Global health 4.

Shortage of human medical resources

5. High Infant mortality rate
- Any health issue that concerns many
6. Malnutrition
countries or is affected by transnational
determinants such as climate change or Community
urbanization or solutions such as polio
- The people living in one practical area
eradication. The global in global health
as people who are considered as a unit
refers to the scope of problems not
because of their common interest,
their location, global health can focus
social group or nationality
on domestic health disparities as well as
cross border tissue Health
National Health - The world health organization define
health as a state of complete physical,
- Gives idea of the health situation in the
mental, and social well being and not
country health situation and issues
merely the absence of disease or
concerning withing the boarders of the
infirmity (WHO 1948)
country. Health problems particularly
encountered by the people for instance Nursing
malnutrition in the developing countries
- Assisting sick individuals to become
Top 6 Global health Challenges healthy and healthy individuals achieve
optimum wellness
1. Noncommunicable disease- cancer,
heart disease, obesity related Public health
conditions
2. Infectious disease and pandemics- - Is the science and art of preventing
Covid 19, HIV/AIDS disease prolonging life and promoting
3. Food Supplies- hunger and starvation physical health and efficiency through
4. Environmental factors – crossover o Organized community efforts
infection from plants and animals, air for sanitation of the
pollution environment
5. Inequality- premature deaths due to o Control of community
poor health care system infections
6. Health care in war zones- bombing of o Education of the individual in
hospital in war zones, refugees’ camps. principles of personal hygiene
o Organization of medical and
National Health Situation nursing services for the early
1. The national budget allocation for diagnosis and preventive
health care is relatively small in 2020 treatment of disease
national budget P176 billion is allocated o Development to the social
to DOH while P206 billion to national machinery that will ensure to
defense every individual in that
2. Tuberculosis, malaria HIV/AIDS community a standard of living
3. High prevalence of obesity and health adequate or the main Tenace of
disease health
Community health 1. Assessment (standard 1) ⁃ The public health
nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to
- Community health is a medical specialty
the health status of the population.
that focuses on the physical and mental
well being of the people in a specific 2. Population diagnosis priorities (standard 2) ⁃
geographic region The public health nurse analyses the
- The major goal of community health assessment data to determine the population
nursing is to prevent the health of the diagnosis and priorities.
community and surrounding
3. Outcome identification ⁃ The public health
populations by focusing on health
nurse identifies outcomes for a plan that is
promotion and health maintenance of
based on population diagnosis and priorities.
individual families and groups within
the community 4. Planning ⁃ The public health nurse develops a
Community health nursing plan that reflects best practices by identifying
strategies, action plans and alternatives to
- A specialized field of nursing practice attain expected outcomes.
that renders care to individuals.
Families and communities focusing on 5. Implementation ⁃ The Public Health Nurse
health promotion and disease implements the identified plans by partnering
prevention through people with others
empowerment o Coordination ⁃ Coordinates programs,
Core of community health nursing services and other activities to
implement the identified plan
- Health Promotion : directed at o Health education and Health Promotion
improving the well being ⁃ Employs multiple strategies to
- Disease prevention: protects people promote health, prevent disease and
from disease and the effects of disease ensure a safe environment for
Levels of client in community health nursing population
o Consultation ⁃ Provides consultation to
1. Individual various community groups and officials
2. Family to facilitate the implementation of
3. Population programs and service.
4. Community o Regulatory activities ⁃ Identifies,
Factors affecting health interprets and implements public health
laws, regulations and policies.
- Poverty and health
- Cultural influence on health 6. Evaluation ⁃ The Public Health Nurse
- Environmental influences on health evaluates the health status of the population
- Political influence on health STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING IN 7. Quality of Practice ⁃ Public Health Nurse
PHILIPPINES systematically enhances the quality and
effectiveness of nursing practice.
 8. Education ⁃ The Public Health Nurse attains - Friar Juan Clemente opened a medical
knowledge and competency that reflects dispensary in intramunos for the
current nursing and public health practice Indigent

9. Professional practice evaluation ⁃ The Public 1690

Health Nurse evaluates one's own nursing
- Dominican Father Juan de Pergero
practice in relation to professional practice
worked towards installing a water
standards and guidelines, relevant statutes,
system in San Juan del Monte, San Juan
rules and regulations
City Metro Manila and Manila
10. COLLEGIALITY AND PROFESSIONAL
1805
RELATIONSHIP ⁃ Public Health Nurse establishes
collegial partnership while interacting with - Dr Francisco dalmis introduced
representatives of the population, organizations Smallpox Vaccination
and health and human services professionals
1876
and contributes to the professional
development of peers, students, colleagues and - The First medicos Titulares were
others, appointed and worked as provincial
health officer
11. Collaboration ⁃ The Public Health Nurse
collaborates with the representatives of the 1947
population, organization and health and human
service protessionals in providing lor and - The DOH was recognized into bureau
promoting the health of the population, and the administration of city health
departments was placed at bureau
12. Ethics ⁃ The Public Health Nurse integrates level.
ethical provisions in all areas of practice,
1954
13. Research ⁃ The Public Health Nurse
Integrates Ethical Provisions in all areas of - The congress parted RA 1082 as the
practice. rural health unit act which provided on
RHY in every municipality
14. RESOURCE UTILIZATION POPULATION ⁃ The
1957
Public Heath Nurse considers Factors related to
safety, effectiveness, cost and impact on - RA 1891 was enacted to have more
practice and in the planning and delivery of equitable distribution or health
nursing and public health programs, policies personnel
and services.
1958
15. Leadership ⁃ The Public Health Nurse
provides leadership in nursing and public - Regional health officer were created as
health. a result of decentralization efforts thus
creating the position regional officer
History of Public Health Nursing in The
Philippines 1970

1577 - The Philippine health care delivery

system was restructured for the health
 care system that exits to this day where - Commonly health nurse can only
health services are classified into perform his/her functions effectively if
primary,, secondary and tertiary levels. he/she
a. Has the necessary knowledge,
1991
skills, attitude in dealing with
- RA 7160 on the local government code the healthy needs and
mandated the devolution of basic problems of his/her clients
services, including health services to b. Is familiar with the structure
local government units and the and dynamics of the health care
establishment of a local health board in system and its broader
every province and city or municipality. sociocultural, economic and
political context
1999 c. Knowledgeable by laws and
- Health sector refer agenda was policies affecting the health
launched to direct government efforts care system in general and
towards comprehensive reform nursing practice in particular
and of nursing program
2005 standard
- Formula One (F1) for health was Roles and Responsibilities Of Community Health
launched to provide an implementation Nursing
framework to the reform agenda.
1. Management
2010 2. Training
- Universal health care was launched to 3. Supervision
provide the necessary revisions to the 4. Provision of health and nursing care
F1 Framework 5. Health education
6. Coordination
Universal health Care
Health Care Delivery System
- Aims to achieve the health system goals
o Better health outcomes Health Care Delivery System
o Sustained health financing and ⁃ The totality of "societal services and activities
o A responsive health system designed to protect or restore the health of
that will provide equitable individuals, families, groups, and communities
occurs to the health care (Banta, 1986).
- It is deliberately focused economically
disadvantaged Filipinos to ensure that ⁃ A nation's health care delivery system has a
they are given risk protection through tremendous impact not only to the health of its
enrollment in Philhealth and they are people but also on their total development
able to access affordable and quality including their socioeconomic status. Anderson
health services and Mcfarlene (2011) emphasized the role of
the following factors in shaping 21* century
Roles and Responsibilities of Community Health health that further influence health care
Nurse delivery system:
 1. Health care "reforms" WHO country focus is directed toward providing
2. Demographics technical collaboration with member states
3. Globalization with accordance with each country's needs and
4. Poverty and growing disparities capacities.
5. Social disintegration
⁃ Shaping the research agenda and
stimulating the generation, translation, and
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (Dr. Tedos disseminating valuable knowledge. The WHO
Adhanom Ghebreyesus) strategy on research for health has 5 goals:

⁃ A part of the United Nations that deals with 1. Capacity- in reference to capacity-
major health issues around the world. The building to strengthen the national health
World Health Organization sets standards for research system
disease control, health care, and medicines;
2. Priorities - to focus research on
conducts education and research programs; and
priority health need particularly in low and
publishes scientific papers and reports
middle income countries
⁃ A specialized agency in the United Nations
3. Standards- to promote good research
(UN) provides global leadership on health
practice and enable the greater sharing of
matter in the Philippines.
research evidence, tools, and materials
Vision Statement
4. Translation - to ensure that quality
- A world in which everyone can live evidence is turned into products and policy
healthy, productive lives
5. Organization - to strengthen the
- Placing health at the center of the
research culture within WHO and improve the
global agenda
management and coordination of WHO
- Engaging countries and strengthening
research activities.
partnership
Setting norms and standards and promoting and
MISSION STATEMENT
monitoring their implementation. WHO
- To oversee global health issues while develops norms and standards for various
leading research initiatives health and health -related issues, such as
- To publicize fact-based policy options so pharmaceutical products including vaccines and
all information is disseminated globally other biological products used in immunization,
- To aid individual countries to cope with practices in maternal and child care, and
health issues within their borders environmental conditions.

To attain its objective, WHO carries out the ⁃ Articulating ethical and evidence-
following core functions: based policy options. Through its
Department of Ethics and Social
⁃ Providing leadership on matters
Determinants, WHO is evolved in various
critical to health and engaging partnerships
issues on health ethics. In collaboration
where joint action is needed. WHO has 193
with other governmental and
members of countries and 2 associate
nongovernmental organizations, WHO has
members. WHO and its members work with UN
worked on bioethical concerns such as
agencies, NGO's and the private sector. The
those related to human organ and tissue
 transplantation, reproductive technology ensure that all people enjoy health,
and public health response to threats of justice, and prosperity. It is critical that
infectious diseases like AIDS, influenza, and no one is left behind
tuberculosis. - 3 target (ensure health and promote
well being for all at all ages)
⁃ Providing technical support, catalyzing
- By 2030 reduce the global maternal
change, and building sustainable
mortality rate to less than 70 per
institutional capacity. WHO offers technical
100,000 live births
support training to its member countries in
- By 2030 end preventable deaths of
the fields of maternal and child health,
newborn and children under 5 years of
control of diseases, and environmental
age with all countries aiming to reduce
health services. WHO is involved in
neonatal mortality to at least as low as
monitoring the health situation and
12 per 1000 live births and under 5
assessing health trends. WHO has
mortality to at least as low as 25 per
developed guidance and tools and
1000 live births
measurement, monitoring and evaluation.
- Infectious disease
MDG (old) o By 2030 end the epidemics of
aids, tuberculosis, malaria and
- millennial development goals neglected tropical disease and
- created 2000 combat hepatitis, waterborne
- The declaration expressed the disease and other
commitment of the 191 member states, communicable disease
including the Philippines, to reduce - Non communicable disease
extreme Poverty and achieve seven o By 2030 reduce by one third
other targets now called the Millennium
preparative mortality from non
Development Goals (MDG's) by the year
communicable disease through
2015.
prevention and treatment and
8 MBG TARGETS promote mental health and
well being
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - Substance abuse
2. Achieve universal primary education o Strengthen the prevention and
3. Promote gender equality and empower treatment of substance abuse,
women including narcotic drug abuse
4. Reduce child mortality and harmful use of alcohol
5. Improve maternal health - Road traffic
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, MALARIA and Other o By 2020, have the number of
disease global deaths and injuries from
7. Ensure environmental sustainability road traffic accidents
8. A global partnership for development - Sexual and Reproductive Health
SDG (sustainable development goal) o By 2030 ensure universal
access to sexual and
- Aims to transform our world. They are reproductive health care
call to action to end poverty and services, including for family
inequality, protect the planet, and planning, information and
 education and the - On the national level, director is set by
interpretation of reproductive department of health by virtue of
health into national strategies mandate of the local Government Code
and programmers (R.A. 7160) LGU’s should have operating
- Universal health coverage mechanisms to meet the priority needs
o Achieve universal health and service requirements of their
coverage including financial risk communities. Basic Health Services are
protection, access to quality regarded as priority services for which
essential health care services LGU’s are primary responsible.
and access to safe, effective,
Department of Health
quality and affordable essential
medicine and vaccines for all - The department of health is the
- Environmental health principal health agency in the
o By 2030, substantially reduce Philippines. It is responsible for
the number of deaths and ensuring access to basic public health
illness from hazardous services to all filipinos through the
chemicals and air, water, and provision of quality health care and
soil population and regulation of providers of health goods
contamination and services.

MBG SDG Department of Health

No. Goals 8 17 - The DOH is the national agency
No. Targets 21 169 mandated to lead the health sector
No. 60 232 towards assuring quality health care for
Indicators all Filipinos

Gen-Scop/ Social Economic growth social DOH Vision:

Focus inclusion and environmental
- Filipinos are among the healthiest
protection.
Target Developing entire world (rich and poor) people in southeast Asia by 2022 and
countries Asia by 2040
particularly DOH Mission:
the poorest
Formulation Produced by Result of consultation among - To lead the country in the development
a group of - 193 UN member of a productive, resilient, equitable and
experts stars people centered health system for
- Civil society universal health care
- Other stakeholders
In the pursuit of its vision and execution of its
mission, the DOH has the following major roles
History of DOH (Department of Education)
o Leader in health
- Started September 10, 1898
o Enabler and Capacity Builder
- Secretary Francisco T. Duque III (before)
o Administrator of Specific
- Current Secretary Maria Rosario S.
Services
Vergeire
Basic Health Services Under DOH Devolution

E- EDUCATION REGARDING HEALTH - Refers to the act by which the national

government confers power and
L- LOCAL ENDEMIC CASES
authority upon the various LGU’s to
E- EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION perform Specific Functions and
responsibilities
M- MATERNAL AND CHILD SERVICES - R.A 7160 provided for the creation of
E- ESSENTIAL DRUG AND HERBAL PLANTS the provincial health board and the
city/municipal health boards, or local
N- NUTRITIONAL HEALTH SERVICES (PD 491): health boards
CREATION OF NUTRITION COUNCIL OF THE - The chairman of the board is the local
PHILIPPINES executive- the provincial
T- TREATMENT OF COMMUNICABLE AND NON governor/mayor. The
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES provincial/city/municipal health officer
serve as vice chairman.
S- SANITATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (PD
8560- SANITARY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Member of the local health board are
composed of the chairman of the committee on
D- DENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION health of the sanggunian, a representative from
private sector or NGO involved in health
A – ACCESS TO AND USE OF HOSPITALS AS
services and a representative of the DOH.
CENTERS OF WELLNESS
The functions of local health boards are as
M- MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION
follows:
Principles to Attain the Vision of the DOH
1. Proposing to the Sanggunian annual
Equity- Equal service for all- no discrimination budgetary allocations for the operation
and maintenance of health facilities and
Quality - DOH is after the quality of service not
services within the
the quantity
province/city/municipality
Philosophy of DOH - Quality is above quantity 2. Serving as an advisory committee to the
sanggunian on health matters; and
Accessibility - DOH utilize strategies for Delivery 3. Creating committees that shall advise
health Services local health agencies on various
Local Health System and Devolution of Health matters related to health service
Services operations

RA 7160 (The 1991 local government code) The Rural Health Unit (RHU)

- Was enacted to bring about genuine - The RHU commonly known as Health
and meaningful local autonomy. This Center is a primary level health Facility
will enable local government to attain in the municipality. The Focus of RHU is
fullest development as self reliant preventive and promotive health
communities and make them more services and the supervision of BHSs
effective partners In the attainment of under its jurisdiction. The
national goal recommended ratio of RHU to
 Catchment population is 1 RHU : 20,000 2. Prepares the FHIS (Field Health Service
populations Information System) quarterly and annual
reports of the municipality for submission to the
Barangay Health Station
Provincial Health Office.
- The BHS is the first contact health care
3. Utilize the nursing process in responding to
facility that offers basic services at the
health care needs, including needs for health
barangay level. It is a Satellite station of
education and promotion of individuals, families
the RH. It is manned by Volunteers
and catchment community,
Barangay Health Workers (BHW’s)
under the supervision of Rural Health 4. Collaborate with the other members of the
Midwives (RHM) health team, government agencies, private
business, NGO's and people organizations to
Rural health Unit Personnel
address the community's health problems.
The municipal health Officer (MHO) or Rural
Health Physician Heads
Classification of Health Education (DOH AO-
The health services at the municipal level and
2012-0012)
carries out the following
Forms of health services delivery in the
Roles and functions
Philippines
1. Administrator of the RHU
Public Sector Private Sector
o Prepares the Municipal Health Plan and
-Financed Through Taxes -Profit and non profit
budget -Budgeting is done at health provider
o Monitors the implementation of basic local and national level -Usually market driven
health services -Healthcare services are -Services are not free
o Management of the RHU staff free at the point of care
2. Community physician -LGU direct delivery of
o Conducts epidemiological studies public health services
o Formulates health education campaigns -DOH- provides technical
on disease prevention assistance
o Prepares and implements control
measures or rehabilitation plan
3. Medico-legal officer of the municipality
o The revised implementing rules and
regulations of RA 7305 of the Magna
Levels of health care services and Facilities
Carta of Public health workers stipulate
that there be one rural health physician The DOH issued administrative order 2012-0012
to a population of 20,000. (rules and regulations governing the new
classification of hospitals and other health
The Public Health Nurse (PHN):
facilities in the Philippines) that provides for a
1.Supervise and guides all RHMs in the new classification scheme of health facilities
municipality.
Classification of Hospitals

a. According to Ownership
 - Government - Filipino Attain the best possible health
- Private outcomes with no disparity
b. According to scope of services 3. Responsiveness
- General Facilitate/hospitals- PGH, - Filipinos feel respected, valued and
JRMMC empowered in all of their interaction
- Specialty Centers/Hospital- PHC, NKTI, with the health system
PCMC
the health system we aspire for
c. According to Functional Capacity
- Equitable and Inclusive to all
- Uses resources efficiently
The health referral system - Transparent and accountable
- Provides high quality services
- A referral is a set of activities
undertaken by a health care provider or During the Last 30 years of health sector
facility in response to its inability to reform, we have undertaken key structural
provide the necessary health Reforms and continuously built on programs
intervention to satisfy a patients need. that take us a step closer to our aspiration
- A functional referral system is on that
Milestones
ensures the continuity and
complementation of health and medical - Devolution
services - Use of generics
- It usually involves movement of a - Milk codes
patient from the health center of first - Philhealth (1995)
contact and the hospital at first referral - DOH resources to promote local health
level system development
- When hospitals intervention has been - Fiscal autonomy for government
completed, the patient is referred back hospitals
to the health center. The accounts for - Good governance programs
the term two way referral system. (ISO,IMC,PGS)
- Funding for UHC
Referral system
Persistent Inequities In Health Outcomes
BHS-RHU-MHO-PHO-RHO-NATIONAL
AGENCIES-SPECIALIZED ANGENCIES 1. 2000
- Every year, around 2000 mothers die
PHILLIPPINE HEALTH AGENDA (2016-2022)
due to pregnancy related complications
All for the health towards health for all 2. A filipino child born to the poorest
Family is 3 times more likely to not reach
Goals:
his 5th birthday, compared to one born to
1) Financial Protection the richest family
- Filipinos, especially the poor, 3. Three out of 10 children are stunted
marginalized and vulnerable and are
Poor Quality and Undignified care synonymous
protected from high cost of health care
with the public clinics and hospitals
2. Better health Outcomes
1. Long wait times
 2. Privacy and confidentiality - Dengue, lepto, ebola, zika
3. Limited autonomy to choose provider 2. Non communicable disease
4. Poor record keeping - Cancer, diabetes, heart disease and
5. Less than hygienic restrooms, lacking their risk factors-obesity, smoking,
amenities diet ,sedentary lifestyle
6. Overcrowding and under provision of - Malnutrition
care 3. Diseases of rapid urbanization and
industrialization
Restrictive and Impoverishing healthcare costs
- Injuries
1. Every year 1.5 million families are - Substance abuse
pushed to poverty due to health care - Mental illness
expenditures - Pandemics, travel medicine
2. Filipinos forego or delay care due to - Health consequences of climate
prohibitive and unpredictable user fees changes/disaster
or co payments
Guarantee 2: Services are delivered by
3. Php 4,000/months health care expenses
networks that are
considered catastrophic for single
income families 1. Fully functional
2. Complaint with clinical practice
Attain Health related SDG targets
guideline
Financial risk protection/Better health 3. Available 24/7 and even during
outcomes responsiveness disasters
4. Practicing gatekeeping
Values: equity, quality, efficiency, 5. Located close to the people
transparency, accountability, sustainability, 6. Enhanced by telemedicine
resilience
Guarantees 3: services are financed
3 guarantees: Achieve predominantly by philhealth
Guarantees 1: all life stages and triple burden 1. Philhealth as the gateway to free
of disease affordable care
Pregnancy-newborn-infant-child-adolescent- - 100% of filipinos ae members
adults-elderly - Formal sector premium paid through
payroll
- First 1000 days/reproductive and sexual - Non formal sector premium paid
health/maternal, newborn, and child through tax subsidy
health/exclusive breastfeeding/food 2. Simplify philhealth
and macronutrients - No balanced billing for the poor/basic
supplementation/immunization / accommodation and fixed co-payment
adolescent health/ geriatric health/ for non basic accommodation
health screening, promotion and 3. Philhealth as man revenue sources for
information public health care provides
1. Communicable disease - Expand benefits to cover
- HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria comprehensive range of services
- Diseases for elimination
 - Contracting networks or providers Legal Basis: L.O.L. 949- the legal basis for PHC in
within SDNs the Philippines signed by Pres. Ferdinand
Marcos, October 19, 1979
Our Strategy
Goal of ph
A- Advance quality, health promotion and
primary care - Health for all filipinos by the year 2000
B- Cover all Filipino against health related
Theme: health in the hands of the people by
financial risk
2020
H- Harness the power of Strategic HRN
Mission
development
- To strengthen the health care system by
I- Invest in eHealth and data for
increasing opportunities and supporting
decision making
the conditions wherein people will
E- enforce standards, accountability, and manage their own health care.
transparency
Key strategy to achieve the goal:
V- value all clients and patients, especially
- Partnership with and empowerment of
the poor marginalized and vulnerable
the people
E- elicit multi-sectoral and multi-
Cornerstone/Pillars of PHC
stakeholder support for health
1. Active community participation
Primary Health Care in the Philippines
2. Inter and intra sectoral linkages
Primary Health Care (PHC) 3. Use of appropriate technology
4. Support system made available
- WHO defines PHC as essential health
care made university accessible to 8 essential elements of Primary Health Care
individual’s and families in the
- Education about prevailing health
community by means acceptable to
problems and how to prevent and
them through their full participation
control them
and at cost that the community and
- Food supply and proper nutrition
country can afford at every stage of
- Adequate supply of safe water and
development.
basic sanitation
History of PHC - Maternal and child health, family
planning
WHAT: first international Conference for PHC
- Immunization against infectious
WHEN: September 6-12 1978 diseases
- Prevention and control of endemic
WHERE: Almaty (then called alma ata), disease
Kazakhstan, USSR - Treatment of common infections
WHO: UNICEF/WHO, Dr. Dizon/Dr. Villar - Essential drugs

Key principles

1. 4 a’s
 Accessibility - Providing linkages between the
- Distance/travel time required to get to government and the nongovernment
a health care facility/services. The home organization and people’s organizations
must be w/in 30 min from the brgy 6. Recognition of interrelationship
health stations between the health and development
Affordability - Health being a social phenomenon
- Considerations of the individuals, recognizes the interplay of political
family, community and government can socio cultural and economic factors as
afford the services its determinant. Good health therefore,
- The out of pocket expense determines is manifested by the progressive
the affordability of health care improvements in the living conditions
- In the Philippines, government and quality of life.
insurance is covered through philhealth 7. Social mobilization
Acceptability - It enhances people participations or
- Health care services are compatible governance, support system provided
with the culture and traditions of the by the government, networking and
populations developing secondary leaders
Availability 8. Decentralization
- Is a questions whether the health - This ensures empowerment and that
service are offered In health care empowerment can only be facilitated if
facilities of is provided on a regular and the administrative structure provides
organized manner local level political structures with more
2. Community participation substantive responsibilities for
3. People are the center, object and development initiators.
subject of development
Level of disease prevention
- Thus, the success of any undertaking
that aims at serving the people is 1. Primary prevention
dependent on people’s participation at - intervening before health effects occur,
all levels of decision making: planning, through measures such as vaccinations,
implementing, monitoring and altering risky behaviors (poor eating
evaluation. Any Undertaking must also habits, tobacco use), and banning
be based on the peoples needs and substances known to be associated with
problems a disease or health condition
4. Self Reliance 2. Secondary prevention
- Through community participation and - screening to identify diseases in the
cohesiveness of peoples organization earliest stages, before the onset of signs
they can generate support for health and symptoms, through measures such
dare through social mobilization, as mammography and regular blood
networking and mobilization of local pressure testing
resources 3. Tertiary prevention
5. Partnerships between the community - managing disease post diagnosis to slow
and the health agencies in the provision or stop disease progression through
of quality of life . measures such as chemotherapy,
 rehabilitation, and screening for the country that will cover a period of
complications. six years.

ASTANA (2018) UHC'S THREE STRATEGIC THRUSTS

October 25-26, 2018 (the global conference on 1) Financial risk protection through expansion in
primary health care in astana, Kazakhstan) enrollment and benefit delivery of the National
Health Insurance Program (NHIP);
Universal Health Care (UHC)
2) Improved access to quality hospitals and
Universal Health Care (UHC), also referred to
health care facilities; and
as kalusugan pangkalahatan (KP)
3) Attainment of health-related SDG
- is the "provision to every Filipino of the
highest possible quality of health care SOURCE OF FUNDING
that is accessible, efficient, equitably
• Revenue of government from Sin Tax Reform
distributed, adequately funded, fairly
Law (RA 10351)50% of PAGCOR Income
financed, and appropriately used by an
informed and empowered public" • 40% of PCSO Charity Fund
Objective of UHC • DOH Funding from the national Budget
- "To provide all Filipinos access to • PhilHealth subsidy from the national
comprehensive and cost-effective government
health care that covers all spectrums of
services." These includes promotive, • Premium contributions from PhilHealth
preventive, curative, rehabilitative and members
palliative care.
- The Aquino administration puts it as the
availability and accessibility of health
services and necessities for all Filipinos.
- It is a government mandate aiming to
ensure that every Filipino shall receive
affordable and quality health benefits.
This involves providing adequate
resources health human resources,
health facilities, and health financing.
- February 2019 - ratification of republic
Act 11223, Universal Health Care Act,
"An Act Instituting Universal Health
Care for All Filipinos, Prescribing
Reforms in the Health Care System, and
Appropriating Funds.
- October 2019 - RA 11223 (UHC Law)
was signed and specified a timeline
transition for the healthcare system in
 healthcare providers can expand family capacity
by changing parenting, and therefore changing
child behaviors.

The family meets individual needs through

provision of basic needs (food, shelter, clothing,
affection, and education).The family supports
spouses or partners by meeting affective,
sexual, and socioeconomic needs.

The family is considered the natural and

fundamental unit of society.

Friedman et al (2003) suggest reasons why it is

important for nurses to work with the
communities

"The family is a critical resource". - providing

care to its members.

• "In family unit, any dysfunction (illness, injury,

separation) that affects one or more family
members will affect the members as a whole."
Also referred to as the "ripple effect", changes
in one member cause changes in the entire
family.

Different Approaches to Family

Friedman et al (2003) suggest reasons why it is
important for nurses to work with the
The Family as a CONTEXT communities

* When the nurse views the family as a "Case finding." Is another reason to work with
context, the primary focus is on the health and families. While assessing an individual and
development of an individual member existing family.
within a specific environment (i.e., the client's
"Improving nursing care." The nurse can provide
family).
better and more holistic care by understanding
* Although the nurse focuses on the nursing the family members and its members.
process on the individual's health status, the
The family is in the foreground and individuals
nurse also assesses the extent to which the
are in the background. The family seems as the
family, and their ability to help the client meet
sum of individual family members. The focus is
the psychological need must also be considered
concentrated on each and every individual as
Dunst and Trivette (2009) reviewed 20 years of they affect the whole family. From this
system theory and importance of early perspective, a nurse might ask a family member
childhood interventions, adding that system who has just become ill. Tell me about what has
theory provides direction in understanding how been going on with your own health and how
you perceive each family member responding to FAMILY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
your mother's recent diagnosis of liver cancer.
- is a systematic approach which help family to
Parke (2002) stated that there are three develop and strengthen its capacity to meet its
subsystem of the family that are most health needs and solve health problems.
important: parent-child subsystem, marital
Family health nursing process is closely related
subsystem, and sibling-sibling subsystem.
to community health nursing process.
Parke (2002) stated that there are three
The main objective or goals of family health
subsystem of the family that are most
nursing process are health promotion,
important: parent-child subsystem, marital
prevention from disease and control of health
subsystem, and sibling-sibling subsystem.
problem.
The Family as a COMPONENT OF SOCIETY
There are different phases of family health
* The family is seen as one of the many nursing process.
institution of the society, along with health,
4 STEPS IN NURSING PROCESS
education, religion and economic situation.
1. Assessment Phase
* It is a part of a larger system
2. Planning Phase
* The family as a whole interacts with other
institutions to receive, exchange or give 3. Implementation Phase
communications and services.
4. Evaluation Phase
Developmental Stages and Functions of the
Family

Nurses are familiar with the developmental

stages of individuals from prenatal through Assessment Phase
adult. Duvall and Miller, 1985, noted sociologist
is the forerunner of a focus on family 1. Family identification
development. In her classic work she identified 2. The first major phase of the nursing
stages that normal family transverse from process
marriage to death. 3. It involves a set of actions by which the
nurse measures the status of the family
Life Cycle of a Family as a client.
1. Beginning the family through marriage 4. Data about the present situation of the
or commitment as a couple family are compared against the norms
relationship. and standards
2. Parenting the first child. 5. The norms and standards are derived
3. Living with adolescent(s). from values, beliefs, principles, rules of
4. Launching family (youngest child leaves expectation
home). Assessment Phase
5. Middle aged family (remaining marital
dyad to retirement). 2 Major Types of Assessment
6. Aging family (from retirement to death 1. First Level Assessment
of both spouses)
2. Second Level Assessment 2. Physical Examination
3. Interview
NURSING DIAGNOSIS is the end result of this
4. Record Review
two major assessment.
5. Laboratory/Diagnostic Test
Assessment Phase
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
1. First-Level Assessment - a process where by
1. Observation is the use of all sensory
data about current health status of individual
capacities. The family's status can be inferred
members, the family as a system and its
from the manifestations of problem areas
environment are compared against norms or
reflected in the following:
standards of personal, social and environmental
health and interactions/interpersonal  Communication and interaction pattern
relationships within the family system. expected, used and tolerated byfamily
members.
End Product of 1st level assessment is the 4
 Role perceptions/tasks assumptions by
IDENTIFIED HEALTH CONDITIONS.
each member including decision-making
1. Wellness State patterns.
2. Health Threats  Conditions in the home and
3. Health Deficits environment.
4. Foreseeable Crisis
2. Physical Examination is done through IPPA,
Assessment Phase data gathered from P.E. form a substantive part
of first level assessment which may indicate the
2. Second-Level Assessment - specifies the
presence of health deficits (illness state).
nursing problems that the family encounters in
performing the health the health task with
respect to a given health condition or problem
3. Interview by completing health history for
that causes barriers or etiology of the family's
each member. Healthhistory determines
inability to perform the health task.
current health status.
Assessment Phase
4. Record review is the review of existing
Steps in Assessment Phase records and reportspertinent to the
client/family such as diagnostic reports and
1. Data Collection
immunization records.
2. Data Analysis or Data Interpretation
5. Laboratory / Diagnostic tests
3. Formulation of Diagnosis

Data Collection
FIVE TYPES OF DATA IN FAMILY NURSING
- The process of identifying the types or kinds of ASSESSMENT
data needed
(Initial Data Base)
- Specify the methods necessary to collect data
 Family Structure and Characteristics
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION  Socio-economic and Cultural Factors
 Home Environment
1. Observation
  Health Status of each Family Member Home environment
 Values, Habits, Practices on Health
1. Housing
Promotion, Maintenance and Disease
 Adequacy of living space
Prevention
 Sleeping arrangement
Family Structure and Characteristics  Presence of breeding or resting sites of
vectors of disease (e.g.mosquitoes,
1. Members of the household and
flies, rodents, etc.)
relationship to the head of the family.
 Presence of accident hazards
2. Demographic data: age, sex, civil status,
 Food storage and cooking facilities
position in the family.
 Water supply: source, ownership,
3. Place of residence of each member:
sanitary condition
whether living with the family or
 Garbage disposal: type, sanitary
elsewhere.
condition
4. Type of family structure: e.g.
2. Kind of neighborhood: e.g congested,
matriarchal or patriarchal, nuclear or
slum
extended
3. Social and health facilities available
5. Dominant family members in terms of
4. Communication and transportation
decision making especially in matters of
facilities available
healthcare.
6. General family relationship/dynamics: Health Status of each Family Member
the presence of any obvious/readily
observable conflict between members; 1. Medical and nursing history indicating
characteristic, current or past significant illnesses or beliefs
communication/interaction pattern and practices conducive to health and illness.
among members. 2. Nutritional assessment (specially for
vulnerable or at-risk members)

Socio-economic and Cultural Factors * Anthropometric Data: Measures of nutritional

status children-weight, height, mid upper arm
1. Income and expenses circumference
 Occupation, place of work and income
of each working member * Dietary history specifying quality and quantity
 Adequacy to meet basic necessities of food/nutrient intake per day
(food, shelter, clothing) * Eating/feeding habits/practices
 Who makes decisions about money and
how it is spent 3. Developmental assessment of infants,
2. Educational Attainment of each member toddlers and pre-schoolers
3. Ethnic background and religious affiliation 4. Risk factor assessment indicating presence of
4. Significant others: role(s) they play in major and contributing modifiable risk factors
family's life for e.g. hypertension, physical inactivity,
5. Relationship of the family to larger sedentary lifestyle, cigarette/tobacco smoking,
community: Nature and extent of elevated blood lipids/cholesterol, obesity,
participation of the family in community diabetes mellitus, inadequate fiber intake,
activities.
stress, alcohol drinking and other substance READINESS FOR ENHANCED WELLNESS STATE -
abuse a nursing judgment on wellness state or
condition based on the client's performance,
5. Physical Assessment indicating presence of
with desire to achieve a higher level of function.
illness state/s (diagnosed or undiagnosed by
medical practitioners. Presence of HEALTH DEFICIT

6. Results of laboratory/diagnostic and other - Instances of failure in health maintenance

screening procedures supportive of assessment
- If the identified problem is an abnormality,
findings.
illness, or disease, there's agap between the
Values, Habits, Practices on Health. Promotion, normal statusDISORDERDISEASEDISABILITY
Maintenance and Disease Prevention DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
1. Immunization status of family members Presence of HEALTH THREATS
2. Healthy lifestyle practices
- Conditions that are conducive to disease,
3. Adequacy of: rest and sleep,
accident or failure to realize one health
exercise/activities, Use of protective
potential.
measures: e.g. adequate footwear in
parasite-, infested areas, use of bednets - Family is healthy, but there are risks:
and protective clothing in malaria and
filariasis endemic areas. . Use of relaxation * hazards
and other stress management activities * inadequate/lack of immunization
4. Use of promotive-preventive health
services C - cross infection

FIRST LEVEL ASSESSMENT E - environment sanitation is poor

Categorize if there is...

1. Presence of WELLNESS CONDITION Presence of STRESS POINTS/FORESEEABLE

2. Presence of HEALTH THREAT CRISIS
3. Presence of HEALTH DEFICITS - Anticipated periods of unusual demand of the
4. Presence of STRESS POINTS/FORESEEABLE individual or family in terms of family resources.
CRISIS
- Anything which is anticipated/expected to
Presence of WELLNESS CONDITION become a problem
- Stated as POTENTIAL or READINESS S - school entrance
- Nursing judgment about a client in transition A - adolescents
from a specific level of wellness or capability to
a higher level. C - courtships and marriage

WELLNESS POTENTIAL - a nursing judgment on C- circumcision

wellness state or condition based on the client's
I- illegitimacy
performance but no expression of client's
desire. P-pregnancy

D - death
A – addiction They are limited to 3 points -

SECONDARY LEVEL ASSESSMENT 1 or no competence

- Counterpart of nursing diagnosis 3 for moderate competence

- Second level assessment identifies the
5 for complete competence
nature or type of nursing problems the
family experiences in the performance
of their health tasks with respect to a
certain health condition or health 9 Areas to Be Assessed in Family Coping Index
problem. 1. Physical independence: This category is
FAMILY COPING INDEX concerned with the ability to move about to get
out of bed, to take care of daily grooming,
- Assessment done by nurses walking and other things which involves the
- The scale enables you to place the daily activities.
family in relation to their ability to
cope with the nine areas of family 2. Therapeutic Competence: This category
nursing at the time observed and as includes all the procedures or treatment
you would expect it to be in 3 months prescribed for the care of ill, such as giving
or at the time of discharge if nursing medication, dressings, exercise and relaxation,
care were provided. special diets.

PURPOSE: To provide a basis for estimating the 3. Knowledge of Health Condition: This system
nursing needs of a particular family is concerned with the particular health
condition that is the occasion of care.
Health Care Need
4. Application of the Principles of General
A family health care need is present when: Hygiene: This is concerned with the family
action in relation to maintaining family
1. The family has a health problem with
nutrition, securing adequate rest and relaxation
which they are unable to cope.
for family members, carrying out accepted
2. There is a reasonable likelihood that
preventive measures, such as immunization.
nursing will make a difference in the in
the family's ability to cope. 5.
Relation to Coping Nursing Needs: 6. Health Attitudes: This category is concerned
with the way the family feels about health care
* COPING may be defined as dealing with
in general, including preventive services, care of
problems associated with health care with
illness and public health measures.
reasonable success.
7. Emotional Competence: This category has
* When the family is unable to cope with one
to do with the maturity and integrity with which
or another aspect of health care, it may be said
the members of the family are able to meet the
to have a "coping deficit"
usual stresses and problems of life, and to plan
SCALING CUES IN FAMILY COPING INDEX for happy and fruitful living

The following descriptive statement "cues" to 8. Family Living: This category is concerned
help you rate the family. largely with the interpersonal with the
interpersonal or group aspects of family life - - is a tool that helps the nurse outline
how well the members of the family get along the family's structure.
with one another, the ways in which they take - It is a way to diagram the family
decisions affecting the family as a whole
Family health tree
9. Physical Environment: This is concerned
- This provides a mechanism for
with the home, the community and the work
recording the family's medical and
environment as it affects family health.
health histories.
10. Use of Community Facilities: generally
Assessment tool
keeps appointments. Follows through referrals.
Tells others about Health Departments services ECOMAP
General Considerations in Family Coping Index - another classic tool that is used to
depict a family's linkages to its supra-
1. It is the coping capacity and not the
systems. This portrays an overview of
underlying problem that is being rated.
the family in their situation, it depicts
2. It is the family and not the individual that is the important nurturant or conflict-
being rated. laden connections between the family
and the world.
3. Rating should be done after 2-3 home visits
when the nurse is more acquainted with the Home Environment
family.
1. Housing
4. The scale is as follows:  Adequacy of living space
 Sleeping arrangement
0-2 or no competence
 Presence of breeding or resting sites of
3-5 coping in some fashion but poorly vectors of disease (e.g. mosquitoes,
flies, rodents, etc.)
6-8 moderately competent
 Presence of accident hazards
9 fairly competent  Food storage and cooking facilities
 Water supply: source, ownership,
sanitary condition
5. Justification- a brief statement that explains  Garbage disposal: type, sanitary
why you have rated the family as you have. condition
These statements should be expressed in terms 2. Kind of neighbourhood: e.g congested,
of behavior of observable facts. slum
3. Social and health facilities available
6. Terminal rating is done at the end of the 4. Communication and transportation
given period of time. This enables the nurse to facilities available
see progress the family has made in their
competence; whether the prognosis was a. Adequacy of living space
reasonable; and whether the family needs
Formula:
further nursing service and where emphasis
should be placed. TA (in sqm) = length of the houseX width of the
house
GENOGRAM
TSR = Number of household members × - With a source, reservoir piped
corresponding space requirement for the m distributor network and household taps
- One or more faucet per household
Consider:
- Fit for densely populated urban
Adults (13 y/o and above) = 15 sqm communities

Children (1 y/o to 12 y/o) = 8 sqm Types of Materials Used for House

Infants (below 12 months old) = 0 sqm LIGHT - refers to such materials as bamboo,
nipa, sawall, coconut leaves, and cardboard.
Compare the TFA (Total Floor Area) with the
TSR ( Total Space Requirement) STRONG - refers to a predominantly concrete
house
CROWDED IF: TFA < TSR
MIXED- refers to a combination of light
NOT CROWDED IF: TFA > TSR materials, wood, and/or concrete. Typically
f. Water Facilities Approved Type of Water concrete floor or foundation and light walls, or a
Facility concrete 1st floor and light 2nd floor.

Level 1 (Point Source) Lighting Facilities

- A protected well or a developed spring - Artificial means of providing light or

with an outlet but without a illumination. Facilities used already reflect
distribution system adequacy and safety for the family.
- Indicated for rural areas where houses Example: electricity, kerosene, candles or none
arescattered
- Serves 15-25 households; its outreach is Types of Excreta Disposal
not more than 250 m from the farthest
Level 1- Non-water carriage toilet facility - no
user
water necessary to wash the waste into
- Yields 40-140 L/min
receiving space (pit latrines, bored-hole latrine)

- Toilet facilities require small amount of water

Level 2 (Communal Faucet or Stand Posts) to wash the waste into receiving space (pour
flush toilet and aqua privies)
- With a source, reservoir piped
distribution network and communal Types of Excreta Disposal LEVEL 1
faucets
Pail System - a pail or box is used to receive the
- Located not more than 25 m from the
excreta and disposed of later when filled
farthesthouse
(including a ballot system where in excreta is
- Delivers 40-80 L of water per capital per
wrapped in a piece of paper/plastic and thrown
day toan average of 100 households later.)
- Serves 4-6 households per faucet
- Fit for rural areas where houses are Pit Latrine
denselyclustered
Open Pit Privy/Latrine - consist of a pit covered
Level 3 (Individual House Connections or by a platform with a hole, usually not covered.
Waterworks System) The platform may, in its simplest form consist of
2 pieces of wood or bamboo.
Closed Pit Privy/Latrine - a pit privy in which the household flows directly to the ground,
hole over the platformer toilet floor is provided oftentimes for a nearly permanent pool.
with a cover Garbage is not put in a container when
disposed.
Other types of pits include:
TYPE OF WASTE DISPOSAL
- Ventilated Improved Pit orVIP - pit with a
vent pipe Hog Feeding - garbage is used as hog feed and
also to chicken and other livestock
- Reed Odorless Earth Closet or ROEC - a pit
completely displaced from the superstructure Open Dumping - refuse and/or garbage piled in
and connected to the squatting plate by a a dumping place (with or without pit) with no
curved chute. soil covering

Antipolo Type - toilet house is elevated and the Open Burning- regularly piles garbage and later
shallow pit is extended upwards to the platform burned in open air. This is uncontrolled burning
(toilet floor) by means of a chute or pipe made which is usually done for yard and street
of metal, clay, aluminum or board. sweeping. It may be allowed in rural areas
where it will not worsen already existing air
Types of Excreta Disposal
pollution.
LEVEL 2
Burial Pit- garbage placed in a pit and covered
- On site toilet facilities of the water carriage when filled up. There is no
type with water-sealed and flush type with
intention to dig it up later for use as fertilizer.
septic vault/tank disposal
This should be located 25 meters away from any
Water Sealed Latrine- an Antipolo type, bored well used for water supply.
hole or any pit latrine where in sealed toilet
Composting - involved buying or stacking of
bowl is placed instead of platform hole plus
alternating layers of organic-based garbage and
with septic tank.
treated soil arranged to hasted rapid decay and
decomposition into compost.

Types of Excreta Disposal LEVEL III This organic mixture can later be used as
fertilizer.
- Water carriage types of toilet facilities and/or
to the sewerage system to a treatment plant Garbage Collection

SEWERAGE SYSTEM - garbage collected by garbage truck or any type

of garbage collection in the community
Blind Drainage - waste water flows through
system of closed pipes to an underground or Planning Phase
covered canal
* The nursing care plan focuses on actions that
Open Drainage - waste water flows through are designed to solve or minimize the existing
system of pipes (could be improvised from problem.
bamboo) to an open pit canal
* The cores of the plan are the approaches,
None - when no drainage system or container is strategies, activities, methods, and materials
used for garbage. Wastewater from the
which the nurse hopes will improve the - Gravity or Severity of the problem - refers to
problem. the progress of the disease/problem indicating
the extent of damage on the patient/family;
* The nursing care plan is based on identified
also indicates prognosis, reversibility or
health and nursing problems.
modifiability of the problem. In general, the
PLANNING more severe the problem is, the lower the
preventive potential of the problem.
A. Prioritization of Health Problems
Duration of the problem - refers to the length of
•Nature of the condition or problem - time the problem has existed. Generally
categorized into wellness state/potential, speaking, the duration of the problem has a
health threat, health deficit, or foreseeable direct relationship to gravity. Because of this
crisis. relationship to the gravity of the problem,
Factors affecting the Nature of the Problem duration has also a direct relationship to
preventive potential.
The biggest weight is given to the wellness state
potential because of the premium on the Current management - refers to the presence
client's effort or desire to sustain/maintain a and appropriateness of intervention measures
high level of wellness. instituted to enhance the wellness state or
remedy the problem. The institution of
appropriate intervention increases the
Modifiability of the condition or problem- refers condition's preventive potential.
to the probability of success in enhancing the Exposure to any vulnerable or high-risk group -
wellness state improving the condition increases the preventive potential of the
minimizing, alleviating or totally eradicating the condition or problem
problem through intervention.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 10 DOH APPROVED
Factors affecting Modifiability HERBAL PLANTS
-Current knowledge, technology and Republic Act No. 8423
interventions to enhance the wellness state or
manage the problem. Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act
(TAMA) of 1997
Resources of the family
- It aims to improve the quality and
Resources of the nurse delivery of health care services to the
Resources of the community Filipino people through the
development of traditional and
•Preventive potential - refers to the nature and alternative health care and its
magnitude of future problem that can be integration into the national health care
minimized or totally prevented if interventions delivery system.
are done on the condition or problem under
consideration.

Factors affecting Preventive potential Traditional medicine - the sum total of

knowledge, skills, and practice on health care,
not necessarily explicable in the context of
modern, scientific philosophical framework, but infected and developing into gangrene at a later
recognized by the people to help mainte in and stage by extracting the juice of bawang or garlic
improve their health towards the wholeness of and applying to the wounds.
their being, the community and society, and
INDICATION
their interrelations based on culture, history,
heritage, and consciousness. - Lowering blood cholesterol levels
- Antiseptic
Herbal medicines - finished, labelled, medicinal
- Hypertension
products that contain as active ingredient/s
- Toothache
serial or underground part/s of plant or other
- Weight loss
materials or combination thereof, whether in
- Immune bodster
the crude state or as plant preparations.
05 Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii)
Plant material includes juices, gums, fatty oils,
essential oils, and other substances of this Yerba Buena has been consumed for centuries
nature. Herbal medicines, however, may as tea and herbal medicine as a pain
contain excipients in addition to the active reliever(analgesic).
ingredients). Medicines containing plant
material(s) combined with chemically-defined INDICATION
active substances, including chemically-defined, - Pain
isolated constituents of plants, are not - Cough
considered to be herbal medicines. - Colds
- Nausea
- Pruritus
01 Lagundi (Vitex negundo L.)
06 Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L. DC)
This medicinal plant had recently been
commercialized and many pharmaceutical INDICATION
companies are making cough syrups out of it. - Diuretic
INDICATION - Hypertension
- Antipyretic
- Diuretic
- Anti-allergy 07 Akapulko (Cassia alata L.)
- Antioxidant Akapulko is a shrub found throughout the
Promotes relaxation. Philippines. It is known under various names in
different regions in the country.
- Wound healing
- Improves digestion, INDICATION
- Reduces risk of cancer - Anti-fungal

08 Niyog- Niyogan (Quisqualis Indica L.)

04 Bawang (Alium sativum L.) In forest margins at low altitude, in gardensand
Garlic antibacterial compound known as allicin, backyards. Native to Asian tropics and
saved many lives of the world war soldiers as throughout Malaysian region.
this property prevented the wounds from being
INDICATION. - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Diseases
- Anthelmintic
- Diabetes Mellitus
09 Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa (Val)
Major CDs have shared preventable risk factors:
Masam.)
 Tobacco use
In folkloric medicine, the leaves has been used
 Unhealthy diet
as a disinfectant wash during child birth, as cure
 Physical inactivity
for diarrhea, as tea for general good heath and
 Harmful use of alcohol
because Tsaang Gubathas high fluoride content,
it is used as a mouth gargle for preventing tooth Non-communicable Diseases are man-made.
decay. They're caused by a person's unhealthy lifestyle:
INDICATION  inactive/sedentary lifestyle
 fast food culture/unhealthy diet
- Stomach upset
- Diarrhea  no culture of safety

10 Ampalaya (Momordica charantia (L.) DC) Communicable Disease

INDICATION A communicable disease is one that is spread

from one person to another through a variety of
- Lowers blood sugar levels ways that include: contact with blood and
bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or
NONCOMMUNICABLE AND COMMUNICABLE
by being bitten by an insect.
DISEASES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Also known diseases. as, infectious or
Noncommunicable Disease
transmissible
›The term NCDs refers Disease Conditions that
are not mainly caused by an acute infection,
result in long-term health consequences and TYPES OF PATHOGEN
often create a need for long-term treatment
and care. Viruses - tiny pathogens that contain genetic
material. Unlike other pathogens, they lack the
Many NCDs can be prevented by reducing complex structure of a cell.
common risk factors such as tobacco use,
harmful alcohol use, physical inactivity and Bacteria - are microscopic, single-celled
eating unhealthy diets. Many other important organisms. They exist in almost every
conditions are also considered CDs, including environment on earth, including inside the
injuries mental health disorders. human body.

Fungi - includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

There are millions of trusted sources of
NCDs are a threat to everyone. 50% of all different fungi. However, only around 300 cause
deaths are due to the following: harmful illnesses.
- Cardiovascular Diseases Protozoa - Protozoa are microscopic organisms
- Cancers that typically consist of a single cell. Some
protozoa are parasitic, meaning they live on or
inside another organism and use the organism's How to prevent transmission
nutrients for their own survival. Parasitic
People can reduce their risk of contracting or
protozoa can cause various diseases.
transmitting disease-causing pathogens by
* Acute Respiratory Infection following the steps below:

* Influenza A (H1N1)  wash hands properly and regularly

 disinfecting surfaces at home often,
* Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)
especially doorknobs and food areas
* Chickenpox  disinfecting personal items such as
phones
* Cholera
 cooking meats, eggs, and other foods
* Denque thoroughly
 practicing good hygiene when preparing
* Diarrhea and handling food
* Diphtheria  avoiding eating spoiled food
 avoiding touching wild animals
* Ebola  receiving available vaccinations
* Hand. Foot, and Mouth Disease  taking antimalarial medications when
traveling where there is a malaria risk
* Hepatitis A  check for ticks and other parasites
* Hepatitis B

* Hepatitis C

* HIVIAIDS

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

A person may develop a communicable disease

after becoming infected by the pathogen. This
may happen through:

1. Physical contact with an infected person,

e.g. through touch (staphylococcus), sexual
contact (gonorrhea, HIV), faecal/oral
transmission (hepatitis A), or droplet (influenza)

2. Contact with a contaminated surfaces or

objects (Norovirus), food (salmonella, E. coli),
blood (HIV, hepatitis B), or water (botulism)

3. Insect or animal bites capable of

transmitting the disease (Malaria caused by
mosquitos and Lyme disease caused by tick
bites)

4. Airborne, such as tuberculosis or measles.