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Creativity and Design Paradigm

The Architectural Design Process

INTRODUCTION individual and social change, career development, and

“A person trained in the creative process has a greater executive and professional education.
chance of developing worthwhile innovations than the
person without such specialized training.”
- Prof. John Arnold
TRAINING
The educator has the special obligation of encouraging and
helping his student to develop their mental faculties; in
short but not accurately-the student should be taught how
to think.
#StudentsNeedModels #ModernMasters
It is encouraging that an application of creative type of
teaching in this subject be adapted , a type of teaching,
which will combine thinking effort with learning effort, and
https://www.uwindsor.ca/fahss/1005/what-experiential-education
thus develop thinking ability while implanting knowledge.
#Apply Learning Approach and Retention Rates
#Experiment
Functions of Mental Capacity
• Absorptive - which is the ability to observe and to
apply attention;
• Retentive - which is the ability to memorize and to
recall;
• Reasoning - which is the ability to analyze and to
judge and
• Creative - which is the ability to visualize, to for
see, and to generate ideas.
Formal Mental processes
• Judgment – wherein reflection, on the past
related experiences, that can lead to the
formulation of values through comparison and
discrimination, and
• Imagination - wherein some process of the mind
leads to the formulation of mental images or
concepts. • Rates of forgetting content without follow-
Ways to Develop Creativity up and review of content
1. Exercise to develop the mind. • Reading info on a computer screen is 25% less
2. Experience provides fuel for efficient than reading it from paper
ideation.
3. Playing games such as solving
puzzles
4. Engaging in hobbies and fine arts.
5. Creativity thrives on reading.
#ActualExposure
#EsquizzesHelp
#DoResearch
#ExpressYourself
#HaveFun!
Media as a Learning Aid Creative-Problem Solving Procedures
75% - 95% of what we learn comes through the sense of 1. Fact – finding
sight • problem definition picking and pointing
10% - 15% through hearing up the problem
3% - 4% through smell • preparation - gathering and analyzing the
1% - 2% through touch pertinent data
KOLB’S LEARNING CYCLE 2. Idea-finding
David Allen Kolb (born December 12, 1939 in Moline, • idea-production - thinking up tentative
Illinois) is an American educational theorist whose interests ideas as much as possible which leads to;
and publications focus on experiential learning, the • idea-development - selecting the most
likely of the resultant ideas, adding

UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA2 | Handout 3 | Updated S.Y. 2020-21 Page 1
 others, and reprocessing all the these by o Design Development
such means as modification and o Final Solution
combination
3.Solution-finding
• evaluation - verifying the tentative
solution by test or otherwise The Architectural Design Process
• adoption - deciding on an and
implementing the final solution How does the PROCESS work?
Essentials to Development of Creative Skills
• Ideation The architectural design process is organized to ensure that
o Refers to the mental process objectives are reached in order of priority; the highest
itself priorities are addressed and the largest design solutions are
o “to think”, to train one’s self in arrived at first, then the details fall in place in concert with
new and unique ways the larger issues and ideas.
• Idea Quantity
o The person who produces a Without this approach, the resulting building is just a
number of ideas per unit of time random collection of unrelated decisions.
has the greatest chance of (ROBERT T. COOLIDGE, AIA)
producing the truly significant
one Architectural Design Process
• Imagineering The Classic Steps to the Process
o Letting your imagination soar The process is typically broken down into the following
and then engineering it back to steps:
reality 1. Pre-Design Phase (PD)
Design Approaches 2. Schematic Design Phase (SD)
• Design Analysis 3. Design Development Phase (DD)
o Design involves problem solving 4. Construction Documents Phase (CD)
o Demands idea production 5. Bidding & Negotiation Phase (BN)
 #Bionics 6. Construction Observation/Contract Administration
• Tentative Solutions Phase (CA)
o Brainstorming – a group 7. Supplemental Services (SS)
process, discussing the problem *Every project is unique, and not all projects follow this
and contributing positive ideas process exactly
to solve a problem As with all forms of technological design…
• #Patience
• Critical Analysis
o Constructive criticism is helpful
 Conventional
o Analytical approach (SWOT)
 Learning from
different models or
case studies
• Operational Process
o Conceptual design (planning
and the design process)
o Operational design (synthesis of Pre-Design Phase
design express in working 1. The Architectural Design Process begins when a
drawings) client identifies a need to accommodate new or
• Methodology- is the systematic method expanded activities
of problem solving 2. The client will interview a number of architectural
• It involves the systematic breakdown of firms in order to determine which one will have
body of knowledge into its workable the combination of experience, skill and resources
parts that will make them the best choice to design the
• Pre-statement building
• Problem Statement 3. The ‘successful’ or chosen architect will be hired
• Information – The architect works closely with the client in
o Literature – archival, order to clearly understand their user needs.
documentation 4. The architect then produces a Design Program.
o Consultants – interview 5. This is a written document that spells out the
o Observation – survey characteristics that the new building must have in
• Analysis and Programming order to satisfy the identified needs.
o Objectives 6. or commissioned – to carry out the design project.
o Consideration
o Concept The Design Program is a design brief for the building
It begins with a Problem Statement
• Synthesis and Evaluation
o Schemes

UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA2 | Handout 3 | Updated S.Y. 2020-21 Page 2
 make a clear and sharply-defined statement of
• The Program also includes Design Requirements. These are
actual problem detailed and specific properties that the building must have
Project Goals and Objectives in order to be successful.
Goals
• Goals are high-level statements that provide
the overall context for what the project is trying
to accomplish.
Objectives
• Objectives are concrete statements describing
what the project is trying to achieve.

the design concept (the thought, the idea, model, theory, Site Analysis
impression, perception, philosophy etc.) that went into the The following elements typically are considered in most
evolution of the project; sites:
the design objectives are statements containing specific 1. Location: The site should be related to major
aims in how a project shall be designed or planned. streets or landmarks previously existing. There
• Most often, the DO relates to the PO (project should be documentation of distances and time
objectives). from major places
• If the PO is intangible, the DO is the tangible 2. The following elements typically are considered in
method of designing the project. most sites:
1. Location: The site should be related to
major streets or landmarks previously
existing. There should be documentation
of distances and time from major places
2. Neighborhood context: Zoning of the
neighborhood is important and
information of this type can typically be
found at the municipal or city planning
office. Features include: architectural
patterns, street lighting, condition of
existing buildings & the immediate
surroundings of the site.
The following elements should also be
analyzed:
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/architecturaldesignconcept
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-design-concept-generation-1-728.jpg?cb=1361277689
• reaction of the surrounding buildings
towards the site and people moving
“To answer the call for improvement of the healthcare around
system in the Philippines”
• existing paths (pedestrian, cyclist, and
vehicle)
• landmarks: are distinctive sites that
provide way-finding for people in the
area, and which define the character of a
neighborhood
• nodes: are key public gathering places
that encourage people to linger and
socialize.
3. Size and zoning: Site boundaries can be located by
either verifying the dimensions physically or
contacting the municipal or city tax assessor’s
the design consideration/s refer to the factors that may office.
influence the achievement of a design objective/s (e.g. lush ✔ zoning classifications
vegetation, traffic, social mores, population density, ✔ set-backs
orientation, building character, beliefs, etc.)
✔ height restrictions
✔ allowable site coverage
the design criteria include design principles necessary to
create a functional and dynamic structures; standards, ✔ uses
norms and conditions the proponent should meet in ✔ parking requirements are obtained by obtaining
designing his/her project zoning classifications from a zoning map, which
can be located from the city planning department.

4. Infrastructure, social, and political boundaries.

5. Legal: Information can be obtained from the deed
to the property. The deed is information such as
the property description, present ownership, and
the governmental jurisdiction the site is located
in, and the city or county.

UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA2 | Handout 3 | Updated S.Y. 2020-21 Page 3
 6. Natural physical features: Information will be ✔ the building is shaped to fit the site and/or the site
derived from the topographic features on the site. is altered to accommodate the building.
A contour map of this magnitude can be located During Schematic Design, a number of alternative
from the survey engineer. design ideas are generated, and brought to the same
Drainage problems as well as existing natural level of resolution
features of trees, ground cover, ground texture, ✔ This process involves switching back-and-forth
and soil conditions on the site should be directly between two-dimensional Schematic Plans and
observed. three-dimensional Massing Models checking that
7. Man made features: Features located on the site the requirements of the design Program are
such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus generally being satisfied.
stop shelters should be noted. The site and ✔ The alternative Schematic Designs are presented
location of such features should be directly to the client who comments on, selects and
measured. approves the 'best' design alternative for further
8. Documentation of existing historical districts elaboration in the Design Development stage of
should be made, some of which may already the process.
have reports completed. This information can be
✔ The architect revises the approved design in
taken the municipal or city planning office for
response to the client’s comments and needs
the site.
✔ The Schematic Design is developed to a greater
9. Circulation: The uses of streets, roads, alleys,
sidewalks, and plazas are important in this ✔ level of detail.
inventory step. It is not necessarily an analysis of ✔ The architect coordinates the work of other
these elements but more an analysis of what design professionals who are responsible for
occurs on these circulation gateways different aspects of the building.
10. Utilities: Information for utilities concerning the ✔ Engineers who design the structural, mechanical
site can be found through the utility departments and electrical services inside the building.
and companies in the local area. They have a print ✔ Civil engineers and landscape architects who
of the drawing of the information needed design the grading, drainage, planting and site
including the location of all utilities and their features outside the building
locations around or on the site itself. ✔ During Design Development decisions are made
Working with the client, the architect will also… about the materials and methods of construction
Identify the budget (maximum cost) for the project, divided to be used especially with respect to the building
into individual cost elements, such as site services, parking envelope in order to ‘realize’ the design concept
and roadways, landscaping, foundations, structure, that was established by the Schematic Design
building envelope, etc) ✔ During Design Development the space plan is
Determine the project schedule, including critical dates worked out in detail to ensure that the layout of
and lengths of time required for various parts of the design the Interior and circulation spaces, will allow the
and construction work. building to function the way it is intended to and
building service systems are designed that will
Schematic Phase support the function of individual spaces.
With the Program complete, and there to guide the design ✔ During Design Development a cost estimate is
activities, the architect will next generate ideas. prepared to ensure that the design is within the
• Schematic Design is a search for an essential established budget.
organizing principle ✔ Also, the project schedule is reviewed to make
• An idea that will suggest the overall arrangement sure that it can still be achieved
and form for individual and groups of spaces that
✔ The developed design is presented to the client
makes up the building.
for review and approval.
There are a series of steps to the Schematic Design phase:
• the creation of 'Bubble Diagrams‘ illustrating the
Contract Documents Phase
approximate size and relative position of spaces,
• The Contract Documents stage is when working
both the horizontally and vertically;
drawings and specifications are produced.
• 'fleshing out' the Bubble Diagrams into two-
• These documents use a combination of graphics
dimensional rough Schematic Plan layouts and
(drawings) and written information (notes,
three-dimensional Massing Models, by
schedules and specifications) describe the
incorporating specified floor areas and critical
building thoroughly and precisely enough that it
dimensions (lengths and heights) of Spaces;
will be possible to construct it.
• studying the Massing Models on the site
• During Design Development a cost estimate is
considering:
prepared to ensure that the design is within the
✔ the location of the building relative to property
established budget.
lines (setbacks), topography and other physical
• Also, the project schedule is reviewed to make
features
sure that it can still be achieved
✔ the orientation of the building to sun, winds, other
• The developed design is presented to the client
buildings and surroundings
for review and approval.
✔ access to/from the building and site Detailed Design
✔ making adjustments to the Schematic Plans and • The arrangement, size and shape of stairs, ramps,
Massing Models to closely integrate the building elevators and other parts of the building’s
and site circulation system.

UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA2 | Handout 3 | Updated S.Y. 2020-21 Page 4
 • The fabrication of doors and screens and the
assembly of the partitions that create the interior
space plan of the building.
• Detail Design also includes the design of the many Sources::
fixtures and fittings – built-in components of the
building - such as cabinets and counters. Arnold John E. and William J. Clancey (Introduction).
• The selection of interior finishes, such as floor Creative Engineering: Promoting innovation by
coverings, ceilings, paint and coatings. Thinking Differently. Kindle Edition.
• For this work the architect may engage the Bergqist, W. H. & Phillips, S. R (1975). Getting Students
services of another design professional - an involved in the Classroom. Washington, D.C.
interior designer. Broadent, Geoffrey (e1969). Design Methods in
• The Contract Documents will be used by potential Architecture. G. Wittenborn. New York.
constructors to prepare quotations - to tender Hack, Gary (2018) Series: Site Planning, International
competing bids - setting out the price they would Practice Vol 1. The MIT Press. Cambridge,
charge to construct the building. Massachusetts. eBook
• Once a constructor has been selected, the Jones, J. Christopher (1992). Design Methods. John Wiley
documents will form part of a legal agreement – a & Sons.
contract – between the constructor and the Lynch, Kevin and Gary Hack (1984 3rd Ed.) The Art of Site
client/owner. Planning: M.I.T. Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• Portions of the documents will be used by each of The 2010 Standards of Professional Practice (SPP) (2010)
the many sub-trades that carry out specific parts as the Supplemental IRR of R.A. No. 9266 (The
of the work (concrete forming and pouring, Architecture Act of 2004) United Architects of the
structural steel erection, carpentry, plumbing, Philippines. Quezon City.
electrical work, etc). White, Edward .T. (1975) Concept Sourcebook: A
• The constructor will use the contract documents Vocabulary of Architectural Forms. Tucson: Konemann.
to coordinate and schedule the work of the sub- https://www.slideshare.net/coolgirl0000/concept-
trades so that everything is done safely and on- source-book-edward-white www.academia.edu
time.

Area Method -Estimated Cost for BUILDING as of 2021

Low Cost Construction: Lifted and updated from the lecture materials of
P16,000.00 to P25,000 per square meter Ar. Chris Luna, uap and by Ar. Willa R. Solomon
Middle End Construction: Ar. Jonathan Manalad
P26,000.00 to P35,000 per square meter
(P29,500 average estimate in practice)
High End Construction:
P36,000.00 to P45,000 per square meter
(based on 2019 building material prices, DTI)

Copyright 2021 by University of Santo Tomas College of

Architecture TOA 2 Sub-cluster

This lecture was produced by the Theory of Architecture 2

(TOA2) Sub-cluster in preparation for S.Y. 2020-21. These
pages and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or
used without the written consent of the University of
Santo Tomas College of Architecture except for brief
quotes or for review.

UST Architecture | College of Architecture | TOA2 | Handout 3 | Updated S.Y. 2020-21 Page 5