17----18 7.2 8 320 1677 7 0.229389947
18----19 4.1 8 280 1677 7 0.100009636
19----20 3.2 8 200 1677 7 0.039824644
20----21 4.5 8 160 1677 7 0.035842179
Total pressure
drop 1.972434394
Table (3- 10) Pipeline pressure drop calculations for medical air system (4 Bar) in second floor (line 3)
pass MLOP NLOP T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP.T 1-4 press.drop
1----23 2.8 8 760 1677 7 0.503184371
23----24 1.25 8 720 1677 7 0.201612258
24----25 4.5 8 560 1677 7 0.439066695
25----26 2.75 8 520 1677 7 0.231356289
26----27 3.3 8 440 1677 7 0.198774752
27----28 2.15 8 360 1677 7 0.086693271
28----29 7.2 8 320 1677 7 0.229389947
29----30 4.15 8 280 1677 7 0.101229266
30----31 4.55 8 200 1677 7 0.056625665
31----32 3.4 8 160 1677 7 0.027080758
32----33 2.55 8 120 1677 7 0.011424695
33----34 3.2 8 40 1677 7 0.001592986
Total pressure
drop 2.088030952
Table (3- 11) Pipe line pressure drop calculations for medical air system (7 Bar) in second floor
pass MLOP NLOP. T 1-4 Des. Flow NDF. T 1-4 P DROP. T 1-4 press.drop
1----2 14.2 15 4200 4351 14 12.34939083
2----3 2.15 8 3150 4387 7 0.969912043
3----4 7.2 8 2800 4387 7 2.566382253
4----5 4.15 8 2450 4387 7 1.132538696
5----6 4.55 8 1750 4387 7 0.633519925
6----7 3.35 8 1400 4387 7 0.298520158
7----8 2.55 8 1050 4387 7 0.127817866
8----9 3.15 8 350 4387 7 0.017543629
Total pressure
drop 18.0956254
Table
Table(3-
(3-14)
10)select of air
select compressor
of air compressor
Table
Table(3-
(3-15)
10)select of air
select compressor
of air compressor
Head injury.
Pneumothorax.
Decompression sickness.
Following air encephalography.
Severe bullous emphysema.
During myringoplasty.
Occluded middle ear.
Renal cyst.
Nitrous oxide should not be used as an analgesic or anaesthetic agent for more than 24
hours, unless your doctor monitors you carefully.
Take special care with nitrous oxide (medical).
Care is needed in the handling and use of nitrous oxide (medical) gas cylinders.
Nitrous oxide (medical) can be used if you are pregnant.
Breast-feeding.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking any medicines.
Nitrous oxide (medical) can be used if you are breast-feeding.
Driving and using machines.
It is recommended that you do not drive or operate machinery for 12 hours after the use
of nitrous oxide . [16]
Nitrous oxide (medical) will be administered via inhalation and you will be given a
facemask, mouthpiece or nasal prongs to use. The facemask or mouthpiece connected to
nitrous oxide (medical) via a suitable medical device. The device must be operated in the
manner described by the manufacturer. These systems will only be used to give you nitrous
oxide under the direct supervision of attendant and suitably trained medical personnel. The
concentration of nitrous oxide used in your treatment will depend on the condition it is
being used to treat. Your doctor will tell you how long the treatment will nitrous oxide
(medical) will last. Follow the instructions given to you by your doctor. During use the
cylinder should be kept upright, away from heat in a well-ventilated area. Connections for
hoses, valves etc. must be kept clean and dry. If necessary, clean only with plain water. Do
not use solvents. Use clean, lint free cloths for cleaning and drying off. Use no oil or grease
on valve or associated equipment. Do not allow naked flames near the cylinder. If you use
more nitrous oxide (medical) than you should: If you may have used more nitrous oxide
(medical) than you should, talk to a doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible.
Over dosage is rarely a problem. Inappropriate, unwitting or deliberate inhalation of nitrous
oxide will ultimately result in unconsciousness, passing through stages of increasing light
headiness and intoxication and if there is an absence of oxygen, death from asphyxiation
will occur. The treatment is removal to fresh air, mouth to mouth resuscitation and if
necessary the administration of oxygen. [16]
4.4 Possible side effects.
Like all medicines nitrous oxide (medical) can have side effects.
Nitrous oxide inactivates vitamin B12 and following prolonged use or exposure to nitrous
oxide may result in megaloblastic bone marrow changes.
Nitrous oxide passes into all gas containing spaces in the body faster than nitrogen passes
out. This may result in bowel distension, middle ear damage and rupture of the eardrums.
If you notice any side effects not mentioned in this leaflet, please inform your doctor or
pharmacist. [16]
Respiratory Effects: All anesthetic gases increase respiratory rate and diminish tidal
volume. Unlike other agents, however, the increase in rate produced by nitrous oxide may
actually provide a net increase in minute ventilation Therefore, when used alone for mild
to moderate sedation, nitrous oxide does not depress ventilation. However, when it is
combined with sedatives or opioids that depress ventilation, a more pronounced and
clinically important depression may result. [16]
Cardiovascular Effects: Nitrous oxide mildly depresses myocardial contractility, but this is
offset by its ability to activate sympathetic activity. In both normal patients and those with
coronary artery disease, sub anesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide (0.1 to 0.5 MAC)
have little influence on cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate.
Transfer to Gas-Filled Spaces: The blood gas partition coefficient of nitrous oxide is 0.46,
which is more than 30 times greater than that of nitrogen (0.014). When a patient's inspired
gas mixture is switched from air containing approximately 78% nitrogen to an anesthetic
mixture containing 70% nitrous oxide, the nitrous oxide will enter gas-filled spaces more than
30 times faster than nitrogen can exit the space.
Analgesic and Anesthetic Action: The mechanism by which anesthetic gases produce general
anesthesia is unknown. The leading theory suggests that they bind to proteins within neuronal
membranes and somehow modify ion fluxes and subsequent synaptic transmission. [2]
Keep Nitrous oxide (medical) out of the reach and sight of children.
Nitrous oxide (medical) should be stored in a well-ventilated place, under cover and kept
clean and dry. Cylinders should be stored where they will not be exposed to extremes of
temperature. They should preferably be stored between 10 C and 30 C. Full cylinders
should be stored separately from empty cylinders and separately from non-medical
cylinders and from other medical cylinders containing different gases. Use by date Check
the date given on the batch label attached to the cylinder. Do not use Nitrous oxide
(medical) after the expiry date given on the label.[16]
Nitrous oxide works very rapidly – it reaches the brain within 20 seconds, and relaxation and
pain-killing properties develop after 2 or 3 minutes.
The depth of sedation can be altered from moment to moment, allowing the person who
administers the gas to increase or decrease the depth of sedation. Other sedation techniques don’t
allow for this. For example, with IV sedation, it’s easy to deepen the level to accept local
anaesthetic of sedation, but difficult to lessen it. Whereas with laughing gas, the effects are almost
instant.
Other sedation techniques have a fixed duration of action (because the effects of pills or
intravenous drugs last for a specific time span), whereas gas can be given for the exact time span
it’s needed for. It can also be switched off when not needed and then switched on again (though
to avoid a roller-coaster effect, you shouldn’t do this too abruptly).
There’s no “hangover” effect – the gas is eliminated from the body within 3 to 5 minutes after
the gas supply is stopped. You can safely drive home and don’t need an escort. With nitrous
oxide, it’s easy to give incremental doses until the desired action is obtained (this is called
“titration”). So the administrator has virtually absolute control over the action of the drug,
preventing the possibility of accidental overdoses. While giving incremental doses is possible
with IV sedation, it’s not possible with oral sedation (as a result, oral sedation can be a bit of a
hit-and-miss affair). For certain procedures – those involving gums rather than teeth (e. g. deep
cleaning) – it may be possible to use nitrous instead of local anaesthesia. N2O acts as a painkiller
on soft tissues such as gums. However, its pain-relieving effects vary a lot from person to person
and can’t be relied upon.
No injection is required. In cases of very severe needle phobia, getting laughing gas first can help
you feel relaxed enough to allow the needle required for IV sedation to be inserted in your arm
or hand. The very deep state of sedation achievable through IV sedation will then allow you.[17]
Formula N2O
stored as a liquid with vapor on the top at a pressure of 4400 kPa. The filling ratio is the
percent ratio of the weight of gas in cylinder to the weight of water the cylinder would
hold at 16.c) of this cylinder is the weight of the fluid in the cylinder divided by the weight
of the water required to fill it. In the UK, the filling ratio is 0.75. In hotter climates, the
ratio is 0.67.[2]
Fig. (4- 9) shows the quantity of nitrous oxide at (1-1/2-1/4-0) of full load
Nitrous Pressure Gauges as shown in Fig. (4-6) (P/N 15910NOS) measure from 0-
1500 psi (although recommended level is 900-950 psi) and are essential in monitoring
the bottle. . [18]
A safe pressure relief valve (SPRV) as shown in Fig.(4-8) will increase the safety when
using a bottle heater. For safety reasons, large fuel jet must also be fitted to match extra
Fig.delivered
nitrous that be (4- 13) ) shows a safe
due to pressure
increase inrelief valveFig. (4- 14)
pressure. [18]
shows quick release hinged aluminuim bracket
A Bottle heater as shown in Figs. (4-9) (4-10) for optimum and consistent performance
results .it is essential to maintain consistent fuel to nitrous oxide ratio. The ratio is
dependent on the fuel and nitrous delivery pressures so if they very at all so too will the
Fig. (4- 16) ) shows a safe pressure relief valve
mixture. Providing the vehicle has an adequate fuel delivery system the fuel pressure
should remain constant when the nitrous system is activated. . [18]
BackupFig.
solenoid: backup
(4- 19) backup solenoids
solenoid Fig. (4- 20)are fitted
shows in syphon
filton the supply
elbow line from
heater the nitrous cylinder
cylinder
to the main control solenoid. when the system activated. the backup solenoid will hold open
whilst the main control solenoid is pulsed to deliver relatively progressive power delivery
as shown Fig.(4-11). When the pulsed solenoid fails the backup solenoid ensure the system.
will shut off rather than allowing nitrous oxide leak through the damaged seal. [18]
The hand wheel valve as shown in Fig. (4-12) operated sturdy stem packed valve can use
metal-to-metal seats like the wrench-operated valve or polymeric seats like the pressure
seal valve. [18]
Boost pressure switch: can be used in turbocharged engines wishes to use the nitrous
system just to eliminate turbo lagged. By setting switch to cut off the nitrous system
at modest boost level the nitrous will only activate at wide open throttle, when the
boost below the desired level. [18]
The storage area should be cool, dry, ventilated, clean area constructed of fire resistant
material.
Have good access for deliveries and a reasonable level floor surface
Should have segregation of ′′Full′′ and "Empty cylinders"
Cylinders with an oldest fill date should be used first.
Cylinders should not be stored in direct sunlight.
Easily visible sign such as no smoking, no open flames or sparks, no oil or grease etc.,
should be displayed.
Cylinders should not be exposed to dampness, corrosive chemicals, fumes as they may
damage cylinders and/or cause valve protection caps stick.
The temperature should not go below 10°C where Entonox cylinders are stored.
Cylinders should always be kept in place with chain or any other restraining device.
The suitable trolley/cart should be used to transport and support the cylinders. [2]
Example:
Pass from(c-1)
Given as measured:
Measured length of pipe= 17.52 m
Design flowrate=270 (L/min)
From Tables (2-5)
Nearest length of pipe from Table =15 m
Diameter= 15 mm
Table (4- 3) shows pressure drop calculations and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (0-D)
Measured Nearest Design Nearest Δp from Diameter Pass Δp
length of length of flow flow from Table A1
pipe pipe from Table A1
table A1
17.52 15 270 391 7 15 (c-1) 3.898655817
7.33 8 240 579 7 15 (1-2) 1.101989315
2.84 8 210 579 7 15 (2-3) 0.326894682
4.34 8 195 579 7 15 (3-4) 0.430734718
4.68 8 165 579 7 15 (4-5) 0.332555908
5.7 8 150 579 7 15 (5-6) 0.33474053
4.55 8 135 579 7 15 (6-7) 0.216436179
4.33 8 105 579 7 15 (7-8) 0.124599821
18.03 15 90 391 7 15 (8-9) 0.445793787
2.75 8 60 579 7 15 (9-10) 0.02583962
2.86 8 45 579 7 15 (10-11) 0.015116178
Total 7.253356555
Measured Nearest Design flow Nearest flow Δp from Diameter Pass Δp
length of length of from Table A1 Table A1
pipe pipe
from
table A1
2.67 8 285 579 7 15 (0-20) 0.566046236
2.57 8 240 579 7 15 (20-21) 0.386372789
4.42 8 210 579 7 15 (21-22) 0.508758624
2.46 8 195 579 7 15 (22-23) 0.244149172
3.4 8 165 579 7 15 (23-24) 0.241600446
3.65 8 135 579 7 15 (24-25) 0.173624628
7.2 8 120 579 7 15 (25-26) 0.270611292
2.86 8 105 579 7 15 (26-27) 0.082299189
4.34 8 75 579 7 15 (27-28) 0.063718154
3.457 8 60 579 7 15 (28-29) 0.032482751
2.38 8 45 579 7 15 (29-D) 0.012579197
Total 2.582242476
Table (4- 5) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline second floor from (O-18)
Table (4- 6) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline first floor from (a-b)
Total 4.474587695
Table (4- 7) shows pressure drop calculation and diameter selection in mainline first floor from (b-c)(a-b)
Fig. (5- 1) vacuum plantFig. (4- 27) shows disribution of mainlines in ground floor
Medical vacuum pumps are used to supply the required vacuum for the hospitals. Vacuum Pumps
are manufactured as air cooled, oil lubricated and oil free rotary vane types. The motor capacity is
about 0, 18 kW and 30 kW. The Vacuum Pumps don't have any risk to draw over current and cut
off. One of its properties is to run at the maximum vacuum value. The maximum vacuum level is
about 720 mmHg and it can also run at the vacuum level about 500-620 mmHg. The capacity of
the vacuum pump is determined according to the calculation result of the hospital flow. Vacuum
pumps have a range of
4-630 m³/h depending upon size of the hospital. The following figure shows vacuum pump. [20]
5.1.7 Collector
A compound tube as shown in Fig. (5-8) used to collect air from pipes branching into the
reservoir. [20]
Nearest Pressure
Measured Nearest Length from Design flow drop
Pass length table Flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----2 14.2 15 1120 1480 1.3 0.704779158
2----3 4.35 8 840 2191 1.3 0.103900213
3----4 2 8 800 2191 1.3 0.043328991
4----5 7.2 8 600 2191 1.3 0.087741208
5----6 3.1 8 520 2191 1.3 0.028375073
6----7 4.3 8 480 2191 1.3 0.033536639
7----8 3.75 8 360 2191 1.3 0.016451476
8----9 6.6 8 280 2191 1.3 0.017515745
9----10 7.35 8 80 2191 1.3 0.00159234
Total pressure drop 1.037220844
Table (5- 3) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 1):
Nearest Nearest
Measured Length Design flow Pressure drop
Pass Length from table Flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----3 32 30 720 1001 1.3 0.717412458
3----4 7.1 8 640 2191 1.3 0.098443468
4----5 3.2 8 560 2191 1.3 0.033969929
5----6 4.1 8 520 2191 1.3 0.037528323
6----7 4.75 8 440 2191 1.3 0.031129172
7----8 5.7 8 400 2191 1.3 0.030871906
8----9 4.15 8 360 2191 1.3 0.018206301
9----10 3.5 8 280 2191 1.3 0.009288653
10----11 18.1 15 240 1480 1.3 0.041250548
11----12 4.2 8 160 2191 1.3 0.003639635
12----13 3.6 8 120 2191 1.3 0.001754824
13----14 3.75 8 40 2191 1.3 0.000203105
Total pressure drop 1.023698322
Nearest Nearest
Measured Length Design flow Pressure drop
Pass Length from table flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----15 14.25 15 480 724 1.3 0.542840573
15----16 4.1 8 440 1074 1.3 0.11182374
16----17 3.25 8 360 1074 1.3 0.059338036
17----18 7.2 8 320 1074 1.3 0.103866921
18----19 4.1 8 280 1074 1.3 0.045283994
19----20 3.2 8 200 1074 1.3 0.018032451
20----21 4.5 8 160 1074 1.3 0.016229206
Total pressure
drop 0.89741492
Table (5- 5) pipeline pressure drop calculations for Vacuum system (59 kPa) in second floor (line 3)
Nearest Nearest
Measured Length Design flow Pressure drop
Pass Length from table flow From table From table Pressure drop
1----23 2.8 8 760 1074 1.3 0.227840024
23----24 1.25 8 720 1074 1.3 0.091289286
24----25 4.5 8 560 1074 1.3 0.198807778
25----26 2.75 8 520 1074 1.3 0.104757273
26----27 3.3 8 440 1074 1.3 0.090004473
27----28 2.15 8 360 1074 1.3 0.039254393
28----29 7.2 8 320 1074 1.3 0.103866921
29----30 4.15 8 280 1074 1.3 0.045836238
30----31 4.55 8 200 1074 1.3 0.025639892
31----32 3.4 8 160 1074 1.3 0.012262067
32----33 2.55 8 120 1074 1.3 0.00517306
33----34 3.2 8 40 1074 1.3 0.000721298
Total pressure
drop 0.945452701
First Floor 54 mm
Second Floor- Pipeline1 54 mm
Second Floor- Pipeline2 42 mm
Second Floor- Pipeline3 42 mm
Riser 108 mm
Company Motivair
Part No. OP-VLM3000
Capacity 3320 Littre
A mm 775
B mm 2675
C mm 3250
D mm 1220
Weight 1030
Pressure 16
Company Busch
Model. R5 RA 0165 D
Nominal flow rate 200 m3/hr.
Power 7.5 kW
Nominal speed 1500 r.p.m.
Noise level 72 dB
Weight 160 Kg
Dimensions 977*583*418
(L*W*H)