TUGAS III

FISIKA ZAT PADAT I

OLEH :

SEPRIANT

(F1B119036

JURUSAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

ALAM UNIVERSITAS HALU OLEO

KENDARI

2020
Soal :

1. Vibrations of square lattice. We consider transverse vibrations of a planar square lattice of rows and
columns of identical atoms, and let 𝑢𝑙.𝑚 denote the displacement normal to the plan of the lattice of
the atom in the 𝑙th column and 𝑚th row (Fig. 13). The mass of each atom is 𝑀, and 𝐶 is the force
constant for nearest neighbor atoms.
a) Show that the equation of motion is

𝑀(𝑑2𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑑𝑡2) = 𝐶[(𝑢𝑙+𝑙.𝑚 + 𝑢𝑙−𝑙.𝑚 − 2𝑢𝑙𝑚) + (𝑢𝑙.𝑚+𝑙 + 𝑢𝑙.𝑚−𝑙 − 2𝑢𝑙𝑚)]

b) Assume solutions of the form

𝑢𝑙𝑚 = 𝑢(0) exp[𝑖(𝑙𝐾𝑥𝑎 + 𝑚𝐾𝑦𝑎 − 𝜔𝑡)]

Where 𝑎 is the spacing between nearest-neighbor atoms. Show that the equation of motion
is satisfied if

𝜔2𝑀 = 2𝐶(2 − cos 𝐾𝑥𝑎 − cos 𝐾𝑦𝑎)

This is the dispersion relation for the problem c) Show that the region of 𝐾 space for which
independent solutions exist may be taken as a square of side 2𝜋/𝑎. This the first Brillouin
zone of the square lattice. Sketch 𝜔 versus 𝐾 for 𝐾 = 𝐾𝑥 with 𝐾𝑦 = 0, and for 𝐾𝑥 = 𝐾𝑦. d) For
𝐾𝑎 ≪ 1, show that

𝜔 = (𝐶𝑎2⁄𝑀)1⁄2(𝐾2 + 𝐾2)1⁄2 = (𝐶𝑎2⁄𝑀)1⁄2𝐾

𝑥 𝑦

So that in this limit the velocity is constant.

2. Monatomic linear lattice. Consider a longitudinal wave

𝑢𝑠 = 𝑢 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑠𝐾𝑎)

Which propagates in a monoatomic linear lattice of atoms of mass 𝑀, spacing 𝑎, and nearest-
neighbor interaction 𝐶.
a) Show that the total energy of the wave is

1
( ⁄ )2 1 ( )2
𝐸=2𝑀∑ − 2 𝐶 ∑ 𝑢𝑠 − 𝑢𝑠+1
𝑑𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑠

Where 𝑠 runs over all atoms.

b) By substitution of 𝑢𝑠 in this expression, show that the time-average energy per atom is
1 1 1
𝑀𝜔 + 𝐶2 (1 − cos 𝐾𝑎)𝑢2 = 𝑀𝜔 2
4𝑢2 2𝑢2
 Where in the last step we have used the dispersion relation (9) for this problem.
3. Continuum wave equation. Show that for long wavelengths the equation of motion (2) reduces to
the continuum elastic wave equation
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝜕𝑡2 = 𝑣
2
𝜕𝑥2

Where 𝑣 is the velocity of sound.

4. Basis of two unlike atoms. For the problem by (18) to (26), find the amplitude rations for thw two
branches at 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋⁄𝑎. Show that at this value of 𝐾 the two lattices act as if decoupled: one lattice
remains at rest while the other lattice moves.
5. Kohn anomaly. We suppose that the interplanar force constant 𝐶𝑝 between planes 𝑠 and 𝑠 + 𝑝 is of
the form

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐴 sin 𝑝𝑘0𝑎
𝑝𝑎

Where A and 𝑘0 are constants and 𝑝 runs over all integers. Such a form is expected in metals. Use this
and Eq. (16a) to find an expression for 𝜔2 and also for 𝜕𝜔2⁄𝜕𝐾. Prove that 𝜕𝐾 is infinite when
𝐾 = 𝑘0. Thus a plot of 𝜔2 versus 𝐾 or of 𝜔 versus 𝐾 has a vertical tangent at 𝑘0: there is a kink at 𝑘0
in the phonon dispersion relation 𝜔(𝐾).

JAWAB

1. a) Tunjukan bahwa persamaan gaya adalah sebagai berikut

M(d2Ulm/dt2) = C[[(Ul+1m-Ulm) + (Ul-lm-Ulm)] + [(Ulm+1-Ulm) + (Ulm-1-Ulm)]]

= C[(Ul+1m-Ulm) + (Ul-lm-Ulm)] + C[(Ulm+1-Ulm) + (Ulm-1-Ulm)]

= C[(Ul+1m+Ul-1m-2Ulm)] + C[(Ulm+1+Ulm-1-2Ulm)]

= C[[(Ul+1m+Ul-1m-2Ulm)] + [(Ulm+1+Ulm-1-2Ulm)]]
M(d2Ulm) = +U -2U ] + [U +U -2U ]]
C[[U
2 l+1m l- 1m lm lm+1 lm-1 lm
dt

b) Asumsikan bahwa persamaan posisi

2
∫ ω dt2 = ∫ 2(2 − cos kx− cos ky a)dt2
 c) Tunjukan persamaan gaya sebaga berikut
2
∫ ω dt2 = ∫(4 − 2 cos kx a − 2cos ky a)dt2

ωt = Ulm exp (i(lkxa + mky a)

0 = Ulm exp (i(lkxa + mky a) )– ωt U(0)

= Ulm exp (i(lkxa + mky a) )– ωt U0 =

Ulm exp (i(lkxa + mky a – ωt))

Posisi → Ulm = U0 exp (i(lkxa + mky a – ωt)) Percepatan

→ a = ωt2 = 2(2 – cos kx a – cos ky a)

Persamaan gaya = F= m.a

m. ωt2 2C(2 – cos kx a – cos ky a)

2. Persamaa garis lurus monoatomik. Perhatikan gelombang longitudonal

Us = U cos (ωt - ska)

a) tunjuian bahwa energy total pada persamaan gelombang ini adalah

1 1 2
m ∑(du/ dt)2
2 − 2 C ∑( Us − Us+1)
s s

V = ∑s( du/dt)2

mg = 1 C
2

h = ∑s(Us − Us+1)2

Etotal = Ek - Ep

= 1 mv2 − mgh
2
=1m∑ 2
1 ∑(U −U )2 s+1
2 s(du/ dt) − 2 C s s

b) dari persamaan Us. tujukan bahawa waktu rata-rata energy total per atom adalah
2
1 1 2

4 + 2 C(1 − cos ka)U

M
ω
2

U
 1 Mω2U2 2
=
1 =1
Mω2U2 1 2
+ 2 C(C − cos ka)U
4 M
ω
2
U
2

2
1
Mω2U2 + 1 1 Mω2U2 = 1 Mω2U2

4 22 2
1 +1
Mω2U2

4 M
ω
2
U
2

=
1
M
ω
2
U
2

4
2
1
Mω2U2 = 1 Mω2U2

2 2

3. Persamaan gelombang kontiniu. Tunjukan bahwa untuk panjang gelombang persamaan gerak

(2) mengurangi ke persamaan gelombang elastic kontiniu.

𝜕2𝑢 �
2 �
Dimana v2 = 𝜕𝑡 2

vs2 a = 𝜕2𝑢 �
�
� �
�
�
2 =
�
m = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 �
2

F = A (𝜎(𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) − 𝜎
(𝑥)) �
�
= 𝐴(𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸 𝜕𝗌dx) �
�
2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
m.a = F
=A (𝐸 𝜕 𝜕2𝑢
(𝑑𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥2
 ).dx A

𝜕2𝑈 𝜕2𝑈
𝜌 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 =𝐸 𝑑𝑥 𝐴
𝜕𝑡2 𝜕𝑥2
𝜕2𝑈 𝜕2𝑈
𝜌
𝜕𝑡2 = 𝐸 𝜕𝑥2

2 2
( 𝜌) 𝜕
𝑈 =𝐸𝜕 𝑈
𝐸 𝜕𝑡2 𝜕𝑥2
2 2
1 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
( 2 2
= 2
1/𝑣 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑈 𝜕2𝑈
= 𝑣2
𝜕𝑡2 𝑠
𝜕𝑥2
𝜕2𝑈 �
𝜕𝑥𝑡 2 �
2

�
�
=
�
�
2

�
�
�
�
2