8.

Chemistry of Water
Engr. Aaron Joseph J. Peñano

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 Panalanging Ekumeniko ng URS
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8. Chemistry of Water
Engr. Aaron Joseph J. Peñano

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Outline
8.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Redox Reactions
8.2 Physical Properties of Water 8.3.3 Hydrolysis Reaction
8.2.1 Density 8.4 Describing Fluid Flow
8.2.2 Specific Heat 8.5 Environmental Importance
8.2.3 Heat of Vaporization
8.2.4 Surface Tension
8.2.5 Capillary Action
8.3 Chemical Properties of Water
8.3.1 Amphoteric Nature

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8.1 Introduction1
▪ Water
- chemical formula: H2O (less commonly: HOH)
- each molecule has 2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded (electron-sharing) to 1 oxygen
atom
- a polar molecule

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8.1 Introduction1
▪ Water
- the most abundant molecule on earth (70% of the earth’s surface is water)

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 8.1 Introduction1
▪ Water
- only substance on earth naturally occurring
in a solid, liquid, and gas form
- the freezing point (0°C) and boiling point
(100°C) of which is from where the Celsius
temperature scale was based

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8.1 Introduction1
▪ Water
- liquid at normal temperature (20°C) and pressure (1 atm)

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8.2 Physical Properties of Water
▪ Molar Mass2: 18.01528(33) g/mol ▪ Tasteless and Odorless2

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8.2.1 Density
▪ Unlike most substances, water’s solid form is less dense than its liquid form (the reason why ice
cubes float in our drinks)1

Density2 (g/ml)
Solid (at 0°C) 0.9167
Liquid (at 0°C) 0.9998396
Liquid (at 25°C) 0.9970474
Liquid (at 95°C) 0.961893

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8.2.1 Density
▪ Water becomes less dense when it freezes because
the water molecules forms crystal structures of
hexagonal arrangement.3
▪ The space taken by 24 water molecules in the solid
lattice could be occupied by 27 water molecules in
liquid state, so water expands about 9% as the
crystal forms.3

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8.2.2 Specific Heat
▪ Water is capable of absorbing a lot of heat before its temperature increases, thus it is used in
things such as a radiator coolant for cars.1

Specific Heat, CP (kJ/kg·K)

Water, Fresh4 4.19
Octane4 2.15
Air5 1.01

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8.2.3 Heat of Vaporization
▪ Water has a high heat of vaporization. Just as it takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature
of liquid water, it also takes an unusual amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water,
because hydrogen bonds must be broken in order for the molecules to fly off as gas.11

Heat of Vaporization (kJ/kg)

Water12 2,257
Octane12 298
Methanol12 1,100

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8.2.4 Surface Tension
▪ Water has high surface tension (greater than the water striders’ weight) due to the greater
intermolecular forces between surface molecules (hydrogen bonding of hydrogen from one
molecule to an oxygen of another molecule) than the interior molecules. These forces cause
the spherical shape of the water droplets.1
Surface Tension
(N/m)
Water (20°C)6 0.072
Ethanol (25°C)6 0.022
Mercury (25°C)6 0.485

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8.2.5 Capillary Action7
▪ Cohesive Forces Concave Convex
- all forces holding a liquid together Meniscus Meniscus
▪ Adhesive Forces
- forces of attraction between a liquid and another surface

▪ Water forms a concave meniscus (surface) in a capillary

because the adhesive forces between the glass and water
are greater than the cohesive forces of water molecules
between each other.

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8.3 Chemical Properties of Water
8.3.1 Amphoteric Nature 2
▪ Water can act as both acid and base, which means that it is amphoteric in nature.

Examples:

Acidic Behavior: 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻3 𝑎𝑞 ↔ 𝑁𝐻4+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞)

▪ H2O served as a Brønsted-Lowry acid (proton donor).

Basic Behavior: 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆 𝑎𝑞 ↔ 𝐻3 𝑂+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐻𝑆 − (𝑎𝑞)

▪ H2O served as a Brønsted-Lowry base (proton acceptor).

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8.3.2 Redox Reactions2
▪ Water can be oxidized and reduced making it useful in redox reactions.

▪ Electropositive elements reduce water to hydrogen molecule. Thus, water is a great source of
hydrogen.
+1 0
Example: 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 + 2𝑁𝑎 𝑠 → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐻2 (𝑔)

▪ During the process of photosynthesis8, water is oxidized to O2.

-2 light 0
C𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
green plants

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8.3.3 Hydrolysis Reactions2
▪ Water has a very strong hydrating tendency due to its high dielectric constant. It means that it
can dissolve many ionic compounds (higher dissociation constants).2,9

Examples:
Dissolving Sulfuric Acid in Water:
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑙 ↔ 𝐻 + 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− 𝑎𝑞

Saccharification of Sugar:

H2O
sucrase

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8.4 Describing Fluid Flow
▪ Reynolds Number
- ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is a convenient parameter for predicting if a
flow condition will be laminar or turbulent
▪ When the viscous forces are dominant
(slow flow, low Re) they are sufficient
enough to keep all the fluid particles in
line, then the flow is laminar. Even very
low Re indicates viscous creeping motion,
where inertia effects are negligible.

▪ When the inertial forces dominate over

the viscous forces (when the fluid is
flowing faster and Re is larger) then the
flow is turbulent.

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8.4 Describing Fluid Flow
𝐷v𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝜌 v
𝐷 𝜇

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 8.4 Describing Fluid Flow
Sample Problem
What is the Reynolds number for the flowing fluid below? Indicate whether the flow of the
fluid is laminar, transitional or turbulent.
Glycerine at 25°C flowing, in a pipe with 150 mm inside diameter, with average velocity of
18.6 m/s. Density for glycerine at this condition is 1,258 kg/m³ and viscosity is 0.960 Pa·s.
Given: Solution: 𝐷v𝜌
𝜌 = 1,258 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝜇 = 0.960 𝑘𝑔/ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠 2 ∙𝑠
0.150 𝑚 18.6 𝑚/𝑠 1,258 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝐷 = 0.150 𝑚
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑘𝑔
0.960
v = 18.6 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚∙𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 3,656 Flow is transitional (2,300<Re<4,000).

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8.5 Environmental Importance
Property Compared to Other Substances Importance to the Environment

Maximum density at 4°C, not at

freezing point; In lakes, prevents freezing up and
Density
expands upon freezing. causes seasonal stratification.
Both properties unusual.
Melting and Permits water to exist as a liquid at
Abnormally high.
Boiling Points earth’s surface.

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8.5 Environmental Importance
Property Compared to Other Substances Importance to the Environment

Highest of any liquid except Moderates temperature by

Heat Capacity
ammonia. preventing extremes.
Important to heat transfer in
Heat of
One of the highest known. atmosphere and oceans, moderates
Vaporization
temperature extremes.
Regulates drop formation in clouds
Surface Tension Very high.
and rain.

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8.5 Environmental Importance
Property Compared to Other Substances Importance to the Environment

Important control on biological activity

Absorption of Large in infrared and ultraviolet
(photosynthesis) in water bodies and
Radiation regions; less in visible regions.
on atmospheric temperature.
Excellent solvent for ionic salts and Important in transfer of dissolved
Solvent
polar molecules because of dipolar substances in hydrological cycle and in
Properties
nature. biological systems.

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Questions?

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 References
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2. Properties of water: Physical and chemical. (n. d.). BYJU’S. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/physical-and-chemical-properties-of-
water/

3. Garrison, T. (n. d.). Oceanography: An invitation to marine science [PowerPoint slides]. SlidePlayer. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://slideplayer.com/
slide/12316882/

4. Specific heat of some liquids and fluids. (n. d.). The Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-
fluids-d_151.html

5. Specific heat and individual gas constants of gases. (n. d.). The Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
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7. Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, M. L., & Stanley, G. G. (2007). Chemistry (3rd ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole.

8. Bassham, J. A. (2021, June 11) Photosynthesis. Britannica. Retrieved October 26, 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis

9. Gunawardena, G. (2020, August 24) Dielectric constant. Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved October 26, 2021 from https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/
Reference/Organic_Chemistry_Glossary/Dielectric_Constant

10. Wayne, B. [Wayne Breslyn] (2018, October 17) H2SO4 + H2O (Sulfuric acid plus water) [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved October 26, 2021 from https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=BxB3DGV8Kyg

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 References
11. Specific heat, heat of vaporization, and density of water. (n. d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-
biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/specific-heat-heat-of-vaporization-and-freezing-of-water

12. B2: Heats of vaporization (reference table). (2020, November 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_
Materials/Reference/Reference_Tables/Bulk_Properties/B2%3A_Heats_of_Vaporization_(Reference_Table)

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