Guide to APA 7th Edition References

All examples below are taken from the APA Publication Manual 7th edition. See Chapter 10 of this manual for more details and for types of
sources not included below. Always read your assignment sheet and check with your professor for specific requirements for each assignment.
General Guidance for In-text Citations
The APA citation system uses the Author, Date citation style. Most citations begin with the last names of the authors or the authoring organization,
followed by the year of publication. Past tense reporting verbs are generally favored by APA style (see Sections 4.13 and 4.14).
Direct quotes and paraphrases should also include the page number to help the reader locate the information. For phrases quoted from websites or
other sources without page numbers, provide readers with another way to locate the passage, such as paragraph numbers, heading names, or other
identifiers. For more information, see Section 8.28.
Multiple Authors
The rules for naming multiple authors have been revised for the APA 7th edition. For one or two authors, list all author names each time you refer
to them. For three or more authors, list the first author’s name followed by the phrase “et al.” every time. See Section 8.17 for more information.

Author type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation

One author (Luna, 2020) Luna (2020) concluded…
Two authors (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020) Salas and D’Agostino (2020) concluded…
Three or more authors (Martin et al., 2020) Martin et al. (2020) concluded…
Group author with abbreviation First citation: First citation:
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020)
Subsequent citations: concluded…
(NIMH, 2020) Subsequent citations:
NIMH (2020) concluded…
Group author without abbreviation (University of Washington, 2020) University of Washington (2020) concluded…

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Citing Multiple Works Parenthetically
Arrange multiple works alphabetically within parentheses (see Section 8.12). This organization reflects the citation order in your references list.
(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)
Citing Secondary Sources
A secondary source refers to content first reported elsewhere, often in a primary source. When citing a secondary source, provide the primary
source and its year (if known), then write “as cited in,” followed by the secondary source. In the references list, provide an entry for the secondary
source (see Section 8.6).
(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)
Works with the Same Author and Same Date
If you are citing multiple works by the same authors published in the same year, include a lowercase letter (e.g., a) after the year (see Sections 8.19
and 9.47). Reference list citations must also include the letters after the year.
(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a; Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012b)
Templates
APA now includes generic templates for types of sources, many of which are reproduced below. If you cannot find a specific example of your
source in this handout or in the APA manual, use the generic template of the type of source for guidance in creating your citation. APA editors
also answer citation questions on their searchable blog, https://apastyle.apa.org.blog.

Source Reference examples For more info

Periodicals Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, 34(2), 5-14. APA Manual,
DOI or URL Section 10.1
Journal article with DOI McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A p. 317
cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review,
126(1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126
Journal article without DOI Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A descriptive review of p. 317
ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. Journal of
Postsecondary Education and Disability, 31(1), 17-39.
https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/
jped-volume-31
Magazine or newspaper Print: p. 317, p. 320

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 article without DOI Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in
adoption. Chicago Tribune.
Online:
Guarino, B. (2017, December 4). How will humanity react to alien life? Psychologists
have some predictions. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking_of_science/wp/2017/12/04
Blog post Klymsowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free will? Sci- p. 320
Ed. https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-talk-scientifically-about-
free-will/
Comment on an online KS in NJ. (2019, January 15). From this article, it sounds like men are figuring out p. 320
article or post something that women have known forever. I know of many [Comment on the
article “How workout buddies can help stave off loneliness”]. The Washington
Post. https://wapo.st/2HDToGJ
Books, book chapters, and Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book (2nd ed., E. E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher Sections 10.2 and
reference entries Name. DOI or URL [if given]. 10.3

Author, A. A. (year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. 3-12).
Publisher Name. DOI or URL [if given].
Authored book without Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: Frameworks of power. Routledge. p. 321
DOI (most printed books)
**For more on edited, translated, republished, and other types of books, see Section 10.2.
Edited book Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer (D. Wright, Ed.). Chelsea Green p. 322
Publishing.
Pridham, K. F., Limbo, R., & Schroeder, M. (Eds.). (2018). Guided participation in
pediatric nursing practice. Springer Publishing Company. http://a.co/0IAiVgt
Book chapter Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A. (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles p. 326
and responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.), Principles and practice of forensic
psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press.
Work in an anthology Lewin, K. (1999). Group decision and social change. In M. Gold (Ed.), The complete p. 328
social scientist: A Kurt Lewin reader (pp. 265-284). American Psychological
Association.
Diagnostic manual American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental p. 324
disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10/1176/appi.books/9780890425596

Entry in a dictionary, Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Self-report. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved pp. 328-329
thesaurus, or encyclopedia July 12, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-report

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 List of oldest companies. (2019, January 13). In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index/php?title=List_of_oldest_companies&oldid
Reports and Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Title of report (Report No. 123). Publisher name. Section 10.4
gray literature DOI or URL
Name of Group. (date). Title of gray literature [Description]. Publisher name. DOI or
URL
Report by a government National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH pp. 329-330
agency or organization Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-
education/life-after-treatment.pdf
Fried, D., & Polyakova, A. (2018). Democratic defense against disinformation. Atlantic
Council.
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/imagesDefense_Against_Informati
on/pdf
Policy brief Harwell, M. (2018). Don’t expect too much: The limited usefulness of common SES p. 331
measures and a prescription for change [Policy brief]. National Education
Policy Center. https://nepc.colorado.edu/publications/SES
Conference presentations Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (year, month days). Title of contribution [Type of Section 10.5
contribution]. Conference Name, Location. DOI or URL
Poster presentation Pearson, J. (2018, September 27-30). Fat talk and its effects of state-based body image p. 333
in women [Poster presentation]. Australian Psychological Society Congress,
Sydney, NSW, Australia. http://bit.ly/2XGSThp
Paper presentation Maddox, S., Hurling, J., Stewart, E., & Edwards, A. (2016, March 30-April 2). If mama p. 332
ain’t happy, nobody’s happy: The effect of parental depression on mood
dysregulation in children [Paper presentation]. Southeastern Psychological
Association 62nd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, United States.
Data sets and tests Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. OR Name of Group. (year or year range). Title of data Section 10.9
set (Version #) [Data set OR Unpublished raw data]. Publisher Name or Source.
DOI or URL
Data set National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Fast Response Survey System (FRSS): p. 338
Teachers’ use of educational technology in U.S. public schools, 2009 (ICPSR
35531; Version V3) [Data set and code book]. National Archive of Data on Arts
and Culture. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35531.v3
Online content and media Author, A. A. (Role, if necessary). (date). Title of work (season or episode number, if Sections 10.12,
and artistic works applicable) [description of media]. Production company, museum, or platform. 10.13, 10.14, and

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 URL 10.15
Film or video Forman, M. (Director). (1975). One flew over the cuckoo’s nest [Film]. United Artists. pp. 342-43
TV series episode or Barris, K. (Writer & Director). (2017, January 11). Lemons (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV p. 343
webisode series episode]. In K. Barris, J. Groff, A. Anderson, E. B. Dobbins, L. Fishburne,
& H. Sugland (Executive Producers), Black-ish. Wilmore Films; Artists First;
Cinema Gypsy Productions; ABC Studios.
Streaming video University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. p. 344
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8

**The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if
they did not create the work.
Podcast episode Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. p. 345
In This American life. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-
archives/episode/443/amusement-park
Artwork on a museum Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, p. 346
website United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565
Infographic Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World p. 346
Science Festival. https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/space-junk-
infographic/
Map Cable, D. (2013). The racial dot map [Map]. University of Virginia, Weldon Cooper p. 347
Center for Public Service. https://demographics.coopercenter.org/Racial-Dot-
Map
Photograph McCurry, S. (1985). Afgan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. p. 347
https://www.nationageographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-
50-years-of-covers/#/ngm_1985-jun-714.jpg
Tweet Badlands National Park [@BadlandsNPS]. (2018, February 26). Biologists have p. 348
identified more than 400 different plant species growing in @BadlandsNPS
#DYK #biodiversity [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/BadlandsNPS/status/968196500412133379
Facebook post National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, November 28). Suicide affects all ages, p. 349
genders, races, and ethnicities. Check out these 5 Action Steps for Helping
Someone in Emotional Pain [Infographic]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/321Qstq

Online forum post National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA]. (2018, September 12). I’m p. 350
NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on
Earth after my first spaceflight! [Online forum post]. Reddit.

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 https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tin
gle_ask_me_anything/
Webpages and websites Author, A. A. OR Name of Group. (date). Title of work. Site name. URL 10.16
Webpage on a news Amramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age- p. 351
website positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-
leads-to-life-intl/index.html
Webpages on an World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization p. 351
organizational website and vaccine safety. https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/
Statutes (Laws and Acts) Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL Section 11.5
**Consult APA Section 11.5 and the Bluebook for further instruction.
**To type the § symbol, hold down Alt and type 0167.
Federal statute Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015). pp. 362-63
https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ95/PLAW-114publ95.pdf
Personal communications Works that cannot be recovered by readers, including emails, personal interviews, and Section 8.9
classroom lectures without an external repository, are cited in the text as personal
communications and not included in the reference list.
S. Source (personal communication, date)
Personal communication T. Nguyen (personal communication, August 8, 2019) p. 260
cited in text (T. Nguyen, personal communication, August 8, 2019)
Course material If the course material you’re citing comes from a resource that your audience will Sections 8.9 and
have access to (e.g., a course Canvas site that your readers can access), provide the 10.14
name of the site and its URL. If your audience will not have access to that resource,
cite the course material as a personal communication (see the section above).
Lecture notes Canan, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation.] p. 347
Department of Management Control and Information Systems, University of
Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan
Lecture slides Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for p. 347
presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU.
https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

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