Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Holy Angel University

School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

Ultimate Stress
Design - Flexure
Module 3 – Reinforced Concrete Design

Objective Upon completing this section, students should be able to know the
concept of Ultimate and apply the theories in investigating and
designing a reinforced beams.

Content 

Advantages and Disadvantages of USD Method
Assumptions in RC Beams in USD
 Types of RC Beam Failures
 Derivation of Beam Expressions
 Load Factors
 Strength Reduction Factors in RC Beams
 Investigation and Design of Beams
 Singly Reinforced Beams
 Doubly Reinforced Beams

Activities During the module, students will perform graded activities to measure
their progress during the course; Quiz, class discussion, practice
problems.

Readings Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by J.C Mccormac

Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. I.R Bonzon
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 Edition

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

since 1963, the ultimate strength design method has rapidly gained popularity because;

 it makes use of a more rational approach than does working stress design
 a more realistic consideration of safety is used
 it provides more economical designs,

Advantages of USD Method:

 More rational approach than WSD

 It takes into consideration the nonlinear shape of the stress-strain diagram.

 More realistic consideration of safety is used

 Load factors are present in strength design
 More consistent theory all through out the design

 Provides more economical designs

 Flexible designs
 Percentage of steel varies

Assumptions in using USD Method:

 plane sections before bending remains plane after bending.
 at ultimate capacity, strain and stress are not proportional.
 strain in the concrete is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
 tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural computations.
 the ultimate strain of concrete is 0.003.
 the modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel is 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
 the maximum compressive stress in the concrete is 0.85f’𝑐 .
 the ultimate tensile stress in the reinforcement must not exceed the specified tensile stress of steel,
𝑓𝑦

Types of Reinforced Concrete Beam Failures:

1. Balanced Section - Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also reaches
yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending are called balanced
sections.

2. Under-Reinforced Reinforced Concrete Beams - Area of the tension reinforcement used in the
beam is less than that required for the balanced strain condition.

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

3. Over-Reinforced Concrete Beams - Concrete crushes before steel yields and concrete failure is
sudden since it is a brittle material.

Derivation of Beam Expression

The ultimate strength design takes into consideration of the non-linear shape of the stress-diagram.

Whitney replaced the curved stress block with an equivalent rectangular block of intensity 0.85𝑓’𝑐
and depth 𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐 as shown. The area of this rectangular block should equal that of the curved
stress block, and the centroids of the two blocks should coincide.

Where:
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at ultimate strength
a = depth of the compression block
𝛽1 = numerical coefficient used for the relationship of “c” and “a”

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

When: (NSCP, Sec.410.3.7.3)

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝛽1 = 0.85

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 ( )
7

𝑏𝑢𝑡

𝛽1 ≥ 0.65

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

via Ratio and Proportion, we can;

Since C = T;

By multiplying “d” in both numerator and denominator

But the steel percentage can be calculated as;

Since 𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 ;

The balanced steel ratio is now;

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Maximum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

Design of Reinforced Concrete author J. Mccormac suggested that the maximum strain for the tension
steel when the concrete strain reaches 0.003 is 0.005. Using this philosophy the suggested maximum steel
ratio is:

When;

𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦  Tension Steel Yields; (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 )

𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦  Tension Steel does not Yield; (𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 )

Minimum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

Sometimes because of architectural or functional requirements, beam dimensions are selected that are
much larger than are required for bending alone. Such members theoretically require very small amount
of reinforcing. There is actually another possible mode of failure that can occur in very lightly reinforced
beams. If the ultimate resisting moment of the section is less than its cracking moments, the section will
fall immediately when a crack occurs without any warning.

Load Factors
In the ASCE-ACI report, all of the factors of safety in ultimate strength design was provided for extensibility
in the load factor. That is, the service loads were increased by some multiple and the idealized capacity, or
ultimate strength, of the member had to be equal to or greater than this assumed loading.

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Idealized capacity (ϕU) = ultimate load (c1ω1 + c2ω2)

U = 1.4(D+F) (1)

U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.50(LI or R) (2)

U = 1.2D + 1.6(L1 or R) + (1.0L or 0.80W) (3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.50 (L1 or R) (4)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E+ 1.0L (5)

U = 0.90D + 1.6W + 1.6H (6)

U = 0.90D + 1.0E + 1.6H (7)
where;

D = dead load
L = live load
LI = impact loads
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures
W = wind load
L = rain load on the deflected roof
E = earthquake load
H = earth pressure
T = structural effects brought about by settlement, creep,

shrinkage, expansion or temperature change.

Strength Reduction Factors

The purpose of the strength reduction factors are as follows;
 Uncertainties of materials strength
 Approximations in analysis
 Possible variations in dimensions
 Placement of Reinforcement
 Workmanship

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

- Tension Controlled when: 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005

- Compression Controlled when: 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002

- Transition Zone when: 0.005 ≥ 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.002

USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

The present design of reinforced concrete structures is based on the concept of providing sufficient
strength to resist hypothetical overloads. The nominal strength of a proposed member is calculated, based
on the knowledge of the member and material behavior. The nominal strength is modified by a strength
reduction factor, ϕ, less than unity, to obtain the strength.

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Singly Reinforced Beam

1.) Identify if the tension steel will yield or not (𝑓𝑠 , 𝑓𝑦 )

2.) Determine the height of the compression block (a, c)

3.) Compute for the value of 𝑓𝑠

4.) Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑡 ∅)

5.) Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

6.) Get the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 )

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 1: Investigation

Calculate the design moment strength of a

rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm and
an effective depth of 550 mm and it is reinforced
with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.

Given:

𝑓′𝑐 = 21.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 2: Investigation

A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective

cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm ϕ bars. If the super
imposed dead load is equal to 47.6 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the
beam. Assume concrete cover to be 50 mm.
Given:

𝑓′𝑐 = 28.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 3: Investigation

The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported

span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced with 6-
25mm ϕ bars position in two rows, as shown.
Determine the allowable uniform live load that the
beam can accommodate considering the total acting
dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 4: Design

A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a

simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load
moment of 120 kN-m, a live load 160 kN-m, and a
moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m.
Design the beam.

𝑓′𝑐 = 35.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

- The steel that is occasionally used on the compressive side of beams is called compression steel and beams
with both tensile and compressive steel are referred to as doubly-reinforced beams.
- Compression steel is not normally required in sections designed by the strength method because the use
of the full compressive strength of the concrete decidedly decrease the need for such reinforcement.

- Occasionally, however, beams are limited to such small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements that
compression steel is needed in addition to tensile steel.

- To get the Nominal Moment Capacity (𝑀𝑛 ) of the beam, simply take a moment on the point where the
tension bars are located.

- The maximum area of tension steel bar is equivalent to;

Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Doubly Reinforced Beam

1. Assume that the compression and tension steel yields

2. Determine the height of the compression block (a, c)

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

3. Identify if the compression and the tension steel will yield or not (𝜀𝑠 ′, 𝜀𝑠 )

4. Compute for the value of (𝑓𝑠 and 𝑓𝑠 ′)

5. Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑠 , ∅)

6. Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

7. Get the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 )

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 1: Investigation

A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm

and an effective depth of 600 mm. The steel covering both
of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is
reinforced for tension with 4000 mm2 and for compression
with 1200 mm2. Determine the permissible ultimate moment
capacity of the beam

Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 25.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 2: Investigation

Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the

beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the steel
bar equivalent to 65 mm.

Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 3: Investigation

A rectangular beam is limited to a width of 300 mm, an

effective depth of 400 mm and a total depth of 450 mm.
The beam carries a live load of 40 kN/m and a total dead
load of 20 kN/m on a simple span of 6.0 meter.
Determine the necessary reinforcement assuming a steel
cover of 50 mm.

Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 30.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 a.) Assume Yield

1.) Get the value of the height of the compression block “a”.
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦)
𝜋
0.85(21𝑀𝑃𝑎)(𝒂 𝑚𝑚)(250 𝑚𝑚) = ( ) (4)(20 𝑚𝑚)2 (420 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
4
𝑎 = 118.2717 𝑚𝑚

2.) Get the distance of the Neutral Axis from the top of the compression block “c”.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
118.2717 𝑚𝑚
𝑐=
0.85
𝑐 = 139.1432 𝑚𝑚

3.) Check if the steel yields or not.

𝑓𝑠
( ) 0.003
200,000
=
(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑐
600
𝑓𝑠 = (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑐

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = (550 − 139.1432 𝑚𝑚)
139.1432 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 1771.6573 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐿 𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷𝑆 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝.

𝑎 = 118.2717 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑐 = 139.1432 𝑚𝑚

4.) Determine the reduction factor, 𝜙.

𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) 1771.6573 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜀𝑠 = =
𝐸𝑠 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑠 = 0.0089
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜀𝑠 > 0.005 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 → 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎

5.) Determine the Nominal Moment Capacity, 𝑀𝑛

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇) (𝑑 − )
2
′
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2
118.2717 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(118.2717 𝑚𝑚)(250.00 𝑚𝑚) (550 𝑚𝑚 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 259.0720 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 259.0720 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑜𝑟

𝜋 118.2717 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = ( ) (4)(20 𝑚𝑚)2 (420 𝑀𝑃𝑎) (550 𝑚𝑚 − )
4 2
6
𝑀𝑛 = 259.0720 𝑥 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 259.0720 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

6.) Determine the Ultimate Moment Capacity, 𝑀𝑢

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = (0.90)(259.0720 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 1.) Get the value of the height of the compression block “a”. Assume yield.
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦)
𝜋
0.85(28 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(𝒂 𝑚𝑚)(300 𝑚𝑚) = ( ) (6)(28 𝑚𝑚)2 (420 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
4
𝑎 = 217.3243 𝑚𝑚

2.) Get the distance of the Neutral Axis from the top of the compression block “c”.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
217.3243 𝑚𝑚
𝑐=
0.85
𝑐 = 255.6756 𝑚𝑚

3.) Check if the steel yields or not.

𝑓𝑠
(200,000 ) 0.003
=
(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑐
600
𝑓𝑠 = (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑐
600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = (400 − 255.6756 𝑚𝑚)
255.6756 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑠 = 338.6893 𝑚𝑚

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐿 𝐷𝑂𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 "𝑎" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 "𝑐"

1.) Get the distance of the Neutral Axis from the top of the compression block “c”. Tension Steel does not yield.
(𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 )
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦)
600
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐)(𝑏) = 𝐴𝑠 [ 𝑐
(𝑑 − 𝑐)]

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 𝜋 600
0.85(28 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(0.85)(𝒄 𝑚𝑚)(300 𝑚𝑚) = ( ) (6)(28 𝑚𝑚)2 [ (400 − 𝑐)]
4 𝑐
𝑐 = 240.9928 𝑚𝑚

2.) Get the value of the height of the compression block “a”. Assume yield.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑎 = (0.85)(240.9928 𝑚𝑚)
𝑎 = 204.8439 𝑚𝑚

3.) Check if the steel yields or not.

𝑓𝑠
( ) 0.003
200,000
=
(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑐
600
𝑓𝑠 = (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑐
600
𝑓𝑠 = (400 𝑚𝑚 − 240.9928)
240.9928
𝑓𝑠 = 395.8804 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐿 𝐷𝑂𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝.

𝑎 = 204.8439 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑐 = 240.9928 𝑚𝑚

4.) Determine the reduction factor, 𝜙.

𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) 395.8804 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜀𝑠 = =
𝐸𝑠 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑠 = 0.0020
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜀𝑠 ≤ 0.002 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 → 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓

5.) Determine the Nominal Moment Capacity, 𝑀𝑛

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇) (𝑑 − )
2
′
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2
204.8439 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(28 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(204.8439 𝑚𝑚)(300.00 𝑚𝑚) (400 𝑚𝑚 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 435.2333 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 435.2333 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑜𝑟

𝜋 204.8439 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = ( ) (6)(28 𝑚𝑚)2 (420 𝑀𝑃𝑎) (400 𝑚𝑚 − )
4 2
𝑀𝑛 = 435.2333 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 435.2333 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

6.) Determine the Ultimate Moment Capacity, 𝑀𝑢

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = (0.65)(435.2333 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)
USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE
 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀𝑢 = → 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
2
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.60𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑤𝑑𝑙 = 𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + 𝑤𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (0.30𝑚)(0.45𝑚) (24 3 )
𝑚
𝑤𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3.24 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑢 (5.0)2
282.9016 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 =
2
𝑤𝑢 = 22.6321 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
22.6321 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 1.20(4.76 + 3.24) + 1.60(𝑤𝐿𝐿 )

𝒘𝑳𝑳 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

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 𝑑1 = 450 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑑2 = 400 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 𝑇 𝑑 = 𝐴1 𝑑1 + 𝐴2 𝑑2
6𝐴𝑏 𝑑 = 4𝐴𝑏 (450 𝑚𝑚) + 2𝐴𝑏 (400 𝑚𝑚)
𝑑 = 433.3333 𝑚𝑚

1.) Get the value of the height of the compression block “a”. Assume yield.
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦)
𝜋
0.85(30 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(𝒂 𝑚𝑚)(300 𝑚𝑚) = ( ) (6)(28 𝑚𝑚)2 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
4
𝑎 = 183.1771 𝑚𝑚

2.) Get the distance of the Neutral Axis from the top of the compression block “c”.
𝑓𝑐′ − 28
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐′ > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 [ ]
7
𝛽1 = 0.8357
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
183.1771 𝑚𝑚
𝑐=
0.8357
𝑐 = 231.1560 𝑚𝑚

3.) Check if the steel yields or not.

𝑓𝑠
(200,000 ) 0.003
=
(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑐
600
𝑓𝑠 = (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑐
600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = (433.3333 𝑚𝑚 − 231.1560 𝑚𝑚)
231.1560 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑠 = 524.7814 𝑀𝑃𝑎

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐿 𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷𝑠 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

4.) Determine the reduction factor, 𝜙.

𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) 524.7814 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜀𝑠 = =
𝐸𝑠 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑠 = 0.0026
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 0.005 > 𝜀𝑠 > 0.002 → 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒
250 250
𝜙 = 0.65 + (𝜀𝑠 − 0.002) ( ) = 0.65 + (0.0026 − 0.002) ( )
3 3
𝜙 = 0.70

5.) Determine the Nominal Moment Capacity, 𝑀𝑛

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇) (𝑑 − )
2
′
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2
183.1771 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(30 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(183.1771 𝑚𝑚)(300.00 𝑚𝑚) (433.3333 𝑚𝑚 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 497.6431 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 497.6431 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑜𝑟

𝜋 183.1771 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = ( ) (6)(28 𝑚𝑚)2 (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎) (433.3333 𝑚𝑚 − )
4 2
𝑀𝑛 = 497.6431 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 497.6431 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

6.) Determine the Ultimate Moment Capacity, 𝑀𝑢

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = (0.70)(497.6431 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)

𝑀𝑢 = 348.3502 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝑢 =
8
[1.20(20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚) + 1.60𝑤𝐿𝐿 ](6.0 𝑚)2
348.3502 =
8

𝒘𝑳𝑳 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 𝑆𝑐 = 50 𝑚𝑚

1.) Assume a value of 𝜌 that is allowed by the code.

3 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ]
7 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑐′ − 28
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐′ > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 ( )
7
𝛽1 = 0.80

3 0.85(35)(0.80)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ]
7 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0255

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑓𝑦 400
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035

√𝑓𝑐′ √35
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
4𝑓𝑦 4(400)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0037

∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0037

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

∴ 𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝜌 = 0.011

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 2.) Determine the Maximum applied moment in the beam.

𝑀𝑢 = 1.20𝐷𝐿 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.0𝐿𝐿 → 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑀𝑢 = 1.20(120) + 1.0(280) + 1.0(160)
𝑀𝑢 = 584 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

3.) Determine the value of the section modulus

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑; 𝜙 = 0.90

(0.011)(400)
584𝑥106 = (0.90)(0.011)(400)(𝑏𝑑2 ) [1 − ]
1.7(35)
𝑏𝑑2 = 159.25𝑥106 𝑚𝑚3

4.) Determine the dimension of the beam

𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏 =
2
𝑑3
= 159.25𝑥106
2
𝑑 = 682.9218 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 700.00 𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 750.00 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 350.00 𝑚𝑚

5.) Get the applied moment while considering the Self-Weight of the beam

𝑤𝑑𝑙 = 0.35𝑚 𝑥 0.75𝑚 𝑥 24𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 6.3𝑘𝑁/𝑚

(6.3)(6)2
𝑀𝑢 = 584 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 + [ ]
8
𝑀𝑢 = 618.02 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

6.) Check if the dimension and steel ratio can resist the applied moment

𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐′
(0.011)(400)
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = (0.90)(0.011)(400)(350)(700)2 [1 − ]
1.7(35)
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 628.9180 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜙𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑢 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 7.) Determine the value of 𝐴𝑠 .

𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑

𝐴𝑠 = (0.011)(350)(700)
𝐴𝑠 = 2695 𝑚𝑚2

𝑈𝑠𝑒 25 − 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
2695 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋
(25)2
4
2695 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝜋 = 5.49
(25)2
4

∴ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 6 − 25𝑚𝑚𝜙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 1.) Determine if the beam is SRB or DRB.

𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝐴𝑠 4000 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 300 𝑚𝑚( 600 𝑚𝑚)
𝜌 = 0.0222
𝛽1 = 0.85 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
3 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 3 0.85 𝑥 25 𝑥 0.85
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )= ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 420
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01843

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

2.) Assume that the compression and tension steel yields

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

3.) Determine the height of the compression block and the location of the N.A (𝑎, 𝑐)
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 ′ = 𝑇

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

0.85(25)(𝑎)(300) + (1200)(420) = (4000)(420)
𝑎 = 184.4706 𝑚𝑚

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 𝑎 184.4706 𝑚𝑚
𝑐= =
𝛽1 0.85
𝑐 = 217.0242 𝑚𝑚

4.) Identify if the compression and tension steel will yield or not (𝜀𝑠′ , 𝜀𝑠 )

𝜀𝑠 0.003 𝑓𝑠
= → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑠 =
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 𝐸𝑠
600(𝑑 − 𝑐) 600(600𝑚𝑚 − 217.0242𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑠 = =
𝑐 217.0242𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 1058.8011 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝜀𝑠 ′ 0.003 𝑓𝑠 ′
= → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑠′ =
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐 𝐸𝑠
′
600(𝑐 − 𝑑 ) 600(217.0242𝑚𝑚 − 50 𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑠 ′ = =
𝑐 217.0242𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠′ = 461.7666 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠′ > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡!

5.) Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑠 , ∅)

𝑓𝑠 1058.8011 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑠 = = = 0.00529
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜀𝑠 > 0.005 → 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝜙 = 0.90

6.) Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
′
2
184.4706
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(25)(184.4706 )(300) (600 − ) + (1200)(420)(600 − 50)
2
𝑀𝑛 = 874.3313 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

7.) Get the ultimate moment capacity (𝑀𝑢 )

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 ( 874.3313 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 1.) Determine if the beam is SRB or DRB.

𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 5 ( ) (32)2 = 1280𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 3 ( ) (22)2 = 363𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
′
4

𝐴𝑠 1280 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 300 𝑚𝑚( 535 𝑚𝑚)
𝜌 = 0.0251
30 − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 ( ) → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑐′ > 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
7
𝛽1 = 0.8357
3 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 3 0.85 𝑥 30 𝑥 0.8357
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )= ( )
7 𝑓𝑦 7 420
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0217

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

2.) Assume that the compression and tension steel yields

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

3.) Determine the height of the compression block and the location of the N.A (𝑎, 𝑐)
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 ′ = 𝑇

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

0.85(30)(𝑎)(300) + (363𝜋)(420) = (1280𝜋)(420)
𝑎 = 158.1638 𝑚𝑚

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 𝑎 158.1638 𝑚𝑚
𝑐= =
𝛽1 0.8357
𝑐 = 189.2591 𝑚𝑚

4.) Identify if the compression and tension steel will yield or not (𝜀𝑠′ , 𝜀𝑠 )

𝜀𝑠 0.003 𝑓𝑠
= → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑠 =
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 𝐸𝑠
600(𝑑 − 𝑐) 600(535𝑚𝑚 − 189.2591 𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑠 = =
𝑐 189.2591 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 1096.0880 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝜀𝑠 ′ 0.003 𝑓𝑠 ′
= → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑠′ =
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐 𝐸𝑠
600(𝑐 − 𝑑′ ) 600(189.2591 𝑚𝑚 − 65 𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑠 ′ = =
𝑐 189.2591 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠′ = 393.9332 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 & 𝑐

600(𝑐−𝑑 ′ )
5.) Recompute the value of a & c, where 𝑓𝑠 ′ =
𝑐
′)
600(𝑐 − 𝑑
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐)𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 [ ] = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑐
600(𝑐 − 𝑑′ )
0.85(30)(0.8357)(𝑐)(300) + (363𝜋) [ ] = (1280𝜋)(420)
𝑐
𝑐 = 193.1655 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.8357 ( 193.1655 𝑚𝑚)

𝑎 = 161.4284 𝑚𝑚

Identify if the compression and tension steel will yield or not (𝜀𝑠′ , 𝜀𝑠 )

𝜀𝑠 0.003 𝑓𝑠
= → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑠 =
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 𝐸𝑠
600(𝑑 − 𝑐) 600(535𝑚𝑚 − 193.1655 𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑠 = =
𝑐 193.1655 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 1061.7878 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝜀𝑠 ′ 0.003 𝑓𝑠 ′
= → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑠′ =
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐 𝐸𝑠
600(𝑐 − 𝑑′ ) 600(193.1655 𝑚𝑚 − 65 𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑠 ′ = =
𝑐 193.1655 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠′ = 398.1006 𝑀𝑃𝑎

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝑎 = 161.4284 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 193.1655 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 1061.7878 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠′ = 398.1006 𝑀𝑃𝑎

6.) Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑠 , ∅)

𝑓𝑠 1061.7878 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑠 = = = 0.0053
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜀𝑠 > 0.005 → 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝜙 = 0.90

7.) Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
′
2
161.4284
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(30)(161.4284 )(300) (535 − ) + (363𝜋)(393.1006)(535 − 65)
2
𝑀𝑛 = 771.7067 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

8.) Get the ultimate moment capacity (𝑀𝑢 )

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 ( 771.7067 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟔𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

USD – FLEXURE ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

USD – T- BEAM
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs and beams that are placed
monolithically. As a result, the two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the beams have extra
widths at their tops, called flanges, and the resulting T-shaped beams are called T beams. The part of a
T beam below the slab is referred to as the web or stem. The beams may be L shaped if the stem is at
the end of a slab.

There is a problem involved in estimate how much of the slab acts as part of the beam. Should
the flanges of a T beams be rather stocky and compact in cross section, bending stresses will be fairly
uniformly distributed across the compression zone. If, however, the flanges are wide and thin, bending
stresses will vary quite a bit across the flange due to shear deformations. The farther a particular part of
the slab or flange is away from the stem, the smaller will be its bending stresses.

The analysis of T beams is quite similar to the analysis of rectangular beams in that the
specification relating to the strains in the reinforcement are identical. You will learn that 𝜀𝑆 values are
almost always much larger than 0.005 in T beams because of their very large compression flanges. For
such members, the values of “c” are normally very small, and calculated strains in the tension steel are
relatively large.

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Interior Beam ( Symmetrical Section)

1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 4 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 16𝑡
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

Edge Beam ( Beams with Slab on side only)

1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 12 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝑡
1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑏
2
*choose the smallest value of 𝒃𝒇

Case Analysis of Beams:

Case 1: When “a” is located in the thickness of the flange (a < t)

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 27

 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Case 2: When “a” exceeds the value of the thickness of flange (a < t)

Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Singly Reinforced T-Beam

1. Determine the effective width of the flange (𝑏𝑓 )

2. Assume that the tension steel will yield

3. Determine the area of the flange (𝐴𝑓 )

4. Using 𝛴𝐹𝐻 = 0, determine the area of the compression block (𝐴𝑐 )

5. Determine if the “a” exceeds the value of the flange thickness

6. Check if the tension steel yields (𝜀𝑠 , 𝜀𝑦 )

7. Compute for the reduction factor (∅)

8. Compute for the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

9. Compute for the ultimate moment capacity (𝑀𝑢 )

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 28

 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 1: Investigation

The T-beam in the floor system shown has a slab thickness of 100 mm which is supported by 6.0 meters
span length beam cast monolithically with the slab spacing of beams are 2.0 meters o.c and a web width
of 300 mm and effective depth of 600 mm. The beam is reinforced with 5-25mm ∅ bars.

Find the ultimate capacity of the beam.

Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 21.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 2: Investigation

A reinforced concrete T–beam has a flange width of 1000 mm,

a slab thickness of 100 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm.
The width of the stem is 300 mm and concrete cover is to be
50 mm. If the Area of steel in tension is 7280 mm2, investigate
the beam.

Given:

𝑓′𝑐 = 28.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

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 Module 3 – Ultimate Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

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Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 32