This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A470/A470M − 05 (Reapproved 2015)

Standard Specification for

Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for
Turbine Rotors and Shafts1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A470/A470M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope E139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,

1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated carbon and and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
alloy steel forgings for turbine rotors and shafts.
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in 3.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining lines additional ordering information, manufacturing methods
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance and procedures, marking, certification, production analysis
with the standard. variations, and additional supplementary requirements.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2 In addition to the ordering information required by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- the inquiry and order, the grade and class of steel, alternative
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- maximum for silicon content (see Table 1), the choice of yield
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. strength offset (0.2 or 0.02 %), and any tests, supplementary
requirements, and purchase options desired.
2. Referenced Documents 3.3 Forging Drawing—Each forging shall be manufactured
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 in accordance with a drawing furnished by the purchaser
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of showing the dimensions of the forging and bore hole, if any,
Steel Forgings and the location of mechanical test specimens.
A293 Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for 3.4 Supplementary Requirements—Supplementary require-
Turbine Generator Rotors and Shafts; Replaced by A 470 ments are provided. These requirements shall apply only when
(Withdrawn 1984)3 specified in the purchase order.
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products 3.5 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
A418/A418M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Tur- with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
bine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings requirements of this specification shall prevail.
A472/A472M Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Tur-
bine Shafts and Rotor Forgings 4. Manufacture
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re- 4.1 Melting Process:
quirements 4.1.1 The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace
process.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, 4.1.2 Provisions for subsequent secondary melting of the
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee steel by the consumable electrode-electroslag or vacuum-arc
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
remelting processes are included in Supplementary Require-
Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originally
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as A470/A470M – 05 ment S7.
(2010). DOI: 10.1520/A0470_A0470M-05R15.
2
4.2 Vacuum Treatment—The vacuum degassing require-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM ments of Specification A788/A788M are mandatory.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.3 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on ingot to secure freedom from pipe and harmful segregation in
www.astm.org. the finished forging.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
1
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 A470/A470M − 05 (2015)
TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsA
Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E
Ni-Mo-V Ni-Mo-V Ni-Cr-Mo-V Cr-Mo-V Ni-Mo-V
Carbon 0.22–0.30 0.22–0.30 0.28 0.25–0.35 0.30
Manganese 0.20–0.60 0.20–0.60 0.20–0.60 1.00 0.70
Phosphorus 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.025
Sulfur 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.015 0.025
B B B,C B B
Silicon
Nickel 3.20–3.70 3.20–3.70 3.25–4.00 0.75 2.00 min.
Chromium 0.75 0.75 1.25–2.00 1.05–1.50 0.75
MolybdenumD 0.40–0.60 0.40–0.60 0.25–0.60 1.00–1.50 0.25 min
Vanadium 0.04–0.12 0.04–0.12 0.05–0.15 0.20–0.30 0.03–0.12
E E E E E
Antimony
AluminumF 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
Equivalent ... ... ... Classes 2 and 3G ...
Specification A293
Grade Designation (replaced by
Specification A470)
A
Maximum or range, unless otherwise indicated.
B
0.10 % max, unless an alternative value, not in excess of 0.30 %, is specified in the purchase order.
C
0.15 to 0.30 % silicon is permitted for material that is subsequently VAR Processed.
D
Supplementary Requirement, see S1.
E
To be reported for information only on all Grades.
F
Total of soluble and insoluble.
G
Phosphorus of 0.035 max and sulfur of 0.035 max were specified for Specification A293.

4.4 Forging Process—The forging shall receive its hot mechanical properties shall be made after the second tempering
mechanical work under a press of ample power to adequately operation. Mechanical property tests after the first temper are
work the metal throughout the maximum section of the optional with the manufacturer.
forging. It is important to maintain the axial center of the 4.5.1.4 After heat treatment and subsequent rough machin-
forging in common with the axial center of the ingot. ing and axial boring (see 4.6.2 and 4.6.3), the forging shall be
4.5 Heat Treatment: stress-relieved at a temperature not more than 100°F [55°C]
4.5.1 The heat treatment for mechanical properties shall below the final tempering temperature, but not less than
consist of double-normalizing and tempering for Grades A, B, 1025°F [550°C].
D, and E and normalizing, quenching, and tempering for Grade 4.5.1.5 With the prior approval of the purchaser, the stress-
C. In normalizing treatments, the forging may be cooled in still relief temperature may approach, equal, or slightly exceed the
air or in an air blast at the manufacturer’s option. Faster final tempering temperature as a means of adjusting final
cooling rates for Grades A, B, D, and E may be used if strength or toughness. If the stress-relief temperature is within
authorized by the purchaser. These rates are obtained by liquid 25°F [14°C] of the final tempering temperature, or higher,
quenching, or by the addition of water sprays of fog to the air additional tension tests must be obtained (6.1.3).
blast. 4.6 Machining:
4.5.1.1 The first normalizing treatment shall be from well 4.6.1 Preliminary Rough Machining—All exterior surfaces
above the transformation temperature range. At the manufac- of the forging shall be machined prior to heat treatment for
turer’s option, this operation may be performed as a part of the mechanical properties.
preliminary treatment of the forging before preliminary ma-
4.6.2 Second Rough Machining—After heat treatment for
chining (see 4.6.1).
mechanical properties, all surfaces of the forging shall be rough
4.5.1.2 The second normalizing or quenching treatment
machined prior to stress relief and the stability test.
shall be from above the transformation range but below the first
normalizing temperature described in 4.5.1.1. This treatment 4.6.3 Axial Bore:
shall be performed after preliminary machining (see 4.6.1). 4.6.3.1 Forgings shall be bored to permissible bore size and
4.5.1.3 The final tempering temperature for Grades A, B, C, tolerance when required by the purchaser’s drawing.
and E shall be not less than 1075°F [580°C] and for Grade D 4.6.3.2 Forgings may be bored to limits agreed to by the
not less than 1200°F [650°C]. With prior purchaser approval, a purchaser, or indicated on the purchaser’s drawing, to remove
second tempering operation shall be performed prior to the objectionable center conditions revealed by ultrasonic exami-
operations described in 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 to complete the heat nation.
treatment cycle. This second temper will be in place of the 4.6.3.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the
stress relief specified in 4.5.1.4 and 4.5.1.5 and the tempera- manufacturer may bore the forging at any time prior to stress
tures applied to the second temper will meet the temperature relief (see Supplementary Requirement S2).
limits in 4.5.1.4. However, with the prior approval of the 4.6.4 Machining to Purchaser’s Requirements for
purchaser, the second tempering temperature may be equal, or Shipment—The forging as shipped shall conform to the finish
slightly exceed, the first tempering temperature as a means of and dimension requirements specified on the purchaser’s
adjusting final strength or toughness. The required tests for drawing or order.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
2
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 A470/A470M − 05 (2015)
5. Chemical Composition purchaser’s drawing. The specimens shall be Charpy V-notch,
5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical as shown in Test Methods and Definitions A370. The notch
composition prescribed in Table 1. direction of the Charpy specimens shall be tangential.
5.2 Chemical Analysis: 6.3 The properties at the axial bore region may not neces-
5.2.1 Product Analysis—The manufacturer shall make a sarily be the same as those determined at the surface radial or
product analysis from each forging. The sample location and axial prolongation regions. Slight variations in chemical
product analysis tolerances shall conform to Specification homogeneity, different cooling rates, presence of non-
A788/A788M. metallics, and orientation of the test samples are some of the
factors that can contribute to the difference. If axial bore
6. Mechanical Properties properties are required, they can be obtained through Supple-
mentary Requirement S2.
6.1 Tension Test:
6.1.1 The steel shall conform to the tensile requirements of 7. Dimensions, Tolerances, and Finish
Table 2.
6.1.2 The number and location of tension test specimens 7.1 The steel shall conform to the tensile requirements of
shall be as specified on the drawing furnished by the purchaser. Table 2.
6.1.3 Final acceptance tests shall be made after heat treat- 7.2 The finish on each forging shall conform to the finish
ment of the forging for mechanical properties prior to stress specified on the purchaser’s drawing or order.
relief, unless the stress relief temperature is within 25°F [14°C]
of the tempering temperature, or higher, in which case check 8. Nondestructive Tests
tests shall be made after the stress relief treatment and reported 8.1 General Requirements:
to the purchaser. The purchaser may require check tests after 8.1.1 The forgings shall be free of cracks, seams, laps,
completion of all heating cycles, including stress relief and the shrinkage, and similar imperfections.
heat stability tests. 8.1.2 The purchaser may request ultrasonic, magnetic
6.1.4 Testing shall be performed in accordance with the particle, dye penetrant, etch, or other accepted nondestructive
latest revision of Test Methods and Definitions A370. Tension examination necessary to evaluate imperfections and ensure
specimens shall be the standard 0.5-in. diameter by 2-in. gage compliance with this requirement.
length [or 12.5- by 50.0-mm type] as shown in Test Methods 8.2 Ultrasonic Examination:
and Definitions A370. 8.2.1 An ultrasonic examination shall be made on the
6.1.5 The yield strength prescribed in Table 2 shall be machined forging at the manufacturer’s plant. This examina-
determined by the offset method of Test Methods and Defini- tion shall be made in accordance with Practice A418/A418M to
tions A370. demonstrate freedom from rejectable internal indications.
6.2 Impact Test: 8.2.2 The ultrasonic examination shall be made from all
6.2.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for notch available surfaces prior to removal of test specimens that
toughness (both transition temperature and room temperature would interfere with complete testing of the forging.
impact values) prescribed in Table 2. 8.2.3 Forgings with recordable ultrasonic indications shall
6.2.2 The impact specimens shall be machined from radial be referred to the purchaser for evaluation based on the nature,
bars taken from the main body of the forging, as shown in the frequency, and location of indications, both stationary and

TABLE 2 Tensile and Notch Toughness Requirements

Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E
Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Class 8 Class 9
Tensile strength, 80 [550] 90 [620] 105 [725] 90 to 110 105 to 125 120 to 135 105 to 125 95 [655]
min, ksi [MPa] [620–760] [725–860] [825–930] [725–860]
Yield strength, 55 [380] 70 [485] 85 [585] 70 [485] 85 [585] 95 [655] 85 [585] 70 [485]
min, ksi [MPa]
0.2 % offset 60 [415] 75 [520] 90 [620] 75 [520] 90 [620] 100 [690] 90 [620] 75 [520]
0.02 % offset 55 [380] 70 [485] 85 [585] 70 [485] 85 [585] 95 [655] 85 [585] 70 [485]
Elongation in 2 in. or
50 mm, min, %:
Longitudinal 22 20 17 20 18 18 17 20
prolongation
Radial body 20 17 16 18 17 17 14 15
Reduction of area,
min, %:
Longitudinal 50 48 45 52 52 52 43 40
prolongation
Radial body 50 45 40 50 50 50 38 35
Transition temperature 100 [38] 110 [43] 140 [60] 10 [−12] 20 [−7] 30 [−1] 250 [121] 175 [80]
FATT50 max, °F [°C]
Room temperature 28 [38] 25 [34] 20 [27] 50 [68] 45 [61] 40 [54] 6 [8] 12 [16]
impact, min, ft·lbf [J]

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
3
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 A470/A470M − 05 (2015)
traveling. If the ultrasonic indications are considered 10.3 If complete retreatment, including normalizing or
objectionable, it shall be determined by conventional or mutu- quenching, is necessary after boring, the feasibility of retreat-
ally acceptable examination procedures whether the forging ing portions of the bore core in the bore of the forging shall be
will be rejected. discussed between manufacturer and purchaser and a proce-
8.3 Internal Examination: dure agreed upon before retreatment.
8.3.1 Axial bore, when specified for internal visual
examination, shall be in accordance with the drawing furnished 11. Certification and Reports
by the purchaser. The drawing shall specify the nominal 11.1 The manufacturer shall furnish to the purchaser the
dimensions of the bore. number of properly certified test reports specified on the
8.3.2 If objectionable conditions are encountered during the purchase order.
internal examination of the bore, the manufacturer shall notify
the purchaser of the location and nature of the condition. 11.2 The following items shall be reported:
Further action shall be taken only after mutual agreement 11.2.1 Purchaser order number,
between the manufacturer and purchaser. 11.2.2 Forging identification number,
11.2.3 Specification number, grade, and class,
9. Stability Test
11.2.4 Heat number (or numbers), heat chemical analysis
9.1 Each Grade D and E forging shall be subjected to a heat (or analyses), and product, chemical analysis,
stability test at the manufacturer’s plant in accordance with the 11.2.5 Results of all acceptance tests for mechanical prop-
latest issue of Specification A472/A472M to determine the erties and notch toughness,
stability or freedom from tendency to distort during high-
11.2.6 Results of all nondestructive examinations plus
temperature operating conditions.
sketches indicating the location and orientation of all record-
9.2 The stability test shall be conducted after the forging has able indications,
been stress relieved in accordance with 4.5.1.4. 11.2.7 Final heat treatment cycle including austenitizing and
NOTE 1—If agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, tempering temperatures, holding times, and cooling methods,
the stress relief may be performed as part of the stability test. and
9.3 Stability Test Requirements: 11.2.8 Results of any supplementary requirements that have
9.3.1 The purchaser’s drawing shall indicate the minimum been specified.
portion of the forging to be included within the heating
chamber during the stability test. 12. Packaging and Package Marking and Loading
9.3.2 The purchaser’s drawing or order shall indicate the 12.1 Test specimens shall be identified with numbers corre-
minimum stability test temperature. sponding to the forging identification numbers plus numbers
10. Retreatment corresponding to test location and type if specified on the
purchaser’s drawings or order.
10.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any forging do
not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer 12.2 The axial bores of bored forgings shall be protected
may retreat the forging one or more times, but not more than and suitably plugged to prevent damage or corrosion during
three additional times, without the approval of the purchaser. shipment or storage.
10.2 If bore core properties are specified under Supplemen-
tary Requirement S2 and retemper is necessary after boring, 13. Keywords
the remaining portions of the bore core shall be replaced in the 13.1 steel forgings; turbine rotors; turbine shafts; vacuum-
bore during retemper. treated steel

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
4
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 A470/A470M − 05 (2015)

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
inquiry, contract, and order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the
manufacturer and purchaser.

S1. Molybdenum Content

A
To be reported for information.
S1.1 If desirable because of operating temperatures, the
purchaser may specify a molybdenum content of 0.40 % min S4.1.2 A sufficient number of impact test specimens to
for Grades A, B, C, and E. determine the FATT50 in the step-cooled condition shall be
taken from locations specified in 6.2.2. Specimens, before
S2. Axial Bore Core Properties testing, shall be step-cooled as follows:
1100°F [594°C], hold 1 h, furnace cool to
S2.1 The purchaser may require the removal of an axial 1000°F [538°C], hold 15 h, furnace cool to
bore core from the forging after heat treatment for mechanical 975°F [524°C], hold 24 h, furnace cool to
properties and subsequent approval of the usual surface me- 925°F [496°C], hold 48 h, furnace cool to
chanical property tests. 875°F [468°C], hold 72 h, furnace cool to
S2.1.1 The diameter of the axial bore core shall be subject 600°F [316°C], or lower, air cool to room temperature.
to agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
S5. Vertical Heat Treatment
S2.1.2 The purchaser may require mechanical tests on
tension or impact specimens from locations in the axial bore S5.1 Heat treatment for mechanical properties shall be
core is specified on the forging drawings furnished by the performed with the forging in the vertical position.
purchaser.
S6. Vacuum Carbon Deoxidation of Grade D Material
S2.1.3 The acceptable level of mechanical properties ob-
S6.1 Grade D material shall be vacuum carbon deoxidized
tained from specimens from the axial bore core shall be as
during processing, in which case silicon shall be 0.10 %
agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
maximum.
S3. Stress-Rupture Properties S7. Secondary Melting
S3.1 The purchaser may require that stress-rupture tests be S7.1 Steel to this specification shall be produced by a
made, by the manufacturer or by himself, on radial specimens secondary consumable electrode remelting process such as
taken from locations shown on the forging drawing. electroslag remelting or vacuum-arc remelting, provided the
S3.1.1 Stress-rupture tests shall be performed in accordance material remelted is made by the basic electric-furnace process
with Test Methods E139. and receives vacuum treatment equivalent to that prescribed in
S3.1.2 The size and shape of the test specimen and stress- 4.2 during subsequent processing.
S7.2 Material for consumable electrode-electroslag remelt-
rupture test requirements shall be mutually agreed upon
ing shall be vacuum-treated prior to remelting. Material for
between manufacturer and purchaser.
consumable electrode vacuum-arc remelting may be vacuum-
treated prior to remelting or air-poured and vacuum-treated
S4. Special Requirements to Minimize Temper Embrittle-
during remelting, at the option of the producer.
ment
S7.2.1 The level of objectionable dissolved gases, particu-
S4.1 Forgings to Grade C for special application may be larly hydrogen, in the remelted material shall be comparable to
specified with restricted chemical composition and the addi- the levels achieved in vacuum-treated steels of the same grade.
tional notch toughness requirements noted below. This should preferably be attained by appropriate controls
S4.1.1 Heat Analysis: during remelting and ingot solidification. Alternatively, this
may be accomplished by subsequent thermal treatments to
Element Composition, %
Carbon 0.28 max reduce the gas content to the desired level by diffusion.
Manganese 0.40 max S7.3 The heat analysis of a consumable electrode remelted
Phosphorus 0.012 max ingot shall comply with the heat analysis requirements of the
Sulfur 0.015 max
Silicon 0.10 max grade of material specified.
Nickel 3.25–4.00 S7.3.1 When the ingot is produced by remelting electrodes
Chromium 1.25–2.00 from a common master heat, the heat analysis shall be
Molybdenum 0.25–0.45
Vanadium 0.05–0.15 determined by taking the average of analyses from the zone
Antimony A
corresponding to the second and next to last electrodes
A
Tin remelted respectively.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
5
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 A470/A470M − 05 (2015)
S7.3.2 When the electrodes from different master heats are S10. Heat Treatment After Machining of Disks or Wheels,
remelted sequentially to produce the ingot, an analysis shall be or Both
made in each zone of the remelted ingot corresponding to each S10.1 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
electrode from each master heat represented. Each such analy- purchaser, the heat treatment for mechanical properties shall be
sis shall comply with the heat analysis requirements of the performed after additional machining of the material between
material grade specified. The zone analysis of the portion of the the rotor discs or wheels, or both. This agreement should also
remelt ingot used in a forging shall be reported, and their address the following:
average shall be the heat analysis of the forging. S10.1.1 Machined finish allowances, radii, and surface fin-
ish before and after the heat treatment for mechanical proper-
S8. Hydrogen Determination ties.
S8.1 A hydrogen determination shall be made. The accept- S10.1.2 Locations of tension test specimens and test direc-
able hydrogen limit as well as the stage in processing when tion.
sampling, the sample preparation procedure and the method of S10.1.3 Locations of impact test specimens and notch
analysis shall be as agreed upon between manufacturer and direction.
purchaser. S10.1.4 Impact energy and FATT requirements.
S10.1.5 Ultrasonic examination of the cylindrical forging
S9. Magnetic Particle Examination shapes following the preliminary heat treatment.
S10.1.6 Ultrasonic examination of the disc or wheels, or
S9.1 A magnetic particle examination of the complete both, and remaining shaft diameters after the heat treatment for
exterior and bore surfaces of the machined forging shall be mechanical properties.
made at the forging manufacturer’s plant. The examination S10.1.7 Magnetic particle examination after the heat treat-
shall be performed in accordance with the latest issue of ment for mechanical properties.
Practice A275/A275M.
S9.2 Forgings with either cracks or linear indications of any S11. Heat Stability Testing
length are subject to rejection unless they can be removed to S11.1 Each forging shall be subjected to a heat stability test
the purchaser’s satisfaction. in accordance with Section 9, regardless of grade.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. HEAT STABILITY TESTING

X1.1 Heat stability testing provides assurance that the ordering a Grade A, B, or C rotor forging, but lacking
process controls utilized in the manufacture of a rotor forging experience with rotor forgings produced by the current
have produced a thermally stable product. This test is optional manufacturer, may obtain the desired assurance by invoking
for Grades A, B, and C in this specification. Customers Supplementary Requirement S11.

X2. PREVIOUS A470/A470M AND CORRESPONDING CURRENT DESIGNATIONS

X2.1 Table X2.1 lists previous and corresponding current

designations.

TABLE X2.1 Previous and Corresponding Current Designations

Previous Class Corresponding Current Grade
and Class
Class 2 Grade A, Class 2
Class 3 Grade B, Class 3
Class 4 Grade B, Class 4
Class 5 Grade C, Class 5
Class 6 Grade C, Class 6
Class 7 Grade C, Class 7
Class 8 Grade D, Class 8
Class 9 Grade E, Class 9

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
6
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 A470/A470M − 05 (2015)

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat May 4 13:52:12 EDT 2019
7
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.