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    Heat Transfer

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    Aashis Dahal
    The document describes the formulation of finite element methods for one-dimensional and two-dimensional heat transfer problems. It presents the governing equations for steady-state heat transfer through a plane wall, fin, and two-dimensional domains. It then outlines the weighted residual and variational methods used to discretize the governing equations and derive the system of equations to be solved, including the generation of element stiffness matrices and force vectors for different boundary conditions.

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    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Aashis Dahal
    11 views14 pages
    The document describes the formulation of finite element methods for one-dimensional and two-dimensional heat transfer problems. It presents the governing equations for steady-state heat transfer through a plane wall, fin, and two-dimensional domains. It then outlines the weighted residual and variational methods used to discretize the governing equations and derive the system of equations to be solved, including the generation of element stiffness matrices and force vectors for different boundary conditions.

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    The document describes the formulation of finite element methods for one-dimensional and two-dimensional heat transfer problems. It presents the governing equations for steady-state heat transfer through a plane wall, fin, and two-dimensional domains. It then outlines the weighted residual and variational methods used to discretize the governing equations and derive the system of equations to be solved, including the generation of element stiffness matrices and force vectors for different boundary conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views14 pages

    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Aashis Dahal
    The document describes the formulation of finite element methods for one-dimensional and two-dimensional heat transfer problems. It presents the governing equations for steady-state heat transfer through a plane wall, fin, and two-dimensional domains. It then outlines the weighted residual and variational methods used to discretize the governing equations and derive the system of equations to be solved, including the generation of element stiffness matrices and force vectors for different boundary conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    One Dimensional Plane Wall

    Steady state heat transfer through plane wall is given by

    ………. [1]

    with boundary conditions

    and ………. [2]

    Where
    is thermal conductivity of the material.
    is the rate of internal heat generation per unit volume.
    is temperature, ie. .
    is convective heat transfer coefficient.
    is fluid temperature.

    Using weighted residual principle

    Substituting

    ……. [3]

    Equation [3] can also be expressed as


    ………. [4]
    Then elements of [K]k are determined by

    ………. [5]

    Substituting Ni = (1 – x/L) and Nj = x/L, we get

    ………. [6]

    Then elements of [K]h, which is defined only for the element at the right end, are determined by
    ………. [7]

    Substituting Ni = 0 at x = L and Nj = 1 at x = L, we get

    ………. [8]

    Then elements of {f}Q are determined by

    ………. [9]

    Substituting Ni = (1 – x/L) and Nj = x/L, we get

    ………. [10]

    Then elements of {f}h , which is defined only for the element at the right end, are determined by
    ………. [11]

    Substituting Ni = 0 at x = L and Nj = 1 at x = L, we get

    ………. [12]

    One Dimensional Fin


    Steady state heat transfer through a one dimensional fin is given by
    ………. [13]

    with boundary conditions

    and ………. [14]

    where P is perimeter.

    Using weighted residual principle

    Substituting

    ……. [15]

    Equation [15] can also be expressed as


    ………. [16]

    Then elements of [K]hP are determined by

    ………. [17]

    Substituting Ni = (1 – x/L) and Nj = x/L, we get

    ………. [18]

    Then elements of {f}hP are determined by

    ………. [19]

    Substituting Ni = (1 – x/L) and Nj = x/L, we get

    ………. [20]

    Two Dimensional Heat Transfer


    Steady state two dimensional heat transfer is given by

    ………. [21]

    with boundary conditions


    on

    on
    ………. [22]

    on

    Using weighted residual principle


    Using gradient theorem

    Since , and substituting and

    Since on
    ………. [23]

    Equation [23] can also be expressed as


    ………. [24]

    Then elements of [K]k are determined by

    ………. [25]

    Substituting Ni = ai + bi x +ci y , Nj = aj + bj x +cj y and Nk = ak + bk x +ck y, we get

    ………. [26]

    Then elements of [K]h, which is defined only for the edges of the element subjected to
    convection, are determined by

    ………. [27]

    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection, Ni = 0 on the edge jk and Nj = (1 – s/sjk) Nj =


    (s/sjk) on the edge jk, we get

    ………. [28]

    Then elements of {f}Q are determined by

    ………. [29]
    Element values of {fi}Q can be determined to be

    ………. [30]

    Then elements of {f}q, which is defined only for the edges of the element subjected to
    convection, are determined by

    ………. [31]

    If jk edge of an element is subjected to flux, Ni = 0 on the edge jk and Nj = (1 – s/sjk) Nj = (s/sjk)


    on the edge jk, we get

    ………. [32]

    Then elements of {f}h, which is defined only for the edges of the element subjected to
    convection, are determined by

    ………. [31]

    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection, Ni = 0 on the edge jk and Nj = (1 – s/sjk) Nj =


    (s/sjk) on the edge jk, we get

    ………. [32]

    Variational Formulation for Two Dimensional Heat Transfer


    Weak formulation for steady state two dimensional heat transfer is given by

    ………. [33]

    Then the functional for variational formulation of the problem is given by


    ………. [34]

    If the given domain is divided into a certain number of elements,

    ………. [35]

    For a linear triangular element

    Since Ni = ai + bi x +ci y , Nj = aj + bj x +cj y and Nk = ak + bk x +ck y, gradients of field


    variables are given by

    Then the first integral term of Equation [35] for a single element is given by
    ……. [a]

    where

    Then the second integral term of Equation [35] for a single element is given by

    ……. [b]

    where
    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection

    Similarly the third integral term of Equation [35] for a single element is given by

    ……. [c]

    where

    Similarly the fourth integral term of Equation [35] for a single element is given by

    ……. [d]

    where
    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection

    Similarly the last integral term of Equation [35] for a single element is given by

    ……. [e]

    where

    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection

    Now substituting expressions [a], [b], [c], [d] and [e] into Equation [35], we get

    ………. [36]

    where [K] = [Ke]k + [Ke]h and {f} = {f}Q + {f}q + {f}h

    Assembling the equations,


    ………. [37]

    Then using Ritz method,

     ………. [38]

    Two Dimensional Heat Transfer Using Rectangular Element

    Bilinear shape functions for a two dimensional rectangular element are

    For a linear rectangular element, field variable is given by


    Then gradients of field variables are given by

    where

    Then stiffness matrix due to conductivity is given by

    Then stiffness matrix due to convection is given by


    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection

    Similarly the force vector due to heat generation is given by

    Similarly the force vector due to heat flux is given by

    If jk edge of an element is subjected to flux

    Similarly the force vector due to convection is given by

    If jk edge of an element is subjected to convection

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