KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

INDEX
1. CONVERSION OF DEGREE INTO RADIAN AND RADIAN INTO DEGREE (Page 1)
2. RELATION BETWEEN ARC-LENGTH, RADIUS AND GENERAL ANGLE (Page 1)
3. TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS/FUNCTIONS (Page 1)
4. VALUES OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION WHEN ANGLE IS (-VE) (Page 2)
5. VALUE OF TRIG: RATIOS IN FOUR QUADRANTS (Page 2)
6. TRIGNOMETRIC TABLE (Page 3)
7. FUNDAMENTAL TRIGNOMETRIC IDENTITIES (Page 4)
8. RECIPROCAL RELATION BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS (Page 4)
9. QUOTIENT FORMS (Page 4)
10.THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES (Page 5)
11.VALUES OF TRIG: RATIOS AT MOST COMMON ANGLES (Page 5)
12.SIGNS OF TRIG: RATIOS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS (Page 5)
13.RELATION BETWEEN TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE COMPLEMENTARY
ANGLE (Page 6)
14.IDENTITIES FOR DOUBLED ANGLE (Page 6)
15.IDENTITIES FOR HALVED ANGLE (Page 7)
16.SUM AND PRODUCT IDENTITIES (Page 7)
17.THE DISTANCE FORMULA (Page 8)
18.THE LAW OF SINES (Page 8)
19.THE LAW OF COSINES (Page 8)
20.THE LAW OF TANGENTS (Page 9)
21.ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION (Page 9)
22. KINDS OF TRIANGLE (Page 10)
23. SOME MAJOR CONCEPTS OF A TRIANGLE (Page 11)
24. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE IN TERMS OF THE LENGTHS OF THE SIDES OF A
TRIANGLE (Page 12)
25. AREA OF A TRIANGLE AND ITS FORMULAS IN VARIOUS CASES (Page 13)
26. CIRCLES REALTED WITH A TRIANGLE (Page 14)
27. FORMULAS FOR MEASURING CIRCUM-RADIUS (R), INRADIUS (r) AND RADII OF e-
CIRCLES (𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 , 𝒓𝟑 ) (Page 15)
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

CONVERSION OF DEGREE INTO RADIAN AND

RADIAN INTO DEGREE
180
1 Radian = ( )Degrees ≈ 57.3°
𝜋

𝜋
1 Degree = ( ) Radian ≈ 0.0175 rad
180

⟹Note: π radian= 180°

RELATION BETWEEN ARC-LENGTH, RADIUS AND

GENERAL ANGLE
S = θ r , where “S” is arc length of circle, “𝛉” is angle at
the center of circle and “r” is radius of circle.

⟹Note: Unit circle is a circle having radius of 1 unit.

.
TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS/FUNCTIONS
𝑃 𝐵
1. Sin= 𝐻 4. Cot =
𝑃
𝐵 𝐻
2. Cos = 5. Sec =
𝐻 𝐵
𝑃 𝐻
3. Tan = 6. Cosec =
𝐵 𝑃
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

VALUES OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION WHEN

ANGLE IS (-VE)
𝑺𝒊𝒏 (−𝜽) = −𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑻𝒂𝒏(−𝜽) = −𝑻𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒕(−𝜽) = −𝑪𝒐𝒕𝜽
𝑺𝒆𝒄(−𝜽) = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) = −𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽

VALUE OF TRIG: RATIOS IN FOUR QUADRANTS

Y

2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

Sin (+ve) Cosec (+ve) Sin (+ve) Cosec (+ve)

Cos (-ve) Sec(-ve) Cos (+ve) Sec(+ve)

X’ Tan (-ve) Cot(-ve) Tan (+ve) Cot(+ve) X

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

Sin (-ve) Cosec (-ve) Sin (-ve) Cosec (-ve)

Cos (-ve) Sec(-ve) Cos (+ve) Sec(+ve)

Tan (+ve) Cot(+ve) Y‘ Tan (-ve) Cot(-ve)

 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

FUNDAMENTAL TRIGNOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
⇛ 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
⇛ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2

2. 𝟏 + 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
⇛ 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

3. 𝟏 + 𝑪𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
⇛ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1

RECIPROCAL RELATION BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

𝟏 𝟏
Cosec θ = ⟹ Sin θ =
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽
𝟏 𝟏
Sec θ = ⟹ Cos θ =
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝑺𝒆𝒄 𝜽
𝟏 𝟏
Cot θ = ⟹ Tan θ =
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝑪𝒐𝒕 𝜽
Note: The product of two reciprocal trigonometric functions to each
other is 1. i.e; Cosθ . Secθ = 1

QUOTIENT FORMS
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
Tan θ = Cot θ =
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

Sin (α±β) = Sinα Cosβ ±Cosα Sinβ
Cos (α±β) = Cosα Cosβ ∓ Sinα Sinβ
𝑻𝒂𝒏∝±𝑻𝒂𝒏𝜷
Tan (α±β) =
𝟏∓𝑻𝒂𝒏∝ 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝜷

𝑪𝒐𝒕∝𝑪𝒐𝒕𝜷 ∓𝟏
Cot (α±β) =
𝑪𝒐𝒕𝜷±𝑪𝒐𝒕∝

VALUES OF TRIG: RATIOS AT MOST COMMON ANGLES

Sin 0° or 0π = 0 Cos 0° or 0π = 1 Tan 0° or 0π = 0
Sin 90° or = 1 Cos 90° or = 0 Tan 90°or =∞
Sin 180 ° or π = 0 Cos 180 ° or π= -1 Tan 180 ° or π = 0
Sin 270° or = -1 Cos 270° or = 0 Tan 270°or = ∞
Sin 360° or 2π = 0 Cos 360° or 2π =1 Tan 360° or 2π= 0

SIGNS OF TRIG: RATIOS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS

90°
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

(-x, y) (x, y)
𝒚
180º 360° = Tan θ
𝒙

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant x = Cos θ

(-x, -y) (x, -y) y= Sin θ

270°
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

N.B:
Sin 15° can be written as Sin (45°- 30°) or (60°-45°) in order to
find its value easily, and similarly Cos, Tan, Cot can also be
written in these forms for any angles and can be easily
calculated with the help of sum and difference identities.

RELATION BETWEEN TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE

COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE
1. Sin (90°- θ) = Cos θ
2. Tan(90°- θ) = Cot θ
3. Sec (90°- θ) = Cosec θ
4. Cos (90°- θ) = Sin θ
5. Cot (90°- θ) = Tan θ
6. Cosec (90°- θ) = Sec θ
IDENTITIES FOR DOUBLED ANGLE
𝟐𝑻𝒂𝒏𝜽
1. Sin 2θ = 2 Sinθ Cosθ 3. Tan 2θ =
𝟏−𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
2𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃
⇛
1+𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

2. Cos 2θ = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

⇛1- 2𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
⇛2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
1−𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
⇛
1+𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

IDENTITIES FOR HALVED ANGLES

𝜽 𝟏−𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝜽 𝟏−𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
1. Sin =±√ 3. Tan = √𝟏+𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝜃 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇛ 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 2 = ⇛ 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 or
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝜃
⇛ 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 2
= 1- Cos θ
𝜽 𝟏+𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
2. Cos =±√
𝟐 𝟐
𝜃 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇛ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 2 = 2
𝜃
⇛ 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 2 = 1+Cos θ

SUM AND PRODUCT IDENTITIES

FOR PRODUCT INTO SUM
𝟏
1. Sinα Cosβ =
𝟐
[Sin (α+β) + Sin (α−β)]
𝟏
2. Cosα Sinβ =
𝟐
[Sin (α+β) – Sin (α−β)]
𝟏
3. Sinα Sinβ = -
𝟐
[Cos (α+β) – Cos (α−β)]
𝟏
4. Cosα Cosβ =
𝟐
[Cos (α+β) + Cos (α−β)]

FOR SUM INTO PRODUCT

𝜶+𝜷 𝜶−𝜷
1. Sinα+Sinβ = 2 Sin Cos
𝟐 𝟐
𝜶+𝜷 𝜶−𝜷
2. Sin α− Sinβ = 2 Cos Sin
𝟐 𝟐
𝜶+𝜷 𝜶−𝜷
3. Cos α + Cos β = 2 Cos Cos
𝟐 𝟐
𝜶+𝜷 𝜶−𝜷
4. Cos α – Cos β = −2 Sin 𝟐
Sin 𝟐
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

THE DISTANCE FORMULA

Let A(𝓍1 , 𝑦2 ) and B(𝓍2 , 𝑦2 ) be any two points on the plane, then

̅̅̅̅| = √(𝓍2 − 𝓍1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

|𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ | indicates distance
is called as the distance formula. Where |𝐴𝐵
between A and B.

THE LAW OF SINES

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
⇛ = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾

The measures of sides are

proportional to the sines
of the measures of opposite angles.
𝑎 𝑐
Note: Suppose that according to above figure if = 20, then
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 sin 𝛾
𝑏
and will also be equal to 20.
sin 𝛽

THE LAWS OF COSINES

⇛ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄(𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶)
⇛ 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄(𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜷)
⇛ 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜸)
The laws of cosines can also be written as following in order to
measure the angles

𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 −𝒃𝟐

⟹ Cos α = ⟹ Cos β =
𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝟐𝒂𝒄
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 −𝒄𝟐
⟹ Cos γ =
𝟐𝒂𝒃
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

THE LAWS OF TANGENTS

𝜶−𝜷
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒂−𝒃
⇛ 𝜶+𝜷 = 𝒂+𝒃
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐

𝜷−𝜸
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒃−𝒄
⇛ 𝜷+𝜸 =
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒃+𝒄

𝜸−𝜶
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒄−𝒂
⇛ 𝜸+𝜶 =
𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝒄+𝒂

NOTE:- The law of Sines and the Laws of Cosines and

Tangents are very much helpful in finding the
remaining elements of triangle when any three are
given.

ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

KINDS OF TRIANGLE
1. Scalene Triangle: A triangle having no side
congruent is called scalene triangle.

2. Isosceles Triangle: A triangle having two

sides congruent is called an isosceles triangle.

3. Equilateral Triangle: A triangle having all

three sides congruent is called an equilateral triangle.

4. Acute Triangle: A triangle having all the

three angles acute is called an acute triangle.

5. Right Triangle: A triangle having one of its

angle right i.e 90° is called Right angles Triangle.

6. Obtuse Triangle: A Triangle having one of its

angle obtuse is called and obtuse triangle.

7. Equiangular triangle: A Triangle wholes all

interior angles are equal.

NOTE:
The sum of all three interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

i.e = 180°
The sum of all three exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.

i.e = 360°
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

SOME MAJOR CONCEPTS OF A TRIANGLE:

Vertex: The vertex (plural: vertices) is a corner of the tri angle. Every triangle
has three vertices.

Perimeter: The distance around the triangle or the sum of all three sides of a
triangle.

Semi- Perimeter: The sum of all three sides of a triangle divided by two or
half of the perimeter.

Base: The base of a triangle can be any one of the three sides, usually the one
drawn at the bottom. You can pick any side you like to be base. Commonly used
as reference side for calculating the area of a triangular or altitude. In an
isosceles triangle, the base is usually taken to be the unequal side.

Altitude: the altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular

from base to the opposite vertex. Since there are three
possible bases, there are also three possible altitudes
which intersect at a single point called as orthocenter of triangle. Sometimes
the altitude is outside of a triangle when the
angle opposite to chosen vertex is
obtuse (greater than 90°)

Median: The median of a triangle is a line form a

vertex to the middle point of the opposite side.
The three medians intersect at a single point,
called centroid of the triangle.

Interior angles: The three angles on the inside of

the triangle at each vertex.

Exterior angles: The angle between a side of a triangle

and the extension of an adjacent side.

Area of a Triangle: It will be discussed later on.

 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

HALF ANGLE FORMULAE IN TERMS OF THE LENGTHS OF THE

SIDES OF A TRIANGLE.

𝛼 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
1. Sin =√
2 𝑏𝑐

𝛽 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑐)
2. Sin =√
2 𝑎𝑐

𝛾 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)
3. Sin =√
2 𝑎𝑏

𝛼 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)
4. Cos
2
=√ 𝑏𝑐

𝛽 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)
5. Cos =√
2 𝑎𝑐

𝛾 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
6. Cos =√
2 𝑎

𝛼 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
7. Tan =√
2 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)

𝛽 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑐)
8. Tan =√
2 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)

𝛾 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏 )
9. Tan =√
2 𝑆 (𝑠−𝑐 )

Or Tangent formulas can also be written as

𝛼 𝑟
10. Tan =
2 𝑠−𝑎
𝛽 𝑟
11. Tan =
2 𝑠−𝑏
𝛾 𝑟
12. Tan =
2 𝑠−𝑐
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

AREA OF A TRIANGLE AND ITS FORMULAS IN VARIOUS

CASES
Area of a triangle: - The area of a triangle is the number of square units
inside that triangle. Its denoted by filled triangle i.e “ s”.
The general formula for measuring it is
𝐛𝐚
Area =
𝟐

Where, “b” is the base and “a” is the corresponding altitude of the triangle.

In trigonometry area of triangle is being measured by various ways and

formulas depending upon the given conditions. At this stage there are three
main cases based on given data.

CASE I :-
When the measures of two sides and the measure of the included
angle are known.
1
= 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾
2
1
= 𝑎𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 a
2
1
= 𝑏𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
2

CASE II :-
When the measures of two angles and the measure of one side are
given.
1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛾
= 𝑎2
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼

1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛾
= 𝑏2
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽

1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽
= 𝑐2
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛾
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

CASE III :-
When the measures of all three sides are known.

= √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) , where “s” semi-perimeter

Note: This is also known as Heron’s Formula

CIRCLES REALTED WITH A TRIANGLE

There are three main types of a circle related with a triangle.

Circumcircle
It’s a circle that touches all the three
vertices of a triangle from outside.
It’s Centre is called circum-centre,
while the radius is known as
circum-radius and is denoted by R.

Incircle
It’s a circle engraved within a triangle
In such a way that it touches all the sides
all the sides of a triangle.
It’s centre is well known as in-centre and
similarly radius is called as in-radius. It’s radius and
centre are denoted by I and r respectively

Escribed Circle or e- Circle

It’s a circle which touches one side
let AB and the other two extended
rays AD and BE and is opposite to
vertex C. The centre of this circle is
known as ex-centre whereas radius
is known as ex-radius. It is Centre and
radius are usually denoted by 𝑰𝟏 and 𝒓𝟏 .
There are three possible e- Circles i.e opposite to vertices A,B, and C.
 KEY TO TRIGNOMETRY

FORMULAS FOR MEASURING CIRCUM-RADIUS (R),

INRADIUS (r) AND RADII OF e- CIRCLES (𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 , 𝒓𝟑 )
𝒂𝒃𝒄
R=
𝟒
where = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

….
r= 𝑠
where = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) and s = semi- perimeter

𝒓𝟏= .
𝒔−𝒂

𝒓𝟐= .
𝒔−𝒃

𝒓𝟑= .
𝒔−𝒄

where = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) and s = semi- perimeter