PLANE & SOLID GEOMETRY

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Axiom – a statement of truth which is admitted without proof.

Theorem – a statement of truth which must be established by proof.
Corollary – a statement of truth which follows with little or no proof from a theorem.
Postulate – the construction or drawing of lines and figures the possibility of which is admitted without proof.
Hypothesis – that part of a theorem which is assumed to be true.
Conclusion – that part of a theorem which is to be proved.
Converse of a theorem – another theorem wherein the hypothesis and conclusion of the first are
reversed, i.e. the hypothesis becomes the conclusion and the conclusion becomes the hypothesis.

PLANE GEOMETRY

TRIANGLES:

a c
h

C b A

Area of triangle:
1
A ab sin C
2
1 or
A bh 1
2 A  bc sin A
2
1
A  ac sin B
2

Area of triangle with three sides given: (Heron’s Formula)

A  ss  a s  bs  c  where s – semiperimeter

abc
s
2

Area of triangle inscribed in a circle:

abc
A where r – radius of the circumscribing circle
a 4r

The center of the circle circumscribing a triangle is obtained by constructing the perpendicular
r c bisectors of the sides of the triangle. These will intersect at a point which is known as the
circumcenter.
b

If one side of a triangle inscribed in a circle is the diameter of the circle, then the triangle is a right triangle.

Area of triangle circumscribing a circle:

A  rs where s – semiperimeter of the triangle

abc
a r c s
2

b
 The center of the inscribed circle is obtained by
constructing the angular bisectors of the triangle.
These will intersect at a point which is known as the
incenter.

The median of a triangle is a line joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. The medians of a triangle intersect at a point known as the
centroid of the triangle.

Orthocenter – the point of intersection of the altitudes of a triangle.

QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral (also known as quadrangle or tetragon) is a polygon with four sides.

The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is always equal to 360o.

PARALLELOGRAM (or RHOMBOID):

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral where both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

A = bh
d1 θ
d2
h
θ 1
A d1 d 2 sin 
2
b

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

RHOMBUS:

A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are equal.

d1 A = bh
d2
h 1
A d1 d 2
2
b

The diagonals of a rhombus not only bisect each other but are also perpendicular to each other.

TRAPEZOID:

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral which has only one pair of opposite sides that are parallel. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are called bases.
a

A
1
a  bh
2
Median
h
Median = a  b
2
b

POLYGONS

A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more angles. There are as many sides as angles in a polygon. Polygons are named according to
the number of sides or vertices.

Number of Sides Name

3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral or Tetragon
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon
12 Dodecagon
15 Pentedecagon or Quindecagon
20 Icosagon
1000 Chillagon
There are two basic types of polygons:
1. Convex polygon – one in which no side, when extended, will pass inside the polygon.
2. Concave polygon – a polygon having one interior angle greater than 180o.

Sum of interior angles of a polygon of n sides:

S  180n  2
Interior
Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360 angle
Exterior
angle
The diagonal of a polygon is a line that connects any two
non-adjacent vertices.

Number of diagonals of a polygon of n sides: D  n n  3

2

Similar polygons are polygons whose corresponding angles are equal and whose
corresponding sides are proportional.

Regular Polygons:

Polygons whose sides are equal are called equilateral polygons. Polygons whose interior angles are equal are called equiangular polygons.
Polygons that are both equilateral and equiangular are called regular polygons.

The center of a regular polygon is the common center of its inscribed and circumscribed circles.

The apothem of a regular polygon is the perpendicular line drawn from the center of the inscribed circle to any one of its sides. It is also the
radius of the inscribed circle.

The area of a regular polygon can be found by considering one segment, which has
the form of an isosceles triangle i.e.

A  nAsegment

In general, for a polygon of n sides,

θ nb 2
A
4 tan 
where
b – length of a side
b
 - central angle subtended by a side
apothem
 360
 
2 2n
Circle:

A circle is the locus of points which are at the same distance from a point within called the center.
The diameter is a line passing through the center, terminating at both ends on the circle.
The radius is a line drawn from the center to any point on the circle.

d2
d A   r2   C  2 r   d
r 4

The chord of a circle is a line joining any two points on the circle. The product of the segments of two chords intersecting each other are equal,
i.e.

a
d ab  cd

c b

Inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is a point on the circle, the sides of which are chords.
Central angle is an angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle the sides of which are any two radii of the circle.

For the same intercepted arc (arc AB), the value of the central angle is twice that of the inscribed angle.

θ θ – inscribed angle

2θ – central angle
2θ B

Circular Sector:

A circular sector is a part of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc.

 s= rθ where θ is central angle in radians
s – arc length
s
r – radius
r
1 1
A rs  r 2
2 2
θ
r

Circular Segment:

A circular segment is that part of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.

1 2 1
s A  Asec tor  Atriangle  r   r 2 sin 
r 2 2

θ  r   sin  
1 2 where  - central angle in radians
2
r

SOLID GEOMETRY
Definition of Terms:

Polyhedron – a solid bounded by planes.

Regular polyhedron –a polyhedron whose faces are congruent regular polygons and
whose polyhedral angles are equal. There are only five (5) regular polyhedrons:
1. Tetrahedron – one having four (4) triangular faces.
2. Hexahedron (or cube) – one having six (6) square faces.
3. Octahedron – one having eight (8) triangular faces.
4. Dodecahedron – one having twelve (12) pentagonal faces.
5. Icosahedron – one having twenty (20) triangular faces.

Solids for which V = Bh:

Cube:

A cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

a
a
Volume, V  Bh  a 2 a  a 3

d Surface area, S  6a 2
a
Diagonal, D  a 3

Rectangular Parallelepiped:

A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

Volume, V  Bh  (ab)c  abc

d Surface area, S  2ab  2bc  2ca

 2(ab  bc  ca)
c
b
a Diagonal, D  a 2  b 2  c 2

Prism:

A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are equal polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are parallelograms.

Volume, V  Bh
h Lateral area, A  Ph
where P - perimeter of base
B

Right Circular Cylinder:

A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

r
Volume, V  Bh   r 2 h  
d2
h
4
h

B
 Lateral Area, A  2 rh   dh

1
Solids for which V = Bh (Pointed Solids):
3
Right Circular Cone:

A cone is the surface generated by a straight line (called the generator) passing through a fixed point (called the vertex) and moving along a fixed
curve (called the directrix).

1 1
Volume, V Bh   r 2 h
h
L 3 3

Lateral area, A   rL where L – slant height

r L  r 2  h2

Pyramid:

A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common point called the vertex.

h Volume, V  1 Bh
3
B

Frustum of a Cone & Pyramid:

The frustum of a pyramid/cone is a section of the pyramid/cone between the base and a
section parallel to the base.

A1
A1

h h

A2
A2

V
h
3

A1  A2  A1 A2 

Sphere:

A sphere is a solid bounded by a surface all points of which are equidistant from a point
called the center.

Great circle – the intersection of a sphere and a plane passing through the center.
Small circle – the intersection of a sphere and a plane not passing through the center.

4 3
Volume, V  r
r 3

Surface Area, S  4 r 2
Spherical Segment:

A zone is that portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes.
A spherical segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the plane of the zone’s base.

h r r

r r

 h2
Azone  2 rh V 3r  h 
3