Review Handout Session8 Moving Vessels (4 Slides)

Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Linear Horizontal Acceleration
motion
If a mass of fluid moves horizontally along
W
a straight line at constant acceleration a,
REF the liquid surface assume an angle θ with
θ the horizontal.
N
The angle θ can be found by considering
θ
a fluid particle of mass m on the surface.
The forces acting on the particle are the
weight W = mg, inertia force or reverse
Relative Equilibrium in effective force REF = ma, and the normal
force N which is the perpendicular
Accelerated Liquids reaction at the surface.
tan θ = REF / W
REVIEW IN HYDRAULICS θ
W N tan θ = ma / mg
Engr. SiddArtha Valle | AY 2021-22 2nd Sem tan θ = a / g
REF
Review in Hydraulics: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Linear Vertical Acceleration Acceleration of a Fluid Mass along a Slope:
ΣFV = F - W ± REF = 0
The figure shows a tank containing a liquid aV aH
ΣFV = pA - γV ± ma = 0 θ a θ
accelerated vertically upwards. In this case the
𝛽 𝛽
surface of the liquid will remain horizontal. pA = γVol ± ma aH a aV
pA = γVol ± [(γVol / g) a]
The forces acting to a liquid column of depth h pA = γVol (1 ± a/g)
from the surface are weight of the liquid W = γVol,
pA = γ(A h) (1 ± a/g) 𝛽 𝛽
the inertia force REF = ma, and the pressure F = pA Upward Downward
at the bottom of the column.
p = γh (1 ± a/g)
aH . aH .
tan θ = tan θ =
(+) upward (-) downward g + aV g - aV
W W
motion motion
h h
REF REF Consider a mass of fluid being accelerated up an incline α
from horizontal. The horizontal and vertical components of
inertia force REF would be respectively, x = ma H and y = maV.
F = pA F = pA
Review in Hydraulics: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
Rotating Vessel Rotating Vessel : Paraboloid Formulas
When a mass of liquid is rotated about a vertical axis at constant angular velocity ω
radian per second, it will assume the surface ABC which is parabolic. Every particle is
subjected to centripetal force or centrifugal force CF = mω 2x which produces centripetal Volume of a Paraboloid: By squared property of a parabola:
acceleration towards the center of rotation. Vol = ½ 𝜋 r2 h x12 = x22 .
y1 y 1 + y 2
For a cylindrical vessel
⍵ ⍵ of radius r revolved
about its vertical axis,
xa ≠ x the height h of xa ≠ x2
0 paraboloid is
0
h/2 ⍵2x2 h/2
h/2 h= h/2
h/2 2g . h/2 y2
x1
h/2 h/2
y1
Rotation Rotation Rotation Rotation

Static Static
Without Spillage With Spillage Without Spillage With Spillage
An open tank has a 3 m square horizontal section and weighs 3.5 kN. It
contains waters to a depth of 1.0 m. An unbalanced force of 15 kN is
EXAMPLE 1 applied parallel to the tank. a) What is the minimum height to prevent
spillage? b) What is the amount of spillage if the acceleration is
The surface of a liquid mass subjected to uniform horizontal increased to 2m/s2?
acceleration a is at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal,
where θ = tan-1 (a / g).
A liquid mass subjected to uniform vertical acceleration a

exerts a pressure p = γh (1 ± a/g) on the bottom of the vessel.
aV is positive (+) upwards, while negative (-) downwards.
1m
The surface of a liquid mass subjected to uniform acceleration

a along slope 𝛽 is at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal,
where θ = tan-1 [aH / (g ± aV)]. aH and aV are the horizontal and 3m
vertical components of the acceleration respectively. aV is
positive (+) upslope, while negative (-) downslope.
The surface of a liquid mass rotated about a vertical axis at

constant angular velocity ω is assumed parabolic with its height
estimated at ⍵2 x2 / 2g.
An open tank has a 3 m square horizontal section and weighs 3.5 kN. It An open tank has a 3 m square horizontal section and weighs 3.5 kN. It
contains waters to a depth of 1.0 m. An unbalanced force of 15 kN is contains waters to a depth of 1.0 m. An unbalanced force of 15 kN is
EXAMPLE 1 applied parallel to the tank. a) What is the minimum height to prevent EXAMPLE 1 applied parallel to the tank. a) What is the minimum height to prevent
spillage? b) What is the amount of spillage if the acceleration is spillage? b) What is the amount of spillage if the acceleration is
increased to 2m/s2? increased to 2 m/s2?
3m 1.5 m Initial Volume Remaining
W
∆y θ 0.25 m θ
θ y’
1m 1m
3m
15 kN a 2 m/s2
If the tank in Example 1 is filled with water then closed and If the tank in Example 1 is filled with water then closed and
EXAMPLE 2 accelerated horizontally at 3 m/s2, what are the maximum and EXAMPLE 2 accelerated horizontally at 3 m/s2, what are the maximum and
minimum pressure of the bottom? minimum pressure of the bottom?
imaginary volume
θ
∆y
1.25 m 1.25 m
3m 3m
3 m/s2
The tank shown is accelerated to the right. The width of the tank is 1 m. The tank shown is accelerated to the right. The width of the tank is 1 m.
a) Determine the acceleration needed to cause the free surface to a) Determine the acceleration needed to cause the free surface to
EXAMPLE 3 touch point b) Determine the pressure at B. c) Determine the total EXAMPLE 3 touch point. b) Determine the pressure at B. c) Determine the total
force acting on the bottom of the tank. force acting on the bottom of the tank.
1m θ 0.2 m
(3 + j) m 1m
B A B A
(5 + i) m 2m
a
The tank shown is accelerated to the right. The width of the tank is 1 m. The tank shown is accelerated to the right. The width of the tank is 1 m.
a) Determine the acceleration needed to cause the free surface to a) Determine the acceleration needed to cause the free surface to
EXAMPLE 3 touch point. b) Determine the pressure at B. c) Determine the total EXAMPLE 3 touch point. b) Determine the pressure at B. c) Determine the total
force acting on the bottom of the tank. force acting on the bottom of the tank.
imaginary volume
0.67 m 0.67 m
∆y ∆y
θ 0.2 m θ 0.2 m
1m 1m
B A B A
2m 2m
a pressure intensity
p = Ɣwh
The tank is accelerated to the right at 10 m/s 2. Find the pressure at A, B The tank is accelerated to the right at 10 m/s 2. Find the pressure at A, B
EXAMPLE 4 and C. EXAMPLE 4 and C.
Atriangle <
Aair
Check whether the new l.s. is above or below C. Atriangle >

Aair x’
A When Atriangle > Aair, l.s. is above C A
0.5 m θ 0.5 m
Atriangle < Aair, l.s. is below C
22 m 2m
B C B C
8m 8m
10 m/s2
An unbalanced vertical force of 270 N upward accelerates a volume

The tank is accelerated to the right at 10 m/s 2. Find the pressure at A, B of 0.044 m3 of water. If the water is 0.9 m deep in a cylindrical tank, a)
EXAMPLE 4 and C. EXAMPLE 5 what is the acceleration of the tank? b) What is the pressure at the
bottom of the tank? c) What is the force acting at the bottom of the
tank?
∆y x1
A
θ 0.5 m
x2 2m
B C
8m
10 m/s2
An unbalanced vertical force of 270 N upward accelerates a volume An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30° plane at 2 m/s 2. a) What
of 0.044 m3 of water. If the water is 0.9 m deep in a cylindrical tank, a) is the horizontal component of the acceleration? b) What is the
EXAMPLE 5 what is the acceleration of the tank? b) What is the pressure at the EXAMPLE 6 vertical component of the acceleration? c) What is the angle that the
bottom of the tank? c) What is the force acting at the bottom of the water surface makes with the horizontal?
tank?
a
0.9 m
270 N
An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30° plane at 2 m/s 2. a) What An open tank moves up an inclined plane with constant acceleration.
is the horizontal component of the acceleration? b) What is the a) Compute the angle that the water surface makes with the
EXAMPLE 6 vertical component of the acceleration? c) What is the angle that the EXAMPLE 7 horizontal. b) Calculate the acceleration required for the water
water surface makes with the horizontal? surface to move to the position indicated. c) Compute the vertical
component of the acceleration.
aV
θ a = 2 m/s2 2m
𝛽 aH aV
a
θ
𝛽 aH
1m 1
𝛽 = 30°
𝛽 4
An open cylindrical vessel 1 meter in diameter contains water at a An open cylindrical vessel 1 meter in diameter contains water at a
depth of 3.56 m. a) If it is rotated at a speed of 80 rpm about its vertical depth of 3.56 m. a) If it is rotated at a speed of 80 rpm about its vertical
EXAMPLE 8 axis, determine the least depth of the vessel so that no water will be EXAMPLE 8 axis, determine the least depth of the vessel so that no water will be
spilled out? b) If the vessel is rotated by 120 rpm, how much water will spilled out? b) If the vessel is rotated by 120 rpm, how much water will
be spilled out? be spilled out?
⍵ ⍵ = 80 rpm
a ≠ 0
0.5 m
∆y h/2 ∆y
h/2
3.56 m 3.56 m
1m 1m
An open cylindrical vessel 1 meter in diameter contains water at a An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20
depth of 3.56 m. a) If it is rotated at a speed of 80 rpm about its vertical m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated
EXAMPLE 8 axis, determine the least depth of the vessel so that no water will be
EXAMPLE 9
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast
spilled out? b) If the vessel is rotated by 120 rpm, how much water will will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure
be spilled out? with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated
⍵ = 120 rpm about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out?
a ≠ 0 ⍵
0.5 m
0.30 m
h
4.00 m
0.90 m
0.30 m
An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20
m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast
EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure
with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0 about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0
⍵ ⍵
0.30 m
h/2 0.30 m
h/2 1.2 m
0.90 m h
0.20 m
0.30 m y
An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20
m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast
EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure
with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0 about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0
⍵ ⍵
0.30 m 0.30 m
0.30 m
h 1.2 m
0.90 m h
x1
y1
An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 A closed tank 2 m in diameter and 3 m high is filled with water and
m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated rotates about its axis at 100 rpm. A pressure gage at the center of the
EXAMPLE 9
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast EXAMPLE 10 top reads 30 kPa during the rotation. a) Determine the equivalent
will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure height of fluid above the top of its periphery. b) Determine the pressure
with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated at the bottom of the tank at the center and side of the tank.
about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0
⍵
h = ⍵2 x2 / 2g 0.30 m
(1.2 m + 0.4 m) = [⍵2 (0.30 m)2] / 2g .

p = 30 kPa
⍵ = 18.67 rad/s 1.2 m
h 3m
x1
⍵ = 178.34 rpm
y1
2m
A closed tank 2 m in diameter and 3 m high is filled with water and A closed cylinder is rotated about its vertical axis. The diameter of the
rotates about its axis at 100 rpm. A pressure gage at the center of the cylinder is 0.20 m and has a height of 0.12 m. It is filled with water at a
EXAMPLE 10 top reads 30 kPa during the rotation. a) Determine the equivalent
EXAMPLE 11
depth of 0.10 m and the rest is filled up with air. a) What rotational
height of fluid above the top of its periphery. b) Determine the pressure speed is necessary for the water to just touch the bottom of the center
at the bottom of the tank at the center and side of the tank. of the tank in rpm? b) What is the pressure at the bottom of the
⍵=100 rpm periphery of the tank?
Periphery = side ⍵=10.47rad/s
∆h
imaginary volume
h0
.
p = 30 kPa
3m 0.12 m
1m 0.2 m
A closed cylinder is rotated about its vertical axis. The diameter of the The capillary tube contains water and the water level is at a depth of
cylinder is 0.20 m and has a height of 0.12 m. It is filled with water at a 40 mm when at rest. If it rotates at a speed of 250 rpm, a) determine
EXAMPLE 11
depth of 0.10 m and the rest is filled up with air. a) What rotational EXAMPLE 12 the remaining depth at the center capillary tube. b) What is the
speed is necessary for the water to just touch the bottom of the center increase in height of water at the outer capillary tube? c) What is the
of the tank in rpm? b) What is the pressure at the bottom of the total height that the water will reach in the outer tubes?
periphery of the tank?
∆h
x1
40 mm
0.12 m
0.1 m 40 mm 40 mm
The capillary tube contains water and the water level is at a depth of a) How fast must the U-tube shown be rotated about y-axis so that the
40 mm when at rest. If it rotates at a speed of 250 rpm, a) determine difference of water levels in the tubes is 30 cm? b) What is the original
EXAMPLE 12 the remaining depth at the center capillary tube. b) What is the EXAMPLE 13 height of the water when at rest? c) What is the maximum pressure at
increase in height of water at the outer capillary tube? c) What is the the bottom of the tube on the right side when it was rotated about the
total height that the water will reach in the outer tubes? y-axis?
⍵ = 250 rpm
⍵ = 26.18 rad/s
∆h/2
h
∆h 30 cm
40 mm y1
y2
d1
40 mm 40 mm 20 cm 40 cm
a) How fast must the U-tube shown be rotated about y-axis so that the A hemispherical bowl having a radius of 1 m is full of water. If the
difference of water levels in the tubes is 30 cm? b) What is the original hemispherical bowl is made to rotate uniformly about the vertical axis
EXAMPLE 13 height of the water when at rest? c) What is the maximum pressure at
EXAMPLE 14 at the rate of 30 rpm, a) determine the remaining volume of water,
the bottom of the tube on the right side when it was rotated about the and b) determine the maximum pressure at the bottom of the bowl at
y-axis? this instance.
⍵
1m
30 cm
y1
y2 1m
20 cm 40 cm
A hemispherical bowl having a radius of 1 m is full of water. If the

hemispherical bowl is made to rotate uniformly about the vertical axis
EXAMPLE 1 at the rate of 30 rpm, a) determine the remaining volume of water,
and b) determine the maximum pressure at the bottom of the bowl at
this instance.
⍵ = 30 rpm
⍵ = 3.14 rad/s Any
1m
Questions?
h
1m
dCenter
s.valle
ning :)
u for liste
Thank yo
Review in Hydraulics: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

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Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Linear Horizontal Acceleration

Rotation Rotation Rotation Rotation

A liquid mass subjected to uniform vertical acceleration a

The surface of a liquid mass subjected to uniform acceleration

The surface of a liquid mass rotated about a vertical axis at

Check whether the new l.s. is above or below C. Atriangle >

An unbalanced vertical force of 270 N upward accelerates a volume

(1.2 m + 0.4 m) = [⍵2 (0.30 m)2] / 2g .

A hemispherical bowl having a radius of 1 m is full of water. If the

Review in Hydraulics: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

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