Test Procedures on

Heat Pump Water

Heaters

Dr. Cordin Arpagaus

Senior Research Engineer

NTB University of Applied Sciences

of Technology Buchs
Institute for Energy Systems IES

IEA HPT Annex 46, 7th Working Meeting

May 16-17, 2019, Seoul, South Korea

INSTITUTE FOR
ENERGY SYSTEMS
Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Contents

Standard EN 16147
Overview of test methods - focus on Europe, Japan, USA
Discussion towards global harmonization

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Heat Pump Test Center (WPZ) in Buchs, Switzerland
Certified according to EN 17025
Air/Water Heat Pumps:
2 x 50 kW and 2 x 25 kW at founded 1993
A2/W35 (EN 14511) Temperature: -25°C to +45°C (air)
3.8 m x 7.8 m x 4.0 m Acoustic measurements are possible
(EN 12102 and ISO EN 9614)

Climate chambers
www.wpz.ch, E-Mail: [email protected]
Brine/Water Heat Pumps:
4.0 m x 4.0 m x 3.2 m
2 x 100 kW at B0/W35 (EN 14511)
Domestic Hot Water Test Benches
Tap profiles S to XXL (EN 16147
and ErP-Standards)

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Measurement of DHW heat pumps according to EN 16147
The heat pump test center WPZ follows the testing
standard EN 16147 for DHW heat pumps

Design of the test bench

30th October 2018 [email protected] 4

 Measurement of DHW heat pumps according to EN 16147
The heat pump test center WPZ follows the testing
standard EN 16147 for DHW heat pumps
Thermostat temperature

Test
Procedure

1: Heating up period from 10 °C until first time compressor switch-off by the thermostat (around 55 °C)
2: Standby period (min. 48 h) to determine standby power input by measuring the electrical power input
over an integral number of on-off cycles of the compressor.
3: COP determination at defined draw-offs (min. 24 h) (e.g. hand washing, bathing, dish washing, etc.)

4: Determination of the reference hot water temperature. This test is started when the compressor switches
off at the end of the last measurement period for the load profile. A continuous hot water draw-off is started
and continues until the hot water temperature falls below 40 °C.
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Measurement of DHW heat pumps according to EN 16147
The heat pump test center WPZ follows the testing
standard EN 16147 for DHW heat pumps
Measurements at 2°C (colder), 7°C (average), 14°C (warmer), and 20°C (indoor air)

Minimal COP requirements for DHW

heat pumps at different tap profiles
Storage Tap Minimal COP at air
volume in profiles source conditions
liter

to

to

and higher

A20/W10-55 A7/W10-55

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 Product energy label for Domestic Hot Water Heat Pumps
Mandatory in Europe since 2015

Supplier and model

Heating Hot water profile used
Energy class heating Energy class hot water
(up to A)
Scale of efficiency classes
(up to A++ for space heating)

Sound power level indoors Rated heat output at

different climate zones
Sound power level outdoors

Swiss quality label:

It guarantees homeowners optimum planning and
construction of heat pump systems up to approx. 15 kW
heating capacity for new buildings and renovations
(incl. installation and maintenance).
30th October 2018 [email protected] 7
Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Climatic regions in Europe (warm, normal, cold)

3 different climatic zones

(warm, normal, and cold)

Examples:
• Switzerland «cold»
• The Netherlands «normal»
• south of England «warm»

The default flow heat supply

temperatures are 55 °C
and / or 35 °C degrees.

Source temperatures
(EU-regulation No 812/2013)

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH)
Major differences between test methods in use
in different regions of the world
Hot water use per household in Japan
Bath culture

System with and

without tank
Japan
Ambient and water
test conditions
(JIS C 9220)

Draw-off cycles of DB: Dry Bulb; WB: Wet Bulb Temperature

24 hour (4 types)
Hot water delivery at 40 °C:
Standard house (456 L at 40°C) wash basin (5 L/min, < 5L)
Small house (278 L at 40°C) kitchen (5 L/min, <25 L)
51 or 31 draws
bath (10 to 15 L/min, 180 L)
shower (10 L/min, 20, 50 L)
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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Climatic regions in Japan and humidity factors

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH)
Major differences between test methods in use
in different regions of the world

American Energy Manufacturing and Technology

Connection Act (AEMTCA)
Test procedures account for tank heat loss effects over
a 24-h test and to normalize test results to standard
US ambient air and tank water temperature conditions
Set points:
water temperature 51.7°C 4 draw-off
inlet water 14.4°C patterns from very
ambient air 19.7°C (35 to 45% r.h.) small to high

First Hour Rating (FHR) is a measure of the

available hot water capacity of the water heater
(water drawn from the tank during 1 hour)
Unified Energy Factor (UEF) is a measure of the
efficiency of the system (DOE 2013)
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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Climatic regions in North America are determining the
factor for the Seasonal Performance

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH)
Major differences between test methods in use
in different regions of the world

export driven economic structure

Korea Industry Standard KS (KS B 6410)

air heat source, heat pump boiler, < 23 kW, max.
pressure when using storage tank 0.34 MPa
Korea
Application: Heating only, hot water supply
only or heating/hot water supply

SCOP
weighted
values

SCOP_C
SCOP_M
SCOP_W
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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Quote

«There is no single «best» test

method, which could be adopted
for global use –
all have their advantages and
disadvantages»

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 Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters – Overview
A great number of test methods for HPWH are in use in
different regions of the world
Characteristics Country Organisation Label/program Test standards

Voluntary US DOE - CFR 430

Minimum Canada Natural Resources Canada - CAN/CSA-C745-03 (R2014)
Japan METI Top Runner Program JIS C 9220-2011
Energy
Sourth Korea - - -
Performance EU (27) EU Commission Eco design EN 16147
Standard Switzerland FWS FWS Zertifiikat EN 16147
UK - - -
China CNIS - -
Australia DCCEE - -
Mandatory US FTC Energy Guide Label CFR 430
Energy Canada Natural Resources Canada Energy Guide Label CAN/CSA-C745-03 (R2014)
Japan - - -
Labelling
South Korea - - KS B 6410
EU (27) EU Commission EuP Program EN 16147
Switzerland - - EN 16147
UK - - EN 16147
China CNIS Energy Label GB/T 23137 – 2008
Australia DCCEE Energy Rating Label AS/NZS 5125.1:2014
Voluntary US EPA & Doe Energy Star
Energy EU (27) EU Commission
Saving Label
Mandatory Australia DCEE
Stand By South Korea -
Warning Label

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH)
Major differences between test methods in use
in different regions of the world

Differences Differences
Similarities
Calculation
Carried out in controlled procedures of
Product
ambient conditions (i.e. efficiencies
configuration
temperature and humidity) (i.e. heat losses in
(with or without
storage tank, air the storage tank)
Involve heating the water
or ground heat from ‘cold’ to ‘hot’
source, etc.)
Measuring both the Tapping profiles
electrical energy and temperature
consumed by the HPWH setting of the
Temperature
and the thermal energy heat pump
conditions in the
test room added to the water

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH)
Major differences between test methods in use
in different regions of the world

Heat-up period

Series of cycles (draw-off, reheating)

COP
Maintaining hot water at storage
conditions (at no water draw-off)

Seasonal COP value (year weighted)

Cultural differences in water usage

(e.g. Japan: bath culture)

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Draw-off schedules depend on the different standards

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Is there an ideal form of harmonization ?
SEAD Report (2013):
Potential for Harmonization “In an ideal form of harmonization,
of International Test testing authorities in each economy
Standards
would be able to take the results
from any of the existing HPWH
tests, and use a simulation model
to predict what the results would
be if the same model were
physically tested to their own
standard. However, this ideal is
not likely to be attainable. “
Simulation
Test model Predicted
Results Results
(Standard 1) (Standard 2)

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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
ISO Draft Standard HPWH-19967-Part1-DIS

ISO Working Group 12 on Heat pump water heaters of ISO

Technical Committee 86/SC 6 proposed a harmonization
framework, including standardized physical tests and a
staged development of simulation methods.
Why Standards? Standards are used for various purposes at legislative level
and for other purposes:
Energy performance labelling, like European ECO label, TOP Runner in
Japan, China Energy Label (CEL), Energy Star and Energy Guide labels in
North America
In practice, standards are also used for design purposes used in a number
of (often commercial) calculation models.
Governmental information models, like the SAP and RdSAP models in the
UK with which the EPC for the building is calculated
and also, Heat Pump Associations develop models
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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
ISO Draft Standard HPWH-19967-Part1 and Part2

ISO Working Group 12 on Heat pump water heaters of ISO Technical

Committee 86/SC 6 proposed a harmonization framework, including
standardized physical tests and a staged development of simulation methods.

Part 1 specifies test conditions and test procedures for determining the
performance characteristics of air source heat pump water heaters for hot water
supply with electrically driven compressors with or without supplementary electric
heater and connected to or including only one hot water storage tank.

A proposal of harmonized basic test conditions for single mode DWH testing:
Low-temperature test condition of 7°C DB/6°C WB – already in EU, Japan, Korea
(draft), consistent with AS/NZS (<10°C), Water temperature of 10°C

Warm-temperature test condition of 20°C DB/19°C WB – already in USA,

Canada, China, consistent with AS/NZS (18 to 20°C), Water temperature of 15°C

For models in frost conditions: test at 2°C DB/1°C WB

For models in warm and humid climates: test at ~ 30°C and high humidity
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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
What are the next steps towards global harmonization?

Challenge 1: How to handle innovative solutions / range of products, e.g.

multi-function heat pumps, hybrid heat pumps, fresh water heat pump systems,
booster heat pumps, combination of solar and heat pumps, extended smart
storage systems, larger than 50/80 kW systems, cascade heat pumps, etc.

Challenge 2: Harmonize the nomenclature of systems

Challenge 3: Have a clear definition of performance

Challenge 4: Set guidelines for harmonization

Scope of testing procedure
Major objectives of the testing procedures (What parameters are to be
established ?)
Identification of similarities among different procedures
Level of complexity/duration of the test procedure
Scalability of the procedure to smaller vs. larger storage tanks
Applicability of various technologies (e.g. electric, gas fired, HP, tankless etc.)
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Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
Discussion points on test procedures:

How to rate air source DHW HP’s in different climatic conditions, when the
HP’s are tested at only one temperature?
…
Smart control also effects manufacturers to let air source systems run
during the day, when higher temperatures are available
…
In test procedures different combinations of heat pump and storage tank
(size) are considered as different heat pumps to be tested individually. Why not
separate these and combine through a calculation module?
…
Should the temperature of the storage tank be fixed at a certain level in
agreement with the demands for legionella?
…
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 Thank you
for your attention

Dr. Cordin Arpagaus

NTB University of Applied Sciences

of Technology Buchs
Institute for Energy Systems IES

[email protected]
Tel. +41 81 377 94 34
www.ntb.ch/en/team/cordin-arpagaus

IEA HPT Annex 46, 7th Working Meeting

May, 16-17, 2019, Seoul, South Korea
INSTITUTE FOR
ENERGY SYSTEMS
 Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
What is a Domestic Hot Water Heat Pump?
Cold water
hot air
in Hot Water

air fan

Heat pump
hot air evaporator cold air
in coils out
water
electric heating
tank
elements
condenser coil
cold air filled with hot
compressor out refrigerant heats
expansion valve water in tank
Function:
It uses the thermal energy from the air
to heat up the domestic hot water
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(www.oekoboiler.com)
 Test Procedures on Heat Pump Water Heaters
DHW heat pumps in Swiss single family houses –
Typcial Systems
Compact Split Combined with space heating

Air

Radiator

Floor

Indoor air Duct systems using fresh air indoor air

(Source: Merkblatt für Planer, GebäudeKlima Schweiz, Juni 2017)

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