A Lens Is Defined As A Portion of A Refracting Medium Bordered by Two Curved Surfaces Which Have A Common Axis

Spherical Lenses
A lens is defined as a portion of a refracting medium bordered by two curved

surfaces which have a common axis.
When each surface forms part of a sphere, the lens is called a spherical lens.
Various forms of spherical lens are possible ,some having one plane surface. This
is acceptable because a plane surface can be thought of as part of a sphere of
infinite radius.
A convex lens causes convergence of incident light,
a concave lens causes divergence of incident light
The total vergence power of a spherical lens depends on the vergence power of
each surface
and the thickness of the lens
the nodal points
the principal axis: Is the straight line joining the center of the curvatures of 
the two curved surfaces of the lens.
Secondary axis: any other axis where the light ray pass through the nodal 
point undeviated.
Principal plane: a line perpendicular to the principal axis, intersecting with it 
at the principal point.
Nodal point(principal point):The point at which the principal plane and 
principal axis intersect, rays of light passing through the nodal point are
undeviated.
Optical center:it is the center of the lensm the light ray that pass through the 
optical center dosnot deviated also known as principal point.
The principal foci: rays of light can pass through the lens in any direction & 
hence there will be two principal foci on either side of the lens & referd to as
first & second principal focus of the lens.
The first principal focus, F1, is the point of origin of rays which, after refraction by the lens, are 
parallel to the principal axis. The distance F1N is the first focal length f1.
second principal focus: the Incident light parallel to the principal axis is converged to or diverged 
from it, F2. The distance F2N is the second focal length, f2. By the sign convention f2 has a positive
sign for the convex lens, and a negative sign for the concave lens.
Lenses are designated by their second focal length. Thus, convex or converging lenses are sometimes 
called 'plus lenses', and are marked with a +, while concave or diverging lenses are known as 'minus 
lenses' and are marked with a –. 
If the medium on either side of the lens is the same, e.g. air, then f1 = f2. However, if the second 
medium differs from the first, e.g. as in the case of a contact lens, then f1 will not equal f2 
Focus of the convex lens is real while that of the concave lens is virtual 
Dioptric Power of Lenses. Vergence
Lenses of shorter focal length are more powerful than lenses of longer focal length. Therefore 
the unit of lens power, the dioptre, is based on the reciprocal of the second focal length,
which expressed in metres, gives the vergence power of the lens in diopters (D)
where F is the vergence power of the lens in dioptres and f2 is the second focal length in 
metres.
Total vergence power of a spherical lens depends on
The vergence power of each surface & the thickness of the lens
In thin lens, the total power = the sum of 2 surfaces power 
In thick lens more complicated. 
Thin lens formula 

V= image distance 
U= object distance 
F2= focal distance 
For an object in any position, the image can be constructed using two rays : 
(1) A ray from the top of the object which passes through the principal point 
undeviated.
(2) A ray parallel to the principal axis, which after refraction passes through 
(convex) or away from (concave) the second principal focus.
Magnification Formulae
Linear Magnification
Angular Magnification
Linear magnification: is the ratio of image size to the object size 
where I is the image size, O is the object size, v is the distance of the image from the principal plane, 
and u is the distance of the object from the principal plane 
Angular Magnification 
In ophthalmic practice, actual image and object size are 
of less importance than the angle subtended at the eye 
because the angle subtended governs the retinal image size. 
Spherical Lens Decentration and Prism Power
Rays of light incident upon a lens outside its axial zone are deviated towards (convex lens) or away 
from (concave lens) the axis. Thus the peripheral portion of the lens acts as a prism. 
The refracting angle between the lens surfaces grows larger as the edge of the lens is approached. 
Thus the primatic effect increases towards the periphery of the lens.
Use of a non-axial portion of a lens to gain a prismatic effect is called decentration of the lens. 
Lens decentration is frequently employed in spectacles where a prism is to be incorporated. On the 
other hand, poor centration of spectacle lenses, especially high power lenses, may produce an
unwanted prismatic effect. This is a frequent cause of spectacle intolerance, especially in patients with
aphakia or high myopia.
It is thus of importance to be able to predict the prismatic power gained 
by decentring a spherical lens. 
This is given by the formula 
where P is the prismatic power in prism dioptres, 
F is the lens power in dioptres, 
and D is the decentration in centimetres. 
The increasing prismatic power of the more peripheral parts of a spherical lens 
is the underlying mechanism of spherical aberration .Furthermore, it causes the
troublesome ring scotoma and jack-in-the-box effect which give rise to great
difficulty to those wearing high-power spectacle lenses

A Lens Is Defined As A Portion of A Refracting Medium Bordered by Two Curved Surfaces Which Have A Common Axis

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Spherical Lenses

A lens is defined as a portion of a refracting medium bordered by two curved

Thin lens formula 

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