C.S.C.

E
Physical education & SPORTS

Name: Anamika Lall

Grade: 11S
Centre: 090005
P.E Code: 01252090

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Content page
Introduction ……………………………………….4
Acknowledgement………………………………… 5
History and development of track and field ……….6
International history of track and field …………….7
Regional history of track and field ……………….8
Local history of track and field ……………………9
Different track and field events ……………………10
Brief description of various track and field…………11-12
Terminology used in track and field………………..13
Diagram of athletic track ………………………….14
Diagram of the various field events………………15-18
Picture and description on gears and equipment used in track
and field ……………………………………………19
History of marathon………………………………20-21
Rules of marathon running ……………………….22-23
Bio on athletes ……………………………………24-25
History of first aid officer…………………………26-27
Roles and responsibilities of (FAO)……………..28-29
Types of sports injuries ………………………..30
Picture of the different sports injuries ………..31-33
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Treatment of the various sports injuries …………………34
Rice principle definitions …………………………………35-36
Items found in a first aid kit……………………………….37
Poster of tournament…………………………………………38
Results of tournament ………………………………….39-44
Reference ……………………………………………………..45
Appendix………………………………………………………46

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INTRODUCTION

The school based assessment for physical education and sports for the 2022 Caribbean secondary
examinations certificate. The physical education class of berbice educational institute was required to
gather information on the history on track and field. Track and field is one of the oldest and renowned
sport Jamaica is one of the most successful countries to participate in track and field. The grade 11
students from B.E.I was instructed to host a track and field event for our school based assignment where
each students took on responsibilities of a role in the event.

In this school based assessment the researcher will display the role of a First Aider. The sport track and
field was chosen because the class decided that it would be an exciting sport on which to hold an event

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ACKKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this study would not have been possible without the assistance of my
family members. As a result I would like to thank my father, Michael Lall whom have given me
reinsurance in terms of information and motivation in order to complete this school based assessment
and , I would like to thank the everlasting father for letting me see a next day and giving me the strength
and determination to complete the SBA.

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History development of track and field
While track and field has a long and storied history, it did not gain great popularity and take off
until the 1860s. In 1866, England held its first championships for men amateurs. No financial
compensation was provided to the winners, setting precedent for the modern-day Olympics and
basis for the sport.
Momentum behind track and field started to grow in England and later traveled to the United
States. The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was founded in the U.S. In 1887 and has been the
governing body for the sports since. Just shy of 10 years later, the modern Olympics began in

1887 with track and field amongst the list of participating sports.

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The International History Of Track And Field
The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory. Track and field style events are among the
oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of
human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a sports
festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event
was contested: the stadium footrace. The scope of the Games expanded in later years to include further
running competitions, but the introduction of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards
track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the long jump, javelin
throw, discus throw, stadium footrace, and wrestling.

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The Regional History of Track And Field
Track and field gained excellent support and momentum this year, which among the superb
performance of the Athletics Association of Guyana (AAG) will most likely position the national
association for the ‘Sport Association of the Year’ Award. Apart from Cleveland Forde’s dominance at
IAAF South American 10km Road Race Classic, an unprecedented number of athletes represented
Guyana at various overseas engagements with the two females, Jevina Straker and Aliann Pompey
excelling. Straker won her second CARIFTA Games gold medal in the 1500m Girls U-17 race. Straker was
among a team of seven athletes, who competed at the Games, which was held during April 3-5 in the
Cayman Islands. She was the only Guyanese medalist. Pompey won her second Commonwealth Games
medal in the 400m Women race to become the only Guyanese athlete with two meet medals. Pompey’s
silver medal performance in Delhi, India was the high-point for Guyana at the blue-ribbon Games.
Pompey had won gold in Manchester, England. She became the only Guyanese athlete with two
Commonwealth Games medals and will certainly be among the nominees, like junior Straker, for the
‘Senior Sportswoman of the Year’ Award this year. In other international competitions this year, a team
of 24 athletes and three officials represented Guyana at the Inter Guiana Games (IGG) that was held in
French Guiana March 27-28. The local team surrendered a title it had held for several years. Guyana had
always won track and field at IGG, but because the CARIFTA Games was only days apart, the AAG kept
back some of its top athletes for Cayman Islands. The chance of sending the under-strength team to
French Guiana backfired badly. Continuing to maintain its momentum on the international circuit, eight
athletes competed at the Central American and Caribbean (CAC) Games with Pompey getting a silver
medal in the 400m, Marian Burnett getting bronze and Forde bronze in the 5000m.Burnett developed a
breathing problem at the CAC Games, which kept her out of the Delhi, India Commonwealth Games. The
stalwart subsequently mulled retirement from track and field.

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The Local History Of Track And Field
Track Field in Jamaica is huge. But, if you are arriving from Mars, you would have missed an
extraordinary period in World Athletics. The most entertaining, record-breaking, norm-shattering, jaw-
dropping moments in the sport’s history, 2008-2016.Jamaicans are track and field fanatics. So it’s only
fitting that the most outstanding athlete sprang from its loin. The fastest human on earth, the quickest
team on the planet, all came from Jamaica. Usain Bolt, the fastest man on the planet, the most
remarkable track field athlete, leads his team, Jamaica, through the sport’s most successful period.
Entertaining billions of adoring fans while looking fabulous and having fun. Mr. Bolt, who retired in 2017,
is now enjoying fatherhood, making music, building his brand, and enjoying the fruits of his labor. I am
not here to talk about his exploits. They preserve it in films, prints, and music. Rather, I will look at
Jamaica’s Track and Field evolution for over a century. Also, the culture and system responsible for
Jamaica’s dominance in the sprints.

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The different types of track and field events

1. Long jump
2. Pole vault
3. Shot put
4. High hump
5. Hurdles
6. Triple jump
7. Sprint
8. Steeplechase
9. Hammer throw
10. Discus throw
11. Middle-distance running
12. Long-distance running
13. Javelin
14. 48*100 metres relay
15. Relay race

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Brief description of the various track and field events

Long jump- The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and
agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a takeoff point. Along with the triple jump, the two
events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". This
event has a history in the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since
the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948.
Pole vault- Pole vaulting, also known as pole jumping, is a track and field event in which an athlete uses
a long and flexible pole, usually made from fiberglass or carbon fiber, as an aid to jump over a bar. Pole
jumping competitions were known to the Mycenaean Greeks, Minoan Greeks and Celts [citation needed. It has
been a full medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896 for men and since 2000 for women.
Shot put- The shot put is a track and field event involving "putting" (throwing) a heavy spherical ball—
the shot—as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern
Olympics since their revival in 1896, and women's competition began in 1948.
High jump- The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump unaided over a
horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it. In its modern, most-practiced format, a
bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat for landing. Since ancient times, competitors have
introduced increasingly effective techniques to arrive at the current form, and the current universally
preferred method is the Fosbury Flop, in which athletes run towards the bar and leap head first with
their back to the bar.
Triple jump- The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and
jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as
the "horizontal jumps". The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a
jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been
a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896.

Hammer throw- The hammer throw is one of the four throwing events in regular track and field
competitions, along with the discus throw, shot put and javelin. The "hammer" used in this sport is not
like any of the tools also called by that name. It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip.
The size of the ball varies between men's and women's competitions.

Discuss throw- The discus throw , is a track and field  event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—
called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors. It is an ancient sport, as
demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC Myron statue Discoblous. Although not part of the modern
pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at
least 708 BC, and it is part of the modern decathlon.

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Javelin throw- The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin, a spear about 2.5 m (8 ft.
2 in) in length, is thrown. The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area.
Javelin throwing is an event of both the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.

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Terminology used in track and field
Relay

Track

Lane

Photo finish

Shot put

Discuss throw

Hammer throw

High jump

Triple jump cross country

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Diagram of an athletic track

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Diagram of the various field events
1. long jump

2. pole vault

3. shot put

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 4. high jump

5. triple jump

6. hammer throw

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 7. Discus throw

8. javelin throw

Pictures and description on gears use in track and field

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Banana steps

Banana steps are small hurdles 6, 12, 18, or 24 inches off the ground. You can use banana steps to
improve strength and vertical leaps by jumping, running, or skipping over them.

Batons

Batons-a tube that is passed from one relay race member to another. The runner holding the baton is
the current runner for that team in the race. They are typically about 1 foot long and 1.5 inches in
diameter.

Cross bars

A crossbar- is the horizontal part of a high jump or pole vault you jump over. The standard cross bar is
13 feet and 1.5 inches long

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Track shorts are pretty much any short that you can run or be athletic in.

History of marathon

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The Marathon has been an Olympic distance since the modern Olympics started in 1896, but nothing
like it was ever seen in the ancient Olympics, run from 776BC to 261AD. The longest race then was less
than 5km. The Marathon was adopted as a central part of the modern Olympic programme, and takes
place in countless cities all over the world today, purely because of its popular appeal to the
imagination.

Humans had once run distances far greater than a marathon. As a hunter, one of man’s greatest assets
was his stamina. He would run his prey ragged. The hunted animal would bound away to apparent
safety, only for the dogged hunter to turn up alongside again. This would go on until the animal,
squandering its energy in nervous bursts, was rendered too exhausted to resist.

Such obvious purpose to running was undermined as weaponry became more sophisticated, and
humans able to kill at remote distance. In Egyptian times running was prized as a military skill. King
Taharka instituted a long distance race specifically to keep his army up to scratch. The distance was
coincidentally close to 100km, contested today as the standard “ultradistance” event. The race itself has
been revived in recent years as the “Pharaonic 100km”, run from the Hawara pyramid at El Faioum to
the Sakkara pyramids to the south-west of Cairo.

The most accomplished runners, both within the military and in civilian society, served as messengers up
to the beginning of the nineteenth century and, over rough country, were better than a horse.

The tale upon which the modern Olympic Marathon rests is the mythic run of Pheidippides from
Marathon to Athens. He was a professional messenger and, in 490BC, is supposed to have brought a
message from the plains of Marathon, where the Greek Army had just won a crucial battle against the
invading Persian Army of General Datis. After the battle, in which he may have taken part, he was
dispatched to Athens to deliver the news: “Rejoice, we are victorious”. He did this, and no more,
dropping dead with the delivery.

There are many variations of this story, most of them more plausible than this version. The Greeks may
have been victorious, but the battle had not been conclusive, as the rest of the Greek Army was
marching towards Athens to forestall a Persian landing much closer to the city. The most
contemporaneous historian, Herodotus, wrote 50 years later that Pheidippides had been sent from
Athens to Sparta, before the battle, to request help. He does not mention whether Pheidippides
returned with the Spartan reply (which was: “No”). The Spartathlon race, which is held today over a
distance of 240km, commemorates this slightly more likely version of events.

Likely or not, Pheidippides’ death run from Marathon to Athens was incorporated into a poem by Robert
Browning, and this accounts for the currency it had at the time Baron Pierre de Coubertin was
attempting to resurrect the Olympic Games for the modern era.

De Coubertin was a Frenchman, who had grown up at a time of national shame. Trounced in the Franco-
Prussian War, the French had lost national territory, been forced to pay reparations and forbidden a
national army while Prussian troops occupied the country. There followed a civil war which further
weakened French national standing. De Coubertin sought reasons for this weakness, and the apparent
strength of France’s rival powers, Britain and Prussia.

He latched on to Britain’s “public” schools, and in particular their emphasis on sporting endeavour, as a
crucial factor in building national character. On a tour of Britain he met William Brookes, founder of the
Much Wenlock Olympic Society, which had already held its inaugural event in 1850, followed up in 1859

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and 1885. De Coubertin attempted both to make sport compulsory in French schools and to promote an
international sporting festival also based upon the ancient Olympics.

He launched his Olympic campaign in 1892, and two years later formed the International Olympic
Committee at the Sorbonne. The delegates agreed to promote the first modern Olympics in 1896 in
Athens, and subsequently at intervals of four years. One of the delegates was Michel Breal, who argued
for a long-distance race as one of the events, and dusted off the hoary old story of Pheidippides in
support. He carried his argument, but the Greek Government also had to be convinced that the
Olympics should be held at all (See Distance Running 2012:3 for a fuller account of Breal’s support for an
Olympic “Marathon”).

Rules of marathon running

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1. A marathon must be greater than or equal to 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 Km) and an
ultra is any distance greater than the marathon distance.
2. Preferably the route has been distance certified.
3. If not certified the Race Director must provide documentation as to how the course was
measured. At a minimum course must be measured two times using an odometer or
GPS and in the event of a discrepancy the longer distance must be used. Trail courses
that don’t lend themselves to those forms of measurement must document their good
faith effort to meet the marathon distance requirement.
4. The event shall have a named race director(s) to supervise and take responsibility for the
event.
5. A race organization representative must be present at start and finish to certify the
participant’s completion of the distant
6. Event must have had a minimum of 60 days advanced publicity in a running publication,
magazine, newspaper, website or race brochure.
7. Verifiable results must be posted to the general public. E.g. website, newspaper,
magazine.
8. Event must be timed by a non-participant.
9. The event must have a minimum of 10 finishers. If an ultra and a marathon are being
held simultaneously, the combined number of finishers meets this rule. Barkley
Marathons Clause: If an event has a low percentage of finishers due to difficulty factors
intentionally (e.g. 100K and 100 mile ultras) built into the course, then there must be at
least 10 starters.
10. A marathon shall be run without interruption except for natural events such as a
thunderstorm, hail, tornado, downed power line, flooding, rock slide, etc.
11. If temporarily interrupted by a natural event the marathon can be counted if at least 26
miles 385 yards was ultimately completed, possibly on a diverted course, and
continuance is allowed by the race director.
12. A stage or multi-day event will only count as one event and at least one day’s stage
must include a distance of 26 miles 385 yards or greater.
13. If a participant can register for single stages of a multi-day event then each continuous
stage greater than or equal to 26.2 miles can be counted as a marathon.
14. Completion of at least one 26.2 mile portion of an ultra may be counted as a marathon,
if the race director verifies in the results.
15. Participants shall retain information to substantiate completion of an event, such as: a
finisher’s certificate, published event results, medal or completion award.

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16. The event must either start or finish or include 50% of the distance traversed in the
country to be counted. A route that runs into two or more countries can only be
counted as one. Participant is responsible for providing Race Director written assurance
satisfying the 50% rule.
17. Participant must be registered for the event to count. Guides, ultra distance “handlers”,
pacers and bandits may not count the event if they were not assigned bib numbers and
published verifiable finish results.
18. The marathon portion of a triathlon event may be counted as a marathon.
19. If an event allows an early start, it is the responsibility of the participant to ensure that
the race organization correctly represents and verifies the participant’s time. An official
timer must be present to record early start.
20. “Shadow” or “satellite” events will not be counted as proxy to a regular, organized
marathon event, but in a separate location. The race must physically occur in the country
for which it is being counted.
21. If you finish after the official closure time of the event, you can still count the event if
you appear in race results with a finish time.
22. Event participants must comply with the APPLICABLE rules of the race organization,
respective governing body and local laws. Marathon Globetrotters condemn cheating,
the use of IAAF banned substances and the transfer of race entries without the
expressed permission of the event management.

Bio on athletes

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Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
Jamaica Sprinter

Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, née Shelly-Ann Fraser, (born December 27, 1986,

Kingston, Jamaica), Jamaican sprinter who won gold medals in the 100-metre race at
both the 2008 Beijing Olympic Game  and the 2012 London Games. She also captured a
silver medal in the event at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Fraser grew up in the impoverished, violence-plagued Waterhouse district of

Kingston, Jamaica. She was raised with two brothers by her mother, who earned a living
as an unlicensed street vendor. Fraser occasionally competed in track-and-field events
in primary school, starting at age 10. As a high-school student, she raced 100 metres in
11.57 seconds—a promising result for a 16-year-old girl. In 2007, while attending the
University of Technology in Kingston, she improved her best to 11.31 seconds, placed
fifth at the national championships, and earned a silver medal at the world
championships for her run in the heats of the 4 × 100-metre relay.

Although she was coached by Stephen Francis, who had guided Jamaica’s Asafa Powell
to four men’s 100-metre world records, Fraser’s breakthrough in 2008 was sudden and
unexpected. At the Beijing Olympics she won gold in the 100 metres with a time of 10.78
seconds. At just 5 feet 3 inches (1.6 metres)—more than 1 foot (30 cm) shorter than
world-record-setting sprinter Usain Bolt, her celebrated male teammate—Fraser lived
up to the “Pocket Rocket” nickname given to her by a journalist. She secured the 100-
metre world title at the 2009 world championships in another personal best (10.73
seconds); she also ran on Jamaica’s winning 4 × 100-metre relay team. Fraser lost most
of the 2010 season to a six-month doping ban after testing positive for oxycodone. She
said that Francis had given her the narcotic—which is prohibited but not considered to
be performance enhancing—to quell pain after oral surgery.

In January 2012 Fraser married longtime boyfriend Jason Pryce. Later that year at the
London Games, she became the third woman to repeat as Olympic 100-metre
champion, with another personal best (10.70 seconds). She then competed in the 200
metres for the first time at a major championship and came away with the silver. At the
2013 world championships, she won the women’s 100-metre final in 10.71 seconds. Four
days later Fraser-Pryce captured gold in the 200 metres (22.17 seconds), becoming the
third woman to claim such a dash double. She then anchored Jamaica’s team to secure
gold in the women’s 4 × 100-metre relay. At season’s end the International Association
of Athletics Federations named Fraser-Pryce its 2013 Woman Athlete of the Year.

At the 2015 world championships, Fraser-Pryce won gold medals as a member of

Jamaica’s 4 × 100-metre relay team and in the 100-metre event, becoming the first
woman to win three 100-metre gold’s in world championships history. At the 2016 Rio

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de Janeiro Olympic Games, she battled through a persistent toe injury to take the silver
medal in the 4 × 100-metre relay and the bronze in the 100-metre sprint.

In early 2017 Fraser-Pryce announced that she was pregnant—she gave birth to a boy in
August—and she did not return to competition until the following year. At the 2019
world championships, she claimed her fourth title in the 100 metres and was a member
of the gold-winning 4 × 100-metre relay team. Her next major event was the 2020
Tokyo Olympic Games, which were held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There
she won a silver medal in the 100 metres and gold in the 4 × 100-metre relay.

History of a First Aid Officer

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First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or
serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote
recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available,
such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an ambulance, as well as the complete
treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by someone with
basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health,
while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD, Conflict First
Aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship well-being, is being piloted
in Canada.
There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance,
which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain circumstances. This can include specific training or
equipment to be available in the workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator), the provision of specialist
first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. First aid, however, does not
necessarily require any particular equipment or prior knowledge, and can involve improvisation with materials
available at the time, often by untrained people. Skills of what is now known as first aid have been recorded
throughout history, especially in relation to warfare, where the care of both traumatic and medical cases is
required in particularly large numbers. The bandaging of battle wounds is shown on Classical Greek pottery from c.
500 BC, whilst the parable of the Good Samaritan includes references to binding or dressing wounds.[5] There are
numerous references to first aid performed within the Roman army, with a system of first aid supported by
surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals. Roman legions had the specific role of capsarii, who were responsible
for first aid such as bandaging, and are the forerunners of the modern combat medic.
Further examples occur through history, still mostly related to battle, with examples such as the Knights
Hospitaller in the 11th century AD, providing care to pilgrims and knights in the Holy Land.
During the late 18th century, drowning as a cause of death was a major concern amongst the population. In 1767,
a society for the preservation of life from accidents in water was started in Amsterdam, and in 1773,
physician William Hawes began publicizing the power of artificial respiration as means of resuscitation of those
who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of the Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently
Drowned, later the Royal Humane Society, who did much to promote resuscitation.[9 Napoleon's surgeon, Baron
Dominique-Jean Larrey, is credited with creating an ambulance corps, the ambulance volantes, which included
medical assistants, tasked to administer first aid in battle. [11]
In 1859, Swiss businessman Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino, and his work led
to the formation of the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field". [8The Red
Cross and Red Crescent are still the largest provider of first aid worldwide

Esmarch bandage showing soldiers how to perform first aid

In 1870, Prussian military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced formalized first aid to the military, and first
coined the term "erste hilfe" (translating to 'first aid'), including training for soldiers in the Franco-Prussian War on
care for wounded comrades using pre-learnt bandaging and splinting skills, and making use of the Esmarch
bandage which he designed. The bandage was issued as standard to the Prussian combatants, and also included
aide-memoire pictures showing common uses.
In 1872, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England changed its focus from hospice care, and set out to start a
system of practical medical help, starting with making a grant towards the establishment of the UK's
first ambulance service. This was followed by creating its own wheeled transport litter in 1875 (the St John
Ambulance), and in 1877 established the St John Ambulance Association (the forerunner of modern-day St John
Ambulance) "to train men and women for the benefit of the sick and wounded".
Also in the UK, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd had seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new teaching of first aid,
and introduced an equivalent programme for the British Army, and so being the first user of "first aid for the
injured" in English, disseminating information through a series of lectures. Following this, in 1878, Shepherd

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and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the newly charitable focus of St John, [5] and established the concept
of teaching first aid skills to civilians. The first classes were conducted in the hall of the Presbyterian school in
Woolwich (near Woolwich barracks where Shepherd was based) using a comprehensive first aid curriculum.
First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organizations such as St John, often starting,
as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.

Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aid Officer

Role of a First Aider

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A first aid offi cer is an essential part of any organization. Your primary role is to provide
immediate lifesaving care before the arrival of further medical care. This could include
performing basic first aid procedures, including:

 Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position

 Incident Management and Casualty Safety
 Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 Use of automated external defibrillators (AED)
 Stopping the bleeding using pressure and elevation
 Keeping a fractured limb still
 

Responsibilities of a First Aider 

As the person responsible for taking actions to keep everyone involved safe, it is crucial to
follow the actions and guidelines based on the responsibilities of a first aider. We outline seven
of them below:

1. Assess the situation in a timely manner

A good first aider should get a full picture and understanding of what happened by carefully
assessing the situation in a timely manner. This involves determining whether someone is in
imminent danger, the cause of the emergency, and the number of affected casualties.

2. Stay calm, reassure, and take charge

A calm, considerate response from a first aid offi cer is what is needed in an emergency. This
engenders trust and respect from the casualty and those people around you. Staying calm is
also fundamental to giving aid to the casualty and receiving information from the casualty
effectively.

3. Protect yourself or any casualties from danger

This also applies to the bystanders around the emergency scene. Never put yourself at risk.
Otherwise, you won’t be able to help others if you are injured yourself. Only move the casualty
if leaving them would cause more harm.

If you are unable to secure scene safety, call 000 for emergency help.

4. Prevention infection

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Prevent cross-contamination between you and the casualty as best as possible. Wear disposable
gloves or wash your hands immediately after interaction with the casualty. And avoid coughing
or sneezing while applying first aid to avoid contamination.

5. Assess the casualty

Identify the injury or nature of illness affecting a casualty as best as you can. Give early
treatment, attend to the casualties with the most serious (life-threatening) conditions first.

6. Provide First Aid Treatment

Until the EMS or emergency medical services are on the scene, you need to provide all the care
needed by the casualty. This may include CPR application for airway obstruction and the use of
AED to relieve shock and other heart-related emergencies.

7. Arrange for appropriate help

Dial Triple Zero 000 (Australian Emergency Number) if you suspect serious injury or illness. Take
the casualty to the nearest hospital into the care of a healthcare professional or to a higher
level of medical care.

Qualities of a Good First Aider

 Excellent communication skills

 Calm and ability to work under pressure
 Initiative and leadership
 Team player
 Positive and selfless
 and more importantly, Properly Trained
To become a fully competent first aid offi cer, you must complete the first-aid certificate from a
registered training provider and receive first aid certification.

Types of sports injuries

29
 Strains
 Sprains
 Knee injuries
 Fractures
 Tennis elbow
 Plantar fasciitis/shin splints
 Back injuries/back pain
 Concussion

Pictures of the different type of sports injuries

30
Strains

Sprains

Knee injuries

Fractures

31
Back pain

Tennis elbow

Concussion

32
Plantar fasciitis/shin splints

33
 Treatment of the various sports injury

Sprain ankle

1. Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort.

2. Ice. Use an ice pack or ice slush bath immediately for 15 to 20 minutes and repeat every two to three
hours while you're awake. ...
3. Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the ankle with an elastic bandage until the swelling
stops. ...
4. Elevation.

Strain feet
Rest – stop any exercise or activities and try not to put any weight on the injury. Ice – apply an ice pack
(or a bag of frozen vegetables wrapped in a tea towel) to the injury for up to 20 minutes every 2 to 3
hours. Compression – wrap a bandage around the injury to support it.

Knee injuries
1. Put as little weight as possible on your knee – for example, avoid standing for a long time.
2. Use an ice pack (or bag of frozen peas wrapped in a tea towel) on your knee for up to 20 minutes every
2 to 3 hours.
3. Take paracetamol.

Fractures

1. Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece
of clothing.
2. Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone that's sticking out back in. ...
3. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain. ...
4. Treat for shock.
Back pain

1. Keep Moving. You might not feel like it when you're in pain. ...
2. Stretch and Strengthen. Strong muscles, especially in your abdominal core, help support your back. ...
3. Keep Good Posture. ...
4. Maintain a Healthy Weight. ...
5. Quit Smoking. ...
6. Try Ice and Heat. ...
7. Know Your OTC Medications. ...
8. Rub on Medicated Creams.

34
What is rice principle
RICE is an acronym for a basic first aid treatment used to treat a variety of musculoskeletal injuries,
including those, which occur with bleeding episodes. R-I-C-E stands for Rest, Ice, Compression,
and Elevation. In the bleeding disorders community, we’ve added another I for Immobilization and
another C – for Concentrate.

REST is probably the most basic and most difficult principle to apply. While a joint or muscle is actively
bleeding, it should be rested. If a bleed involves a leg, this means no weight bearing on that leg; and if a
bleed involves an arm, this means no lifting or carrying with that arm. With the hectic pace of daily life, it
is often difficult to rest joints and muscles, but this is a highly effective method to help bleeding episodes
resolve more quickly and completely.

ICE applied to an injured area can help control swelling and pain. It will not stop a bleeding episode, but
it will help to manage the symptoms and improve comfort. Ice should not be applied directly to the skin,
but should first be wrapped in a damp towel. Ice can be applied for ten to fifteen minutes, every two
hours as long as it is comfortable. Some individuals do not tolerate ice – there is no need to force it if the
other basic treatment principles are being used. Do not apply heat to an active or resolving bleed.

IMMOBILIZATION means holding a joint still in a slab cast or splint during the active bleeding phase to
help control pain and swelling. Immobilization should never be applied for more than two to three days
as it may then become difficult to get joints and muscles moving again.

COMPRESSION involves wrapping the affected joint or muscle in a tensor bandage or Tubigrip sleeve to
help control swelling and pain. Do not wrap the affected area too tightly, as you may decrease blood
flow to other parts of the involved extremity. Some people do not tolerate compression – there is no
need to force it if the other basic treatment principles are being used.

CONCENTRATE is probably the most important element in treating active bleeding episodes. Use factor
concentrate as directed by your bleeding disorders clinic and don’t delay in seeking treatment.

ELEVATION involves resting the affected area in a raised position. If the leg is affected, it can be raised
and place on a couch or chair, and arms can be propped on pillows.

RICE is an effective and basic treatment approach to musculoskeletal injuries, including bleeding
episodes. Please contact the Bleeding Disorders Program if you have any questions regarding the

35
treatment of any active or suspected bleeding episode or the application of any of the principles of the
RICE treatment approach.

36
Items found in first aid kit

 A first-aid manual
 Different sized sterile gauze pads
 Adhesive tape
 Band-Aids in several sizes
 Elastic bandage (like an Ace wrap)
 Antiseptic wipes
 Antibiotic ointment
 Antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide)
 Tweezers

 Scissors
 Alcohol wipes
 Plastic non-latex gloves
 Thermometer

37
Poster

38
Reports on Berbice Educational Institute Inter House Sports

Report On Berbice Educational Institute Road Race

On Wednesday Sept 21st, 2022. Berbice Educational Institute Held a Road Race. It began at T.I
and ended at B.E.I. The road race begun at 6:00a.m and we had an amazing turn out and the race
finished at 7:00a.m, they were two water stations at different locations. They were events
managers, first aiders, coaches, placemen etc. Policemen had called a road block so that the
students could run safe without accidents occurring. 4 Kids fainted and as a medic I was needed
the professional medics where there as well with the ambulance. I used my limocol, tissues, ice
packs, etc... To help the kids. The teachers, parents and past students were there for supervision
besides the kids. Teachers and Past students also participated for fun. After arriving at our school
kids ran into the school at the benab and registered their names to know which space they
brought. Overall it was a great experience and injury free.

Report on Berbice Educational Institute Field Events

On Thursday Sept 22nd, 2022. Berbice Educational Institute had their ‘field events’. It begun at
10:00a.m and finished at 3:00p.m. The different events that were done on this day was the
throwing of the javelin, throwing of shot-put and throwing of discuss. It was really humid but the
kids pulled through. Teachers were the judge of this event and past students helped with the
registration of athletes. Teachers and Students from the different houses raised money to get
eatables for the athletes. There were no injury and it was an accident free day.

Report on Berbice Educational Institute Track Event

On Friday Sept 24th, 2022. Berbice Educational Institute held their ‘Track Event’. It begun at
9:00a.m and finished at 4:30p.m. This event dealt with all the track events for example
100metres, 200metres, 400metres, relay, etc. We had 4 incidents where 3 students fainted during
the race and 1 student slipped her side out. The teachers called her mom and rushed her to the
hospital, 1 of the student that fainted got up back and continued running. The different houses
provided eatables for their athletes. I was a Cheerleader for Carew [aka Yellow] house. Our
physical display was the best out of the rest of houses. The winner of our Inter House Sports was
‘Edwards [aka green] house’, and in 2nd place was ‘Ramlochan [aka Red] house’, then in 3rd
place was ‘Brickram [aka blue] house’ and coming in 4th was ‘Carew [aka Yellow] house’.
Overall it had an amazing turn out and it was a great experience.

39
Letter Requesting Police Escort

September 12, 2022

Officer In-Charge Traffic

Regional Division 6
New Amsterdam
Berbice
RE: REQUESTING PERMISSION TO HOST ROAD RACE ALONG THE NEW
AMSTERDAM PUBLIC ROAD.
Dear Sir/ Madam,
With reference to the above-mentioned subject, the Berbice Educational Institute Physical
Education 2023 CSEC students is humbly seeking your permission to host its CSEC class project
in the form of a 3k road race on Wednesday the 21st of September 2022. This race is scheduled to
start at 06:00 hours and conclude at 06:30 hours.
The starting point for this race is the front of the NATI building moving southwards along the
Main Street New Amsterdam, then turning at high bridge then ending at the front of the Berbice
Educational Institute building.
For any further information, kindly contact the subject teacher- Dane Johnson on 663-8788 or
the Berbice Educational Institute on 333-2668. We thank you in anticipation for your generous
contribution. For your information and guidance.
Subject Teacher
…………………
Sports Secretary
…………………..
Head Teacher
…………………..

40
Letter Requesting Ambulance

September 12, 2022

Chief Executive Officer

New Amsterdam Public Hospital
New Amsterdam
Berbice
RE: REQUEST FOR MEDICAL ASSSISTANCE
Dear Sir/ Madam,
With reference to the above-mentioned subject, the Berbice Educational Institute Physical
Education 2023 CSEC students is humbly seeking your permission to host its CSEC class project
in the form of a 3k road race on Wednesday the 21st of September 2022. This race is scheduled to
start at 06:00 hours and conclude at 06:30 hours.
The starting point for this race is the front of the NATI building moving southwards along the
Main Street New Amsterdam, then turning at high bridge then ending at the front of the Berbice
Educational Institute building.
For any further information, kindly contact the subject teacher- Dane Johnson on 663-8788 or
the Berbice Educational Institute on 333-2668. We thank you in anticipation for your generous
contribution. For your information and guidance.
Subject Teacher
…………………
Sports Secretary
…………………..
Head Teacher
……………………

41
Letter Requesting Police Escort

September 12, 2022

Officer In-Charge Traffic

Regional Division 6
New Amsterdam
Berbice
RE: REQUESTING PERMISSION TO HOST ROAD RACE ALONG THE NEW
AMSTERDAM PUBLIC ROAD.
Dear Sir/ Madam,
With reference to the above-mentioned subject, the Berbice Educational Institute Physical
Education 2023 CSEC students is humbly seeking your permission to host its CSEC class project
in the form of a 3k road race on Wednesday the 21st of September 2022. This race is scheduled to
start at 06:00 hours and conclude at 06:30 hours.
The starting point for this race is the front of the NATI building moving southwards along the
Main Street New Amsterdam, then turning at high bridge then ending at the front of the Berbice
Educational Institute building.
For any further information, kindly contact the subject teacher- Dane Johnson on 663-8788 or
the Berbice Educational Institute on 333-2668. We thank you in anticipation for your generous
contribution. For your information and guidance.
Subject Teacher
…………………
Sports Secretary
…………………..
Head Teacher
…………………..

42
Letter Requesting Ambulance

September 12, 2022

Chief Executive Officer

New Amsterdam Public Hospital
New Amsterdam
Berbice
RE: REQUEST FOR MEDICAL ASSSISTANCE
Dear Sir/ Madam,
With reference to the above-mentioned subject, the Berbice Educational Institute Physical
Education 2023 CSEC students is humbly seeking your permission to host its CSEC class project
in the form of a 3k road race on Wednesday the 21st of September 2022. This race is scheduled to
start at 06:00 hours and conclude at 06:30 hours.
The starting point for this race is the front of the NATI building moving southwards along the
Main Street New Amsterdam, then turning at high bridge then ending at the front of the Berbice
Educational Institute building.
For any further information, kindly contact the subject teacher- Dane Johnson on 663-8788 or
the Berbice Educational Institute on 333-2668. We thank you in anticipation for your generous
contribution. For your information and guidance.
Subject Teacher
…………………
Sports Secretary
…………………..
Head Teacher
……………………

43
Results of Tournament
Berbice Educational Institute Interhouse Sports Results
1st place- Edwards
2nd place- Ramlochan
3rd place- Bickram
4th place- Carew

Interschool Sports Results

1st place- Berbice Educational Institute
2nd place- Tutorial Academy Secondary School
3rd place- New Amsterdam Multilateral Secondary
4th place- Vryman’s Erven Secondary School

44
Reference
Basic Rules for Track & Field Events - SportsRec
Wikipedia

FloTrack

(rookieroad.com)

Appendix
45
46