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    Suitability of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbines

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    Kamrul Hasan
    This document compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines and their suitability for different operating conditions based on water head and flow rate. Pelton turbines are suitable for high head and low flow applications due to the high velocity impulse force of their water jets. Kaplan turbines are best for low head and high flow due to the reaction force produced by their curved blades. Francis turbines operate under a wide range of intermediate head and flow conditions using both impulse and reaction forces. Selection graphs show the operating ranges of each turbine type.

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    Suitability of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbines

    Uploaded by

    Kamrul Hasan
    90 views2 pages
    This document compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines and their suitability for different operating conditions based on water head and flow rate. Pelton turbines are suitable for high head and low flow applications due to the high velocity impulse force of their water jets. Kaplan turbines are best for low head and high flow due to the reaction force produced by their curved blades. Francis turbines operate under a wide range of intermediate head and flow conditions using both impulse and reaction forces. Selection graphs show the operating ranges of each turbine type.

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    turbine comparison+draft

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    This document compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines and their suitability for different operating conditions based on water head and flow rate. Pelton turbines are suitable for high head and low flow applications due to the high velocity impulse force of their water jets. Kaplan turbines are best for low head and high flow due to the reaction force produced by their curved blades. Francis turbines operate under a wide range of intermediate head and flow conditions using both impulse and reaction forces. Selection graphs show the operating ranges of each turbine type.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    90 views2 pages

    Suitability of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbines

    Uploaded by

    Kamrul Hasan
    This document compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines and their suitability for different operating conditions based on water head and flow rate. Pelton turbines are suitable for high head and low flow applications due to the high velocity impulse force of their water jets. Kaplan turbines are best for low head and high flow due to the reaction force produced by their curved blades. Francis turbines operate under a wide range of intermediate head and flow conditions using both impulse and reaction forces. Selection graphs show the operating ranges of each turbine type.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    Suitability of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan

    turbines
    In Pelton pure impulse force of the water jet is responsible for the rotation of the impeller.
    Water stored at high altitude can produce high impose force due to its high velocity. So Pelton
    turbines are suitable for operation when water energy is available at high head and low flow
    rate.

    Whereas Kaplan turbines are suitable for the reverse case. In Kaplan reaction force is produced
    by airfoil action of the runner blades. A high water flow guarantees efficient production of
    reaction force. So when water is available and high flow rate and low head, Kaplan turbine is
    the best choice. Following is the operating condition preferable for Kaplan turbines.
     Head = 2-25 m
     Flow rate = 70-800 m3/s

    Francis turbine comes in between for medium head to medium flow rate applications.
    Following is the operating condition Francis turbine is suitable for.
     Head = 45-400 m
     Flow rate = 10-700 m3/s
    Francis turbine is not a pure reaction turbine a portion the force comes from the impulse
    action also. The specially curved impeller blades of Francis turbine extract energy from the
    water via reaction and impulse action.

    Turbine Selection graph


    The following graph gives a clear idea about when to use which turbine depending upon the
    available water head and flow rate. It is obvious that Francis turbine covers a wide range of
    operating conditions or they can work efficiently under wide range of operating conditions.

    Fig.5 Head verses Flow rate graph where each turbine is suitable for operation
    This is why Francis turbine is the most preferred hydraulic turbine. The following graph shows
    variation of turbine efficiency as a function of specific speed of the turbine. If you use a
    turbine out if it's recommended operating range it will work but less efficiently.

    Fig.6 Variation of each turbine efficiency as a function of the speicif speed

    It is also interesting to note the direction a fluid flow with respect to the axis of rotation in
    each case. In Pelton the jet flow is tangential to the axis of rotation. In Kaplan fluid flow
    through the runner is axial in nature. While in Francis, fluid enters radially and leaves axially;
    they are also referred as mixed flow turbines.

    What is draft tube? working principle of draft tube in turbine


    The draft tube is a conduit which connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is
    being finally discharged from the turbine. The primary function of the draft tube is to reduce
    the velocity of the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet.

     The primary purpose of the draft tube is to monitor the influx of water. 

     The draft tube converts a large portion of the kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine
    into useful pressure energy. Without the draft tube the kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the
    turbine will go waste to the tail race.

     The draft tube prevents the splashing of water coming out of the runner and guides the water to
    the tail race.

     It permits negative head to be established at the outlet of the runner and thereby increase the
    net head on the turbine . 

     Reduce the velocity of the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet.

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