PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

PC 100 BSN1J FINALS

COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES: 2. Sequential Exploratory

RESEARCH - collects and analyzes qualitative data
followed by collection and analysis
Types of Research
of quantitative data
1. Basic Research (Fundamental or Pure Research) 3. Sequential Transformative
- aims at expanding knowledge by creating new - data collection and analysis of either type of data
theories and modifying existing ones before combining the data during the
- focuses on “knowledge for its own sake” and it is interpretation phase of the study
primarily driven by curiosity and the need to - guided by a theoretical perspective
explore the unknown 4. Concurrent Triangulation
- a systematic investigation set to achieve a better - collects data concurrently and tries to “confirm,
and more detailed understanding of a research cross-validate, or corroborate findings within a single
subject or phenomenon, not to solve a specific study”
problem 5. Concurrent Nested Strategy
- collects both data types concurrently and
2. Applied Research embeds one methodology within a more
- focused on providing practical solutions to predominant method
specific problems by analyzing empirical - the researcher may address different
evidence questions form the hierarchical question
- a form of investigation that entails solution- ladder when applying this methodology
oriented inquiries into a phenomenon 6. Concurrent Transformative
RESEARCH DESIGN/METHODS - Collects each type of data concurrently and
1. Quantitative – numbers, statistical procedures combines the findings during the analysis
2. Qualitative – words, descriptive narrative phase of the study
3. Mixed Methods – both quantitative and
qualitative ADVANTAGES OF MIXED METHODS
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research • Generalizability
Focuses on testing Focuses on exploring
• Flexibility
theories and ideas and formulating a
• Credibility of results
hypotheses theory or hypothesis
Analyzed through math Analyzed by
• Contextualization – complete understanding
and statistical analysis summarizing,
categorizing, and DISADVANATAGE OF MIXED METHODS
interpreting • Labor-intensive
Mainly expressed in Mainly expressed in • Time consuming
numbers graph, and words • Results can be difficult to interpret if you get
tables different result from the two data types
Requires many Requires few • Requires you to understand multiple methods
respondents respondents
and how to combine them appropriately
Closed (multiple choice) Open-ended questions
questions
MIXED METHODS RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Key terms: Key terms:
EXAMPLES
measurement, understanding, context,
objectivity, replicability complexity, subjectivity 1. To what extent does the frequency of traffic
accidents reflect cyclist perceptions of road
MIXED METHOD VARIATIONS OF DATA safety in the Philippines?
COLLECTION ANALYSIS (Creswell, 2003) 2. How do student perceptions of their school
environment relate to differences in test
1. Sequential Explanatory scores?
- collects and analyzes quantitative
data followed by collection and analysis
of qualitative data
 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

FOUNDATIONAL NARRATIVE PHENOMENOLO GROUNDE ETHNOGRAPH CASE

CONSIDERATIO RESEARCH GY D THEORY Y STUDY
NS
Research focuses Exploring Understanding the Developing Describing and Developing
on approach the life of an essence of the a theory interpreting a an in-depth
individual experience grounded culture-sharing description
in data group and analysis
from the of a case or
field multiple
cases
Unit of analysis Studying Studying several Studying a Studying a Studying an
one or more individuals who process, an group that event, a
individuals have shared the action, or shares the program, an
experiences an same culture activity, or
interaction more than
involving one
many individual
individuals
Type of research Needing to Needing to Grounding Describing and Providing an
problem suited tell stories describe the a theory in interpreting in-depth
for approach of individual essence of a lived the views the shared understandin
experiences phenomenon of patterns of g of a case
participant culture of a or cases
s group
Nature of Drawing Drawing from Drawing Drawing from Drawing
disciplinary from the philosophy, from anthropology from
origins humanities psychology, and sociology and sociology psychology,
including education law, political
anthropolog science, and
y, literature, medicine
history,
psychology,
and
sociology
Forms of data Using Using primarily Using Using primarily Using
collection primarily interview with primarily observations multiple
interviews individuals, interviews and interviews sources, such
and although with 20 to but perhaps as interviews,
documents documents, 60 collecting observations,
observations, and individuals other sources documents,
art may also be during and articles
considered extended time
in field
Strategies of data Analyzing Analyzing data for Analyzing Analyzing data Analyzing
analysis data from significant data through data through
stores statements, through description of description
“restorying” meaning units, open the culture- of the case
stories, and textual and coding, sharing group and themes
developing structural axial and themes of the case
themes, description, and coding, about the as well as
often using description of the and group cross-case
a “essence” selective themes
chronology coding
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Survey • Used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from
a population.
Types:
1. Cross-sectional – if the information is collected from a sample in just single point in time
2. Longitudinal – if the information is collected on the same subjects over a period of time to study the
changes through the years
• Uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense
precision
• Allows researchers to judge behavior and present findings usually expressed in a
percentage

2. Descriptive • Concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or
phenomenon.
• No manipulation of variables or search for cause and effect related to the phenomenon.
• Attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and determine the
frequency with which it occurs.
• Seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable or phenomenon

3. Correlational • Investigation of the (extent) nature of relationships/associations between and among variables
without necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying them.
• Data and relationships are observed only
• Establishes what is the effect of one on the other might be and how that affects the relationship
(trends and patterns in data)
• Conducted in order to explain a notice occurrence
• Does not always mean causation; just because two data points sync doesn’t mean that there is a
direct cause and effect relationship
• Variables are not manipulated and are studied in a natural setting
• Sometimes considered a type of descriptive research as no variables are manipulated

4. Causal • Ex Post Facto (After the Fact) Research

Comparative/ • Derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now
Quasi compared to some dependent variables • Discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs
Experimental • Looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship between variables • Not conducted between the
two groups on each other but on how the different groups are affected by the same circumstance
• Similar to true experiments but with some key differences
1. An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter and its effects
on the dependent variable are measured
2. Does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-
existing groups
3. Identified control groups are studies and compared to groups who are not exposed to the
treatment variable

5. Experimental • Also called true experimentation

• This type is the bedrock of most sciences; can be used to explain all sorts of phenomena
• Utilizes scientific method to test cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the
researcher.
• Determine and impose control over all other variables except one. • Independent variable is
manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables.
• Guided specifically by a hypothesis or several hypotheses (a statement to be proven or disproved)
• Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally
occurring groups
SPC FORMAT 2. Nature of the Problem
• Quantitative Research – AIMRaD-LC • What is the study about?
1. Abstract • Start from your IV/first variable,
2. Introduction DV/second variable, moderating
3. Methods variable
4. Results and Discussions 3. Global, National, Local Scenes
5. Literature Cited • Present a logical connection of the
• Qualitative Research – AIMFaD-LC problem and some literatures from
1. Abstract the global, national, and local scenes.
2. Introduction
These back up the point why your
3. Methods
topic is really a problem that needs
4. Findings and Discussions
an answer. These can be shown
5. Literature Cited
through statistics or supporting
PARTS OF THE RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT statements from credible sources.
1.0. INTRODUCTION 4. Research Gap
1.1 Background of the Study • It talks about the relevance and urgency of doing
1.2 Literature Review the research.
1.3 Theoretical Framework/Lens • Contribution or significance of the study - involves
the persons to whom the results of the paper will
1.4 Conceptual Framework
be relevant
1.5 Statement of the Problem/Statement of
5. Objectives of the Study
the Objectives
• Objectives should be aligned from what you have
1.6 Hypothesis
previously stated above. It should be aligned to
1.7 Definition of Terms
the rest of the parts of your research paper. These
1.8 Scope and Limitations of the Study
are primarily the basis of your statement of the
2.0. METHOD
problem.
2.1 Study Design
• Discuss things that will happen once the issues are
2.2 Locale
addressed.
2.3 Data Collection Procedure
2.4 Limitations of the Study LITERATURE REVIEW (RL &RS)
2.5 Data Analysis 1. Know your variables
2.6 Ethical Consideration 2. Include the indicators for each
3.0 RESULTS
3. Synthesize
4.0 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS,
4. Research Gap
RECOMMENDATIONS/DISCUSSIONS,
5. Objectives of the Study
IMPLICATIONS
5.0 LITERATURE CITED OR REFERENCES Contains the synoptic and argumentative part of
6.0 APPENDICES the study:
✓ Synoptic part – contains the operational
CHAPTER 1 definition of variables used in the study and its
relationship with other variables and/or its
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY historical background as revealed by previous
1. General Overview literature
• Trends in your field – discuss what is ✓ Argumentative part – contains the sentence of
currently happening in your field problematizing or the need of the study that leads
(societal movements, new developments, to the hypothesis of the study
current changes) • Put a synthesis at the last part of your related
• Issues arising from the trend – consists of literature section. Restate the information why
the things that become problematic in these literatures are connected to your study and
your field with the existence of the trend how these literatures may help your study
(things affected by the trend); contains
the rationale why the topic is being
researched on
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS
• Choose a theory that is closely related to your • Base it from your SOP and research design
study. • Alternative and null hypotheses can be drawn here
• Discuss how this theory or theories will be used in as long as your study is comparative, correlational,
your study. causal, experimental, or a combination of them
• This theory or theories will be utilized to form the • SOP has the question: “Is there a significant..”
framework of your study. ..difference - Comparative
• Design a framework from the chosen theory or ..relationship - Correlational
theories. ..influence - Causal
• Include an illustration of this design. ..effect - Experimental

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: 1. Null hypothesis

1. Title of the theory - predicts that your program will not have an
2. Name of the proponent/s effect on your variable of interest • Example: If
3. Year it was proposed you are measuring your students’ level of
4. Description/explanation of the theory concern for the environment before and after
5. Description of the study’s variables and its a field trip, the null hypothesis is that their
indicators level of concern will remain the same
6. How are you going to use the theory in your 2. Alternative hypothesis
study? How can the theory help achieve - predicts that you will find a difference
the objectives of the study? (contextualization) between groups
• Example: Students’ post-trip level of
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: concern for the environment will differ
• Shows your variables’ from their pre-trip level of concern.
connection to each other
through arrows and lines. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• Know if the study is causal, • In descriptive studies, you may use the
comparative, correlational, statement of the problem as a pattern in
experimental, etc. writing your objectives. This time sentences
• There should be a description should be declarative.
below your diagram that • If your study is experimental, you should use a
explains it. hypothesis.
• What is the connection of one • Make sure that the data that you need to
variable to the other? What is collect is included in your objectives.
the interpretation of the single-
headed arrow, double-headed SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
arrow, or lines connecting the • Tells the reader why the study is important
variables? • Rationale, timeliness, relevance
• List down all those who can benefit from your
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM study; arranged from the people to benefit most
• Design questions that will describe the study. down to the people to benefit the least
• Questions should lead to finding the answers • In some formats, this part is already included in the
needed in the study. background and setting of the study
• Base it from your objectives. It should be in
interrogative form if quantitative. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Also based from the theoretical framework • Terms are defined according to how they
(variables, indicators) are used in the study to avoid ambiguous
• Arranged according to the variables first meaning
mentioned • Terms should be arranged in alphabetical
• Are these not too specific nor too broad? order
• Questions are more likely to be “what”, “which”, • Acronyms should be spelled out fully
and “Is there a significant.” • Has both denotative (dictionary meaning)
and connotative (operational) definition
General Rules: • Why them? What make them special for them
1. Only terms, words, or phrases which have special to be your data sources?
or unique meanings in the study are defined • Include the size of subjects and justify how
2. Terms should be defined operationally, that is they were determined
how they are used in the study • What sampling technique will you use to find
3. The researcher may develop the definition from the sample size? Give the definition of
the characteristics of the term defined the sampling technique to show credibility.
4. Definitions may be taken from encyclopedias, Give the source of the definition.
books, magazines and newspaper articles,
dictionaries, and other publications but the STUDY SITE / LOCALE
researcher must acknowledge the sources • Identify the study site and the things that
5. Definitions should be brief, clear, and make it interesting
unequivocal as possible • Highlight some salient feature
6. Acronyms should be spelled out fully • Guide in the choice of the site (cross
reference, if possible)
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
• Identify the restrictions of your study INSTRUMENT/RESEARCH TOOL
• Scope - inclusion criteria • Describe the instrument IN DETAIL
• Limitation - exclusion criteria • What kind of measure are you going to use?
3 basic steps to follow: o Adopted (standardized)?
1. Focus – subject matter coverage o Adapted (modified)?
2. Locus – place or location of the study o Researcher-made?
3. Modus – mode or manner of data-gathering • If not adopted, who will validate it? How
many of them? Give a short description
FORMAT/STYLE OF DOCUMENTATION that makes them credible validators.
• The validity, reliability, and suitability of the
• APA (American Psychological Association) – instruments used should be described.
Psychology, Education, Communication, Social • How will you check reliability of your
Sciences instrument? What reliability test will you run?
• MLA (Modern Language Acquisition) – How will you do pilot testing?
Literature, Arts, Humanities • Who are your respondents for pilot testing?
• AMA (American Medical Association) – How will you choose them? How many of
Medicine, Health, Biological Sciences them?
• Turabian (By Kate Turabian Manual for • If you find some items or the entire
Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and instrument not reliable, what will you do?
Dissertations) – designed for college students to
use with all subjects
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE / DATA
• Chicago (Chicago Manual Style) – used with all GATHERING
subjects in the real world” by books, magazines,
• Enumerate the specific steps of the conduct of
newspapers, other non-scholarly publications
your study from the beginning until the
end (before, during, and after data gathering)
CHAPTER 2
• Make sure that the flow of your procedure shows
the steps that you need to follow in your study
DESIGN
• Include steps to present the ethical soundness of
1. State the study design - identification and
your study
description of the study; start with the general
• Indicate how permission is sought, how informed
design to the specific (descriptive, quasi-
consent is secured, how protocols are observed
experimental, discourse analysis, etc)
and how long the data gathering lasted
2. Discuss briefly what the design is all about
3. Discuss why the design is the most appropriate
to use

SUBJECTS / PARTICIPANTS / DATA SOURCES

• Identify the subjects of the study and how they
are chosen (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
• Profile of the participants
DATA ANALYSIS
• Describe the methods you will use in interpreting
your data.
• Justify the use of such method.
• Present the different statistical tools that you
will use to answer every statement of
the problem you have in your study.
• Arrange the statistical treatment according
to which SOP comes first and should
be answered first, second, until last.
• Provide the definition of the statistical tool and for
what it is for
• State why this particular statistical tool is used

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Explain the ethical considerations of your study:
obtaining informed consent and assent, risks and
benefits, conflict of interest
• Principles of beneficence, non-maleficence,
autonomy, and justice
•
• Is my paper ethically sound? Do you have 17
years old and below respondents? If so, what
do you need to obtain from them? If your
respondents are 18 years old and above,
what do you need to obtain from them? If
your sources of data are not humans, what
do you need to do and obtain?
• Are your respondents illiterate? What will you
do to ensure their rights and safety?