SLMs + QUALAS

Supplementary Materials/Self-Learning Modules based LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

instruction paired with MELC- Based Quality Assured in TLE10 - Wellness Massage
Learner’s Activity Sheet (LAS)

Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _________________

Teacher: _______________________________ Date Submitted: ________________

MELC: Assess/Interview client. TLE_HEWM10WP-Ia-j-1

Objective/Subtask: Explain the philosophical history and development of wellness massage
Lesson/Topic: History and Development Wellness Massage
Quarter 1 Week No. 1 Day: 1- 4

Reference/Source: K to 12 Basic Education Program Technology and Livelihood Education Home

Economics Wellness Massage 10

Activity Title:
Wisdom of Truth
Key Concepts:

History and Development

Even during the ancient times, people were aware on curing ailments. Massage was introduced and
found in the caves. Wall drawings and paintings were shown to people massaging each other. A mixture of
artifacts also found which contain traces of fats and oils mixed with herbs. These indicate that lubricants may
have been used, perhaps for healing, soothing or beautifying purposes.

Massage in Ancient Times

The earliest evidence of massage being used is found in the cave paintings of ancient cave dwellers.
These wall drawings and paintings show people massaging each other. Various artifacts also found contain
traces of fats and oils mixed with herbs. These indicate that lubricants may have been used, perhaps for
healing, soothing or beautifying purposes.

As early as 3000 BC, the Chinese practiced massage to cure ailments and improve general health.
Records of this can be found in the British Museum. Ancient Chinese books record lists of massage
movements with descriptions of their technique. One of these books, The Cong Fauof Tao-Tse, also
contains lists of exercises and massage used to improve general health and well-being. The Chinese found
that pressure techniques were very effective on specific points and they developed special techniques called
amma (see Figure 1). This was the beginning of the development of acupressure and acupuncture.

Ancient Chinese acupuncture and massage study figure, showing treatment points.
 This ancient Persian document shows bathing and massage in a Turkish bath.

These massage techniques spread to Japan, where they were further developed. The Japanese
used similar pressure techniques on specific points, which they called tsubo. This form of massage has been
practiced over the centuries; it has recently regained recognition and popularity and is now known as
shiatsu. Many therapists have studied these techniques, which they combine with other forms of treatment
for the benefit of their clients.
Records show that the Hindus practiced massage as part of their hygiene routines. A sacred book
called the Ayur-Veda (The Art of Life), which was written around 1800 BC, describes how shampooing and
rubbing were used to reduce fatigue and promote well-being and cleanliness.

The Egyptians and Persians used massage for cosmetic as well as therapeutic effects (see Figure
2). They mixed fats, oils, herbs and resins for care of the skin and beautifying the body and face. Pots and
jars containing these creams have been found in Egyptian tombs. Cleopatra is said to have bathed in milk
and then to have been massaged with aromatic oils and creams by her handmaidens.
The practice of massage spread from the east into Europe, where it was well established by 500 BC.

Massage in Classical Greece and Rome

The Greeks believed in the cultivation of a healthy mind and body, which is similar to the ‘holistic
approach’ practised by many people today. Rituals of bathing, massage, exercise or dancing were practised
by men and women. They encouraged the pursuit of physical fitness and organised regular sporting,
gymnastic and athletic competitions. Massage was used before events to improve performance and after
events to relieve fatigue and aid recovery. Gladiators and soldiers were massaged before battle to give
vigour and promote fitness and health, and afterwards to aid recovery, healing and relaxation. Homer writes
in the poem The Odyssey of Greek soldiers being rubbed with oils and anointed by beautiful women to aid
their recovery and regain strength on return from battle.

Around 500 BC the Greek physician Herodicus used massage with oils and herbs to treat medical
conditions and diseases. Hippocrates, who is now thought of as the father of medicine, was a pupil of
Herodicus. He began to study the effects of massage on his patients. He concluded and recorded that hard
rubbing binds, soft rubbing loosens, much rubbing causes parts to waste but moderate rubbing makes them
grow. Hippocrates also concluded that it was more beneficial to apply pressure in an upward direction, i.e.
towards the heart, as we practise today. In Hippocrates day, the function of the heart and the circulation of
the blood were not known. It is therefore remarkable that he reached this conclusion only by observing the
effect on the tissues of different strokes. With our knowledge of the heart and circulating blood we
understand why pressure upwards is more beneficial: the condition of the tissues improves because
deoxygenated blood and waste products are removed quickly as massage speeds up blood and lymph flow.
Even without the benefit of this knowledge, Hippocrates taught his pupils that massage movements should
be performed with pressure upwards to promote healing.

The Romans followed similar routines to the Greeks. They practised bathing, exercise and massage
for health and social relaxation. Large private and public baths were built. These included water baths and
steam rooms, gymnasium and massage areas. The baths were maintained at different temperatures and
progress was made from cold to hot baths. Wealthy Romans would use these daily for cleansing, exercising,
relaxing and socialising. Servants were always in attendance, with oils and creams to massage their masters
when required. The Romans built similar baths in the countries that were conquered by their armies. Many
such baths were built after the Roman conquest of Britain in 55 BC, and their ruins can be seen in

Britain today in towns and cities such as Bath, Caerleon and St Albans. Massage techniques
recorded from those times include manipulations known as squeezing, pinching or pummeling. They relate
to the petrissage and percussion movements used today.

The Dark Ages to the Renaissance

Little is known about massage or health and beauty practices throughout the Dark and Middle Ages,
i.e. from the decline of the Roman Empire around 500 AD until the Middle Ages around 1400 AD. Few
records remain from those days of wars, strict religions, superstition and persecution. Little value was placed
on education, the arts, physical health and fitness.

Following this period came the Renaissance (rebirth) in 1450 AD. Interest in the arts and sciences
flourished and there was renewed interest in health practices. Once again, we see massage advocated and
practiced for therapeutic purposes.

In the sixteenth century, the French surgeon Ambroise Paré (1517–90) promoted and developed the
use of massage. He was the personal physician to four French kings. He is reputed to have successfully
treated Mary Queen of Scots with massage. Paré graded massage into gentle, medium and vigorous. We
use similar categories today, namely soothing or relaxing, general, and stimulating. Many other physicians
copied his methods and massage was established medically.

The Development of Modern Massage Techniques

Modern massage techniques have evolved mainly from a system developed by a Swedish
physiologist called Per Henrik Ling (1776–1839). He developed a system of passive and active exercises
known as Swedish Remedial Gymnastics and also a system of massage movements. Ling used the terms
‗effleurage, petrissage, vibration, friction, rolling and slapping. Most of these terms are still used today, but
some changes and modifications have been made in the groupings and names of manipulations.

Dr Johann Mezgner (1839–1909), a Dutch physician, developed massage for use in rehabilitation
and used it successfully to treat many diseases and disorders. He adapted massage techniques in the light
of his knowledge of anatomy and physiology. His theories, based on sound scientific principles, became
accepted as medical practice and gained him many followers, particularly in Germany and America.

The work of Ling and Mezgner established massage as an effective therapeutic treatment.
Techniques were taught in medical schools and the beneficial effects became widely recognized and
accepted in the medical field. In England, the eminent surgeon John Grosvenor (1742–1823) used massage
to treat joints. He recommended massage for the treatment of rheumatism, gout and stiffness of joints.

Nurses were encouraged to train and use massage for the treatment of patients, under the guidance
of doctors. In 1894 a group of women founded the Society of Trained Masseuses. Rules and regulations for
training and examinations for qualifying were established. These women raised standards and fought to
establish massage therapy as a reputable profession.

Twentieth-Century Developments

During the First World War the demand for massage to treat the injured grew and many more
massage therapists were trained. Membership of the Society of Trained Masseuses grew and in 1920 it
amalgamated with the Institute of Massage and Remedial Exercise. In recognition of the valuable work
contributed by its members during the war, a Royal Charter was granted and the title was changed to the
Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics. The title was changed again in 1943 and became
the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. In 1964 its members became state registered. This protected and
gave status to those qualified therapists who were practicing in clinics and hospitals, and made it impossible
for those without a recognized qualification to practice in hospitals.

With the development of alternative electrical-based treatments, the use of massage to treat medical
conditions declined. There was rapid growth in electrotherapy and eventually massage ceased to be part of
physiotherapy training. It became little used as a therapeutic treatment in hospitals. There was, however, a
continuing demand for massage in clinics, health farms, fitness and leisure centers.
In 1966, the City and Guilds of London Institute explored the possibility of establishing a course in
beauty therapy to include massage. This course would provide thorough training, background knowledge
and a recognized professional qualification that ensured a high standard of practice. In 1968 the first full-time
course was offered in colleges of further education. The British Association of Beauty Therapists and
Cosmetologists, the International Health and Beauty Council and other organisations also developed
courses and offered certificates and diplomas. The growth in complementary medicine and the holistic
approach to health has increased the demands for well-qualified practitioners, not only in massage but also
in aromatherapy, reflexology, shiatsu etc. Courses are now validated by the Health and Beauty Therapy
Training Board and therapists must meet the criteria of the National Council of Vocational Qualifications.

Activity No. 1

DIRECTIONS: Time Travel: Explain the general history and development of massage using the given
timeline. Your work is graded based on the scoring rubric below. Write your answer on the space provided.

3000 B.C.
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1800 B.C.
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500 B.C.
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1450 A.D.
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500 A.D – 1400 A.D.

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1570-1590
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1776-1839
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1839 – 1909
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1894
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1968
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Scoring 4 3 2 1 Score
rubrics
Grammar Period, capital, Most period, Few periods, Not enough
letters and capital, letters capital letters, spacing,
spaces are all and spaces are and not enough capitalization
where they all where they spacing. and periods are
should be. should be. inconsistent.
Spelling All sight are Most sight are Few sight are Intelligible
spelled correctly; spelled spelled spelling.
harder words are correctly; harder correctly;
stretched out. words are harder words
stretched out. are not
stretched out.
Presentation Show all Show most Show few No evidences of
evidences of evidences of evidences of history and
history and history and history and development of
development of development of development of wellness
wellness wellness wellness massage.
massage. massage. massage.
Total:

Rating Scale: 4 – Very Good

3 – Good
2 – Fair
1 – Needs improvement

QUIZ: MULTIPLE-CHOICE

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. In the year (1839–1909), this Dutch physician, who developed massage for the rehabilitation and
successfully to treat from many diseases and disorders?
A. Dr Johanon Mezgner B. Dr Johann Mexgner
C. Dr Jhonn Mezgner D. Dr Johann Mezgner

2. Per Henrik Ling developed a system of passive and active exercises known as Swedish Remedial
Gynastics except _____.
A. ‘Effleurage’ B. ‘Petrissage’
C. ‘Vibration’ D. ‘Ventilation’

3. As early as 3000 BC, the _____nationalities practiced massage to cure ailments and improve general
health?
 A. Chinese B. Japanese
C. Vietnamese D. Swedish

4. He was the Greek physician who used massage with oils and herbs to treat medical conditions and
diseases.
A. Herodicus B. Abacus
C. Hepartacus D. Eherodicus

5. At this the years the trained massage therapist is highly in demand to treat injured person from the First
World War.
A. 1920 B. 1911
C. 1921 C. 1915

6. At this year the city of London guilds the Institution to explore establishing to include massage therapy in
the course of beauty therapy.
A. 1966 B. 1999
C. 1956 C. 1991

7. Who is the French surgeon promoted and developed the use of massage therapy in the sixteenth
century?
A. Ambroise Paré B. Dr Johann Mezgner
C. Per Henrik Ling D. Dr Jhonn Mezgner

8. The _______________believed in the cultivation of a healthy mind and body, which is similar to the
‘holistic approach’ practised by many people today.
A. Greeks B. Renaissance
C. American D. Japanese

9. Who practiced massage to cure ailments and improve general health during early as 3000 B. C.?
A. Chinese B. Japanese
C. Americans D. European

10. The Greek physician who used massage with oils and herbs to treat medical conditions and diseases
around 500 BC.
A. Herodicus B. Per Henrik Ling
C. Dr Johann Mezgner D. Abacus