Chapter 2

Kinematics of Particles
Plane Curvilinear Motion
2.10 Plane Curvilinear Motion - Velocity of Curvilinear Motion

Consider the continuous motion of a particle along plane curve as shown

Vector addition

 O - Origin of some reference frame

 𝑟 - Position vector of the particle
 Particle A moves along a curved path
 A moved to Aʹ in ∆𝑡
 The change in position ∆r (∆r vector quantity displacement)
 ∆s is the actual distance travelled (∆s scalar quantity displacement)

Velocity

Average velocity of the particle between A & Aʹ

∆𝒓 Direction of ∆r
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = Vector {
∆𝒕 Magnitude of ∆r⁄∆t

Instantaneous Velocity
∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⟹𝒗= = 𝒓̇ Vector quantity
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Notice
The direction of 𝑣 will be always tangent to the path (at that instant)

1 Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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Instantaneous Speed

Note that 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑡 works for both curved path and straight path.

The average speed of the particle between A & Aʹ is scalar quotient ∆s⁄∆t
as ∆𝑡 → 0
lim ∣ ∆𝑟 ∣ = lim ∆𝑠
∆𝑡 → 0 ∆𝑡 → 0

Divide by ∆𝑡, we have

𝒅𝒔
⃗| =
|𝒗
𝒅𝒕
∴ Instantaneous Speed
𝒅𝒔
𝒗= = 𝒔̇
𝒅𝒕
Note

+𝑣 is in the +𝑠 direction

The magnitude of 𝑣 is called the speed and is scalar

𝒅𝒔
𝒗 = |𝐯| = = 𝐬̇
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒓 ⃗ 𝒅𝒓
Note that ≠
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒓⃗ ⃗|
𝒅|𝒓 𝒅𝒓
and that | | ≠ 𝒐𝒓 𝒗 ≠
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Time rate of change of the length of the position vector 𝑟

𝒅|𝒓| 𝒅𝒓
= = 𝒓̇
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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Instantaneous Acceleration

Average acceleration
∆𝒗
𝒂𝒂𝒗 =
∆𝒕
Instantaneous acceleration
∆𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⟹ 𝒂 = = 𝒗̇
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Position vectors of 3 arbitrary positions on the path of the particle

2. 11 Rectangular coordinates x-y

First Type of Plane Curvilinear Motion

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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Vector representation

Compared to the reference frame with x- y coordinate

𝒓 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋

𝒗 = 𝒓̇ = 𝒙̇ 𝒊 + 𝒚̇ 𝒋

𝒂 = 𝒗̇ = 𝒓̈ = 𝒙̈ 𝒊 + 𝒚̈ 𝒋

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒗𝒚 𝒋

𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒋

Scalar values (magnitude) of the velocity components

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒙̇ , 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒚̇
Scalar values (magnitude) of the acceleration components

𝒂𝒙 = 𝒗̇ 𝒙 = 𝒙,̈ 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒗̇ 𝒚 = 𝒚̈

Velocity

𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗𝟐𝒚
or 𝒗 = √𝒗𝟐𝒙 + 𝒗𝟐𝒚 = √𝒙̇ 𝟐 + 𝒚̇ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = = ⟹ 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒙
Where θ is the slope of the tangential line at point A

Acceleration

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐𝒚

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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𝒂 = √𝒂𝟐𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐𝒚 = √𝒙̈ 𝟐 + 𝒚̈ 𝟐

𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = ⟹ 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙
From fig. 𝑎𝑥 in –ve x-direction ⟹𝑥̈ negative number
To convert 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ to 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 multiply by
𝑘𝑚 1000 1 𝑚
∗ = For easy
ℎ 3600 3.6 𝑠
Note

If the coordinates x and y are independently as a function of time

𝒙 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕) , 𝒚 = 𝒇𝟐 (𝒕)

Combine x, y to obtain r

Combine 𝑥̇ , 𝑦̇ to obtan v

Combine 𝑥̈ , 𝑦̈ to obtain a

𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∫𝒂 = 𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∫ 𝒗 = 𝒙, 𝒚

2.12 Flight of projectiles

Projectiles
Rectilinear motion with X component of flight Y component of flight
constant acceleration 𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒗𝒐𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝐚𝐲 = −𝐠, 𝐯𝐨𝐲 = 𝐯𝐨 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
or or
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g𝑡
1 1 1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2 2 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑜 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑦𝑜 = 0
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2 2
or or
𝑥 = (𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑡 1
𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑡 − g𝑡 2
2

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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* General Law to compute the height and angles of projectiles

𝐠𝒙𝟐 𝐠𝒙𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 − 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽) 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
𝟐
𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝒖
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 & 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
u = initial velocity
𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑦
=+ Same positive value (acceleration)
𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑦
=− Same negative value (deceleration)
𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑥

Case study
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑥
𝑡= (1)
𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑣𝑦 𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ (−g)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g𝑡
𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑦 = ∫ (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡 (2)
2
Position B is reached when 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 0 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g𝑡
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡= (3)
g
Sub (3) in (1) we get
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃( )
g
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2(𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠)(𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛)
𝑠= = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2g 2g
Sub (3) in (2) we get
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
𝑦 = ℎ = 𝑢( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g ( )
g 2 g

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 
𝑦=ℎ=
2g
𝑥 1 𝑥 2
Sub (1) in (2) we get 𝑦 = 𝑢 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g ( )
𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
g𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
2𝑢
Equation of trajectory (this equation describe a vertical parabola as indicated
in figure)

Common Case
𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑦 = −g
𝑣𝑥 = (𝑣𝑥 )0 𝑣𝑦 = (𝑣𝑦 )0 – g𝑡
1 2
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + (𝑣𝑥 )0 𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + (𝑣𝑦 )0 𝑡 –g𝑡
2
2
𝑣𝑦2 = (𝑣𝑦 )𝑜 − 2g(𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 ) Subscript zero denotes initial condition and
let 𝑡1 = 0
Example1

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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2 3 3 2 𝑡4
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝑟 = ( 𝑡 − 𝑡 )𝑖 + 𝑗
3 2 12
2 2 3 𝑡3 2
𝑡3
𝑣 = 𝑟̇ = (3 × 𝑡 − 2 × 𝑡) 𝑖 + 4 𝑗 = (2𝑡 − 3𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑗
3 2 12 3
2
𝑎 = 𝑣̇ = 𝑟̈ = (4𝑡 − 3)𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑗
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
23 8 8⁄
2
𝑣 = (2 × 2 − 3 × 2)𝑖 + 𝑗 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 𝑚/𝑠 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 3 = 53.1𝑜
3 3 2
4
𝑎 = (4 × 2 − 3)𝑖 + 22 𝑗 = 5𝑖 + 4𝑗 𝑚/𝑠 2 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 38.6𝑜
5
𝜃1 = 53.1𝑜 − 38.6𝑜 = 14.4𝑜
1
𝑣 = √22 + (8⁄3)2 = √41 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = √52 + 42 = √68 𝑚/𝑠 2
3
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
33 9
𝑣 = (2 × 3 − 3 × 3)𝑖 + 𝑗 = 9(𝑖 + 𝑗) 𝑚/𝑠 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 45𝑜
2
3 9
𝑎 = (4 × 3 − 3)𝑖 + 3 𝑗 = 9(𝑖 + 𝑗)𝑚/𝑠 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (9⁄9) = 45𝑜
2 2 −1

𝜃2 = 45𝑜 − 45𝑜 = 0𝑜
Discuss results
𝑣 = √92 + 92 = 9√2 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = √92 + 92 = 9√2 𝑚/𝑠 2
a & v have the same direction , so at 𝑡 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 particle is at inflection point.
Example2
The basketball player likes to release his foul shots at an angle θ= 50𝑜 to the
horizontal as shown. What initial speed 𝑣𝑜 will cause the ball to pass through
the center of the rim?
Solution First: Setup coordinate 𝑥, 𝑦, +𝑥 to the right and +y upward with
the origin at the starting position of ball
Given: 𝑣𝑥𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠50𝑜 , 𝑣𝑦𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛50𝑜 , 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 0.9

𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑦 = −g 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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Motion from 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑜, 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑜, 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 4
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 = 3 − 2.1 = 0.9, 𝑡 = 𝑡
From constant 𝑎𝑥 , we have
𝑎𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑥𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑡 2
2
4 = 0 + 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠50𝑜 𝑡 + 0
4 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠50𝑜 𝑡 (1)
From constant 𝑎𝑦 , we have
𝑎𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑣𝑦𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑡 2
2
g
0.9 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛50 𝑡 − 𝑡 2
𝑜
(2)
2
Solving (1) and (2) for 𝑣𝑜 we have,
4
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞(1) 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (2)
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠50𝑜
2
𝑜
4 9.81 4
0.9 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛50 ( )− ( )
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠50𝑜 2 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠50𝑜
𝑣𝑜2 = 49.09 ∴ 𝑣𝑜 = 7 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝐴𝑛𝑠

Example3
he muzzle velocity of a long-range rifle at A is u = 400 m/s. Determine the
two angles of elevation 𝜃 which will permit the projectile to hit the mountain
target B.

𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝜃1 = 26.1𝑜 , 𝜃2 = 80.6𝑜

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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Solution

Given: 𝑦 = 1500 𝑚, 𝑥 = 5000 𝑚, Initial velocity 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑢 = 400 𝑚⁄𝑠.

g = 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑜𝑟 32.2 𝐼𝑏𝑓/𝑠 2

Find: 𝜃

Assumptions: No acceleration in the 𝑥- direction, acceleration in the 𝑦-

direction is equal to −g.

Solution
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑥̇ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑦̇ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑡 +
2
𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 +
2
𝑥0 = 𝑦0 = 𝑎𝑥 = 0

𝑎𝑦 = −g

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − g𝑡

By integration and Plugging in what we know,

𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑡 (1)
2
g𝑡
𝑦 = u sin 𝜃 𝑡 − (2)
2
We have two equations and two unknowns. Identifying that we need to solve
these two equations is the important part. The rest of the solution is just
algebra. There are many ways to handle the algebra. Here are two:

𝑡 = 𝑥/ 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑆𝑢𝑏. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞(2)

𝑥 1 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑢( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑡 ̶ g( )
𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
g𝑥² 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ̶ 𝑠𝑒𝑐² 𝜃 ; = 𝑠𝑒𝑐² 𝜃
2𝑢² 𝑐𝑜𝑠² 𝜃
g𝑥²
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ̶ ( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛² 𝜃 )
2𝑢²
g𝑥² g𝑥²
𝑡𝑎𝑛² 𝜃 ̶ 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + + 𝑦 = 0
2𝑢² 2𝑢²
9.81 ( 5000 )² 9.81 ( 5000 )²
𝑡𝑎𝑛² 𝜃 ̶ ( 5000 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + + 1500
2 ∗ ( 400 )² 2 ∗ ( 400 )²
= 0

𝑡𝑎𝑛² 𝜃 ̶ 6.523 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 2.957 = 0

6.523 ± √(6.523)2 − 4(2.957)2

tan 𝜃 =
2
6.523 ± 5.542
tan 𝜃 =
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃1 = 0.4905 ⟹ 𝜃1 = 26.1𝑜

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 ̶ 6.0325 ⟹ 𝜃2 = 80.58𝑜

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

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Example4

A projectile is fired with a velocity u at right angles to the slope, which is

inclined at an angle θ with the horizontal. Derive an expression for the
distance R to the point of impact.

2𝑢2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑅= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
g

Solution
1
𝑦 = −𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = −𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 2g𝑡 2

𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 /𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑡

𝑡 = 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃/𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

1
−𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡 − 2g𝑡 2

𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
−𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − g( )
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑅2 g 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
−𝑅 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + )=− 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑅g 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

= 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

 13

1 𝑅g 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2𝑢2
𝑅= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
g 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 g

Example5

A long jumper approaches his takeoff board A with a horizontal velocity of

10 m/sec. Determine the vertical component 𝑣𝑦 of the velocity of his center
of gravity at takeoff for him to make the jump shown. What is the vertical rise
h of his center of gravity?

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

 14

Solution

𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑡 cos 𝜃 (1)

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 – g𝑡

1 2
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 – g𝑡
2
At position B 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
0 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 – g𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡 =
g

𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1

𝑦= ℎ =𝑢 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 – g ( ) = (1 − )
g 2 g g 2

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ℎ=
2𝑔

From eq (1)
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑆 = 𝑢 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
g 2g

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
2𝑆 = 2 ( ) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 (𝑆 + 𝑆 )
2g

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 2 (𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )(𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

2𝑆 = =
g g

𝑏𝑢𝑡 2𝑆 = 7.5𝑚 , 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 , 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑣𝑦 𝐴

2.5 𝑔 7.5 ( 9.81 )

𝑠𝑜 𝑣𝑦 𝐴 = = = 3.67875 𝑚/𝑠
2 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 × 10
𝑢2 sin2 𝜃 𝑣𝑦2 (3.67875)2
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 ℎ= = = = 0.686 𝑚
2g 2g 2 × 9.81
𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝑎𝑡 𝑐 𝑣𝑦𝐶 = 𝑣𝑦𝐵 − g𝑡 = 0 − g = −𝑣𝑦𝐴 = 3.67875 𝑚/𝑠
g

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

 15

𝑣𝑦𝐴
𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑚
𝑎𝑡 𝐵 𝑣𝑦𝐵 = ⏞
𝑢 sin 𝜃 − g𝑡 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃 − g =0
g 𝑠

Another method Broad jumper

𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑆 𝑥
= = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑡
2 2
𝑆/2 7.5/2
𝑡= = = 0.375 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10
𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑣𝑦1 – g𝑡

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan

 16

𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = g𝑡

𝑣𝑦1 = ( 9.81 ) ( 0.375 ) = 3.68 𝑚/𝑠

1 2
𝑦 = ℎ = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑡 − g𝑡
2
1
= ( 3.68 ) ( 0.375 ) − ( 9.81 ) ( 0.375)2 = 0.690 𝑚
2
𝑣𝑦3 = 𝑣𝑦2 – 𝑔𝑡 = 0 – 9.81 (0.375) = − 3.68 𝑚/𝑠

Assist. Prof. Dr.Eng.Kadim K.M. AlTurshan