󾠮

unit 1 wt

❓ What is DNS?

DNS (Domain Name System) - Short Notes

1. Introduction to DNS:

DNS is like an address book for the internet. It helps translate website names (like
www.example.com) into computer addresses (like 192.168.0.1).

It makes it easier for us to remember and access websites using names instead of numbers.

2. DNS Role and Importance:

DNS is important because it helps computers find each other on the internet. It converts the
names we type in web browsers into the numbers that computers understand.

3. DNS Lookup Process:

When you type a website name, your computer asks a DNS server to find the associated number
(IP address).

The DNS server checks its address book and returns the correct number to your computer.

4. DNS Hierarchy:

DNS works in a structure with different levels of servers.

At the top are root servers, then servers for different types of websites (.com, .org, etc.), and
finally servers for specific domains.

5. Caching and DNS Records:

DNS servers remember the number information they find to be faster next time.

DNS records store this information, like matching website names with IP addresses.

unit 1 wt 1
 6. DNS Propagation:

When DNS information changes, it takes some time to update everywhere.

This process is called propagation, and it ensures that the updated information reaches all DNS
servers.

7. Dynamic DNS (DDNS):

Dynamic DNS helps devices with changing numbers (like home networks) keep their records up
to date automatically.

It's useful when your computer's address changes, but you want it to stay connected to the same
website name.

8. DNS Security:

DNSSEC is a security feature that makes DNS more trustworthy.

It adds digital signatures to DNS records, protecting against fake or manipulated information.

In summary, DNS is like an address book for the internet, translating website names into computer
addresses. It uses a hierarchical structure, caching for speed, and supports security measures like
DNSSEC. Understanding DNS is essential for smooth internet communication and easy website access.

❓ Explain HTTP and Secure HTTP (HTTPS) in detail.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

1. Introduction to HTTP:

HTTP is the language computers use to talk to each other on the web.

It allows web browsers (like Chrome or Firefox) to ask web servers for information and receive it
back.

2. Client-Server Communication:

In HTTP, there are clients (web browsers) and servers (where websites are stored).

The client sends a request to the server, asking for something like a web page.

The server processes the request and sends back a response with the requested data.

3. Request-Response Cycle:

The client asks for something by sending an HTTP request to the server.

The server receives the request, does what was asked, and sends back an HTTP response with
the requested data.

4. Stateless Protocol:

HTTP doesn't remember previous interactions. Each request-response cycle is separate and
doesn't hold onto past information.

To remember things between requests, techniques like cookies are used.

5. HTTP Methods:

HTTP has different methods to tell the server what to do.

unit 1 wt 2
 For example, GET is used to get a webpage, POST is used to send data to the server, PUT is
used to update something, and DELETE is used to remove something.

6. URL and Headers:

In an HTTP request, the client includes a URL that specifies what it wants from the server.

The request can also include headers, which provide extra information like the type of content
being sent or authentication credentials.

Secure HTTP (HTTPS):

1. Introduction to HTTPS:

HTTPS is a safer version of HTTP. It adds an extra layer of protection to keep data secure when
it's being sent between the client and server.

2. SSL/TLS Encryption:

HTTPS uses encryption to make sure that data sent between the client and server is hidden from
anyone who might try to intercept it.

It uses SSL or TLS, which are technologies that scramble the data so that only the intended
recipient can understand it.

3. SSL/TLS Handshake:

When the client and server want to establish a secure connection, they go through a process
called the SSL/TLS handshake.

During the handshake, they exchange encryption keys, verify each other's identity using digital
certificates, and agree on the encryption method to use.

4. HTTPS Benefits:

Encryption: HTTPS keeps data safe during transmission so that unauthorized people can't read it.

Data Integrity: HTTPS ensures that the data sent and received remains unchanged and hasn't
been tampered with.

Authentication: HTTPS verifies the identity of the server, ensuring that the client is talking to the
intended server.

User Trust: HTTPS shows visual cues, like a padlock icon and "https://" in the URL, to let users
know that the connection is secure and build their trust.

5. HTTPS Implementation:

To use HTTPS, website owners need to obtain an SSL/TLS certificate from a trusted authority.

Web servers also need to be set up to support HTTPS and properly configure the certificate.

In summary, HTTP is the language computers use to communicate on the web. HTTPS is the secure
version of HTTP, protecting data with encryption. It ensures that data is safe, can't be tampered with,
verifies the identity of servers, and builds trust with users.

❓ Explain three-tier architecture of the web application development.

Three-Tier Architecture in Web Application Development:

unit 1 wt 3
 1. Introduction to Three-Tier Architecture:

Three-tier architecture is a way of building web applications by dividing them into three parts or
layers.

Each layer has a specific role and handles different tasks in the application.

2. Presentation Layer (Tier 1):

The presentation layer is the part that users see and interact with.

It includes the visual elements like web pages, buttons, forms, and menus.

Its job is to make the application look nice and allow users to use it easily.

Developers use technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create the presentation layer.

3. Application Logic Layer (Tier 2):

The application logic layer is like the brain of the application.

It takes care of the behind-the-scenes tasks and processes the user's requests.

It handles things like calculations, validations, and workflows.

Developers use programming languages and frameworks to build the application logic layer.

4. Data Layer (Tier 3):

The data layer is where the application stores and manages its data.

It includes databases or other storage systems.

This layer is responsible for tasks like saving, retrieving, updating, and deleting data.

Developers use technologies like SQL or data access libraries to work with the data layer.

5. Communication and Interaction:

Each layer communicates and interacts with the layers above and below it.

The presentation layer talks to the application logic layer to send user requests and get
responses.

The application logic layer talks to the data layer to retrieve or update data.

Benefits of Three-Tier Architecture:

Scalability: It allows the application to handle more users and data by distributing the workload across
different layers.

Modularity and Reusability: Each layer can be developed and maintained separately, making it easier
to reuse code and add new features.

Security: It provides an added layer of security by controlling access to data and implementing
security measures at each tier.

Maintainability: It makes it easier to update and maintain the application without affecting other parts.

Flexibility: It gives developers the freedom to choose different technologies for each layer based on
their needs.

In summary, three-tier architecture divides a web application into three layers: presentation, application
logic, and data. The presentation layer handles the user interface, the application logic layer manages the

unit 1 wt 4
 functionality, and the data layer stores and manages the data. This architecture helps in building scalable,
modular, secure, maintainable, and flexible web applications.

❓ Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Here's a comparison table explaining the differences between the Internet, Intranet, and Extranet:

Feature Internet Intranet Extranet

Limited access for

Limited to authorized users
Accessibility Open to everyone globally authorized internal and
in an organization
external users

People within the

People within a specific
Users Anyone around the world organization and select
organization
external parties

Internal communication and

Global communication and Collaboration with external
Purpose collaboration within an
information sharing partners or clients
organization
Controlled access with
Varies, some websites may More secure, with
Security enhanced security
have security measures restrictions for internal use
measures
Accessing websites, Internal company network,
Partner portals, client
Examples sending emails, using sharing documents among
collaboration platforms
social media employees

In summary, the Internet is a global network accessible to everyone, an intranet is a private network for
internal organization use, and an extranet extends access to selected external users. They differ in
accessibility, user base, purpose, security, and examples of usage.

❓ ISP in detail. How to choose an ISP?

ISP (Internet Service Provider):

1. Introduction to ISP:

An ISP, or Internet Service Provider, is a company that gives you access to the internet.

They use different technologies like DSL, cable, or wireless connections to connect you to the
internet.

2. Services Provided by ISPs:

Internet Connectivity: ISPs let you connect to the internet using broadband or dial-up connections.

Email Services: Some ISPs provide email accounts so you can send and receive emails.

Web Hosting: Certain ISPs offer web hosting, which means they can host your website on their
servers.

Additional Services: Some ISPs may offer extras like VPNs for secure browsing, cloud storage, or
streaming services.

3. How to Choose an ISP:

unit 1 wt 5
 Connection Type: Check what types of connections are available in your area, like DSL, cable, or
fiber-optic, and choose one that works best for you.

Speed and Bandwidth: Decide how fast you need your internet to be based on your activities, like
web browsing, streaming, or gaming.

Reliability and Uptime: Look for ISPs with a good track record of reliable service and less
downtime.

Customer Support: Consider the quality and availability of customer support, like having 24/7 help
and different ways to contact them.

Pricing and Packages: Compare the prices and packages offered by different ISPs, including
monthly fees, installation costs, and any additional charges.

Service Coverage: Make sure the ISP covers your area and provides service where you live.

Value-Added Services: See if the ISP offers any extra services that you might find useful, like
email accounts or web hosting.

Reputation and Reviews: Read reviews from other customers to get an idea of the ISP's
reputation and customer satisfaction.

4. Considerations for Businesses:

Service Level Agreements (SLAs): For businesses, check if the ISP offers SLAs that guarantee
things like uptime and response time.

Scalability: Make sure the ISP can handle your business's growth and increased internet needs.

Business Support: Look for ISPs that provide specialized support for businesses and tailored
solutions.

5. Trial or Pilot:

Some ISPs offer trial periods where you can try their service before committing. Take advantage
of this to see if the ISP meets your needs.

In summary, when choosing an ISP, consider things like the connection type, speed, reliability, customer
support, pricing, coverage, value-added services, and reputation. For businesses, also think about SLAs,
scalability, and specialized support. Do your research, compare options, and consider trials to make the
best choice.

❓ Short notes on IP addressing.

1. Introduction to IP Addressing:

IP addressing is a way to give each device on a network a unique identification number.

It helps devices communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol (IP).

2. IPv4 and IPv6:

IPv4 addresses are made up of four sets of numbers (e.g., 192.168.0.1) and are used for most
devices.

IPv6 addresses are longer and use a different format (e.g.,

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334) to support more devices.

unit 1 wt 6
 3. Components of an IP Address:

IP addresses have two parts: the network portion and the host portion.

The network portion identifies the network, and the host portion identifies the specific device
within that network.

4. Dynamic and Static IP Addresses:

Dynamic IP addresses are assigned automatically by a server and can change over time.

Static IP addresses are manually assigned and stay the same.

5. Network Address Translation (NAT):

NAT allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address.

It helps provide internet access to all devices in a network.

6. Private and Public IP Addresses:

Private IP addresses are used within private networks, like home or office networks.

Public IP addresses are unique and accessible from the internet.

7. Role of IP Addressing:

IP addressing helps route data packets across networks.

Routers use IP addresses to determine the best path for data to reach its destination.

8. IP Version Transition:

Transition mechanisms exist to move from IPv4 to IPv6 smoothly.

These mechanisms ensure compatibility between the two addressing schemes.

In summary, IP addressing is a system that assigns unique identification numbers (IP addresses) to
devices on a network. IPv4 and IPv6 are the two versions of IP addresses. IP addressing allows devices
to communicate, routers to route data, and enables sharing of internet connections.

❓ Short notes on TCP/IP.

1. Introduction to TCP/IP:

TCP/IP is a set of rules that devices use to talk to each other over networks like the internet.

It helps devices communicate by dividing data into smaller parts, sending them, and then putting
them back together.

2. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

TCP makes sure that data gets to its destination without any errors.

It breaks data into small pieces called packets and puts them back together at the other end.

TCP also checks if all the packets arrived and asks for any missing ones to be sent again.

3. IP (Internet Protocol):

IP is like an address system for devices on a network.

It gives each device a unique number called an IP address so they can find each other.

unit 1 wt 7
 IP decides how to send packets from the source device to the destination device.

4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite:

TCP/IP is made up of different protocols that work together.

Besides TCP and IP, there are other protocols like UDP and ICMP that help with different aspects
of communication.

5. Four Layers of TCP/IP:

TCP/IP is organized into layers to handle different tasks.

The Network Interface Layer connects devices physically.

The Internet Layer takes care of addressing and routing packets.

The Transport Layer ensures reliable transmission of data.

The Application Layer supports specific services like web browsing or email.

6. TCP/IP and the Internet:

TCP/IP is what makes the internet work.

It allows devices all over the world to communicate with each other.

7. Standardization and Openness:

TCP/IP is an open standard that anyone can use.

It promotes compatibility and lets different devices and networks work together.

In summary, TCP/IP is a set of rules that devices use to communicate over networks. TCP ensures data
gets to its destination correctly, while IP handles addressing and routing. TCP/IP is important for the
internet and allows devices to work together.

❓ Short notes on UDP.

1. Introduction to UDP:

UDP is a way for devices to quickly send data to each other over networks.

It doesn't waste time setting up a connection before sending the data.

UDP is great for applications that need speed but don't require every piece of data to arrive
perfectly.

2. Sending Data in Packets:

UDP breaks data into small packets and sends them separately.

Each packet has a header that includes the source and destination port numbers.

The packets keep their original structure and don't need to be put back together.

3. Lightweight and Fast:

UDP is faster and more efficient than some other protocols, like TCP.

It doesn't spend a lot of time checking for errors or making sure every packet arrives.

This makes UDP great for applications that need speed and don't mind if some data gets lost.

unit 1 wt 8
 4. Uses of UDP:

Real-Time Applications: UDP is commonly used for things like live video streaming, online
gaming, and voice over IP (VoIP).

DNS: UDP helps convert domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses quickly.

IoT Devices: UDP is good for small devices that send small amounts of data, like temperature
sensors or smart home devices.

5. Advantages of UDP:

Low Delay: UDP is fast because it doesn't spend time on extra checks and verifications.

Less Overhead: UDP uses fewer resources and is efficient for devices with limited processing
power.

Broadcasting and Multicasting: UDP can send data to multiple devices at once, which is useful for
things like video broadcasts.

6. Disadvantages of UDP:

Not Reliable: UDP doesn't guarantee that every packet will arrive, so some data might be lost.

No Flow Control: UDP doesn't slow down the data transmission rate, which can lead to
congestion or packet loss in busy networks.

In summary, UDP is a fast and lightweight protocol for sending data over networks. It's great for real-time
applications, DNS queries, and IoT devices. While UDP doesn't ensure perfect delivery, it prioritizes
speed and efficiency.

❓ What are the different ways of connecting to the internet?

There are different ways you can connect to the internet. Let's look at some of the common methods:

1. Dial-up Connection:

This is an older way where you connect to the internet using your phone line and a special device
called a modem.

It's slower than other methods and ties up your phone line while you're connected.

2. Broadband:

Broadband is a faster and more popular option for internet access.

There are different types of broadband connections:

a. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):

It uses your existing telephone line to provide internet access.

It's faster than dial-up and doesn't interfere with your phone line.

b. Cable Internet:

Cable internet uses the same cables that deliver cable TV signals to provide internet access.

It's fast and widely available in many areas.

c. Fiber Optic:

unit 1 wt 9
 Fiber optic connections use thin glass or plastic fibers to transmit data using light.

They are super fast and very reliable.

3. Wireless Connections:

Wireless connections let you connect to the internet without cables.

Two common methods are:

a. Wi-Fi:

Wi-Fi connects your devices to a local network that's connected to the internet.

You can find Wi-Fi in homes, cafes, offices, and public places.

b. Mobile Data:

Mobile data allows you to access the internet using cellular networks on your smartphone or
tablet.

It's useful when you're on the go and don't have access to Wi-Fi.

4. Satellite Internet:

Satellite internet uses satellites to connect you to the internet.

It's mainly used in remote or rural areas where other options might not be available.

5. Public Networks:

Public networks, like Wi-Fi hotspots, provide internet access in specific places like airports, cafes,
and libraries.

You can use these networks if you're in range and sometimes they're free.

When choosing an internet connection, think about factors like speed, availability, reliability, and cost. The
options available to you may depend on where you live. It's a good idea to check with local internet
service providers to see what options are available in your area.

❓ ipv4 and ipv6

Here's a comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 in table format:

IPv4 IPv6

32-bit addressing scheme 128-bit addressing scheme

Limited address space Vast address space

Provides around 4.3 billion unique addresses Provides approximately 340 undecillion unique addresses

Widely deployed and used Increasing adoption but not as prevalent as IPv4

Address format: 4 sets of numbers (0-255) Address format: 8 sets of hexadecimal numbers separated by
separated by dots colons

Notation: 192.168.0.1 Notation: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

Requires Network Address Translation (NAT) for

No need for NAT as it has a significantly larger address space
address conservation

Headers include fewer fields Headers include additional fields for improved functionality

Limited support for security and encryption Built-in support for security features, such as IPsec

unit 1 wt 10
 IPv4 IPv6

Widely compatible with existing network

Some older devices and systems may not fully support IPv6
infrastructure and devices

In simpler terms, IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol that define how devices
communicate on the internet. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and provides a limited number of unique
addresses, whereas IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses and offers a much larger address space. IPv4 is widely
used and deployed, while IPv6 adoption is growing but not as prevalent. IPv6 has built-in security features
and a more efficient header structure compared to IPv4. IPv4 requires Network Address Translation (NAT)
for address conservation, while IPv6 has a significantly larger address space that eliminates the need for
NAT in most cases.

❓ Introduction to the World Wide Web (WWW):

The World Wide Web (WWW) is like a big collection of interconnected documents and resources that you
can access using the internet. It's how we find and share information online. Here are some important
things to know about the WWW:

Components of the WWW:

Web Servers: These are special computers that store and give out web pages when you ask for
them.

Web Browsers: These are the programs you use to look at web pages. Examples include
Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.

Web Pages: These are the documents you see on the web. They can have text, pictures, videos,
and links to other pages.

Hyperlinks: These are clickable links that take you from one web page to another.

URLs: These are the addresses that tell your browser where to find a specific web page.

Protocols and Programs used in Web Technologies:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): It's the way web browsers and servers talk to each other. It
lets them exchange information and get the right web pages for you.

Secure HTTP (HTTPS): It's like a safer version of HTTP. It adds extra protection when you're
doing things like online shopping or banking.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): It's the language used to create web pages. It's like the
building blocks that tell the browser how to show the page.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): It's a special language that helps make web pages look good. It
controls things like colors, fonts, and how things are laid out.

JavaScript: It's a programming language that makes web pages interactive. It can do things like
show pop-up messages, validate forms, and make animations.

Understanding these things helps you work with web technologies and create your own websites. It's all
about how information is organized, how pages look, and how you can interact with them on the World
Wide Web.

unit 1 wt 11
 ❓ Web Browsers

Web browsers are like special programs that help you look at websites on the internet. They have
important roles and cool features. Let's break it down:

1. Functionality and Role:

Web browsers are like middlemen between you and the websites you want to see. They fetch
web pages from servers and show them to you on your computer or phone.

Browsers know how to read the code that makes up web pages, like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
This way, they can show you the pages with all the pictures, videos, and interactive stuff.

2. Features and Capabilities:

Browsers have different features to make your browsing experience better:

Tabbed Browsing: You can open many websites at the same time in different tabs, like having
multiple pages open in one window.

Bookmarks and Favorites: You can save websites you like, so you can easily go back to them
later without searching.

History: Browsers keep a list of the websites you've visited, so you can find them again.

Extensions and Add-ons: These are extra things you can add to your browser, like ad
blockers or tools that help with passwords or translations.

Private Browsing: This mode lets you browse without the browser remembering what you did,
like your history or cookies, for more privacy.

Synchronization: Some browsers let you sync your bookmarks, settings, and history across
different devices, so you can access them from anywhere.

Developer Tools: These are special tools for people who build websites. They help with
testing, fixing problems, and understanding how web pages work.

3. Popular Web Browsers:

There are many web browsers to choose from, but here are some popular ones:

Google Chrome: It's fast, has lots of features, and works on different devices.

Mozilla Firefox: It focuses on privacy and lets you customize things to your liking.

Apple Safari: It's the default browser on Apple devices and works well with them.

Microsoft Edge: It's made by Microsoft and works smoothly on Windows computers.

Opera: It's known for its speed and comes with built-in tools like a free VPN and ad blocker.

Understanding web browsers and their features helps you pick the one that suits you best for browsing
the internet and checking out all the cool websites out there.

❓ Servers: Types and Setup

unit 1 wt 12
 Servers are like special computers that help make websites available on the internet. Let's learn about
different types of servers and how to set up web servers on UNIX and Linux systems.

1. Web Servers and Their Purpose:

Web servers are like helpers that store and send web pages to people who want to see them.

Their job is to listen for requests from web browsers, find the requested web pages, and send
them back to the users so they can see the content.

Web servers use a special language called HTTP to talk to the web browsers and make sure the
information gets delivered correctly.

2. Different Types of Servers:

HTTP Servers: These servers are experts in delivering web pages using the HTTP language.
They handle requests for static web pages that don't change much.

Application Servers: These servers can do more than just deliver web pages. They can run
special programs and process data for interactive web applications.

Database Servers: These servers store and manage data for web applications. They handle
storing and retrieving information from databases.

Mail Servers: Mail servers help with sending and receiving emails. They make sure your emails
get to the right place.

3. Setting up UNIX and Linux Web Servers:

UNIX and Linux systems are popular choices for hosting web servers. Here's a simple overview
of setting up a web server:

Install the web server software, like Apache, Nginx, or Lighttpd, on your UNIX or Linux
system.

Configure the web server by telling it where to find the web pages and other important
settings.

Create your web pages or upload them to the server. These are the pages that people will
see when they visit your website.

Make sure the server has the right permissions to access and show the web pages.

Start the web server, so it's ready to serve your web pages to visitors.

Test the web server by opening a web browser and entering the server's address. If
everything is set up correctly, you should see your web pages.

Setting up web servers requires some technical knowledge, but following installation and configuration
instructions will help you do it right. It's important to make sure your server is secure and works well to
provide a good experience for your website visitors.

❓ Web Design Principles

Web design principles help make websites look good and easy to use. Some important principles are:

Visual Hierarchy: Arrange things so that important stuff stands out.

Consistency: Make everything look the same across the website.

unit 1 wt 13
 Simplicity: Keep things simple and not too crowded.

Contrast: Use different colors and sizes to make things interesting.

White Space: Give some empty space around things.

Responsiveness: Make sure the website works well on different devices.

Planning the Website and Navigation:

To make a user-friendly website, follow these steps:

Plan the structure and content of the website.

Make simple sketches to plan where things will go.

Choose colors, fonts, and images that match the website's purpose.

Make the navigation easy to understand and use.

Keep the navigation the same on every page.

Use visual cues to help people know where they are.

Make sure the website works well on mobile devices.

By following these principles and planning carefully, you can create a website that looks great and is easy
to use.

unit 1 wt 14