People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Hamma Lakhdar University of El-Oued
Faculty of Arts and Languages
Department of Arts and English Language

A Quick Guide to In-text Citations and References

(APA 7th edition)

Prepared by: Dr. Ouahid ATIK ZID

Updated and expanded by: Dr Chaima MENNAI

Academic year: 2022/2023

 Referencing (APA 7th edition)

Referencing means giving a full description of each source you have cited in the text, in a list of References at the
end of your work. Here are some examples of how major sources could be included in your references list.

1-Book
Print
Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.

 If the edition number is provided, include it immediately after the title, but not italicised. Use the
ordinal number followed by “ed.” in parentheses.
Smith, P. (2012). Cut to the chase: Online video editing and the Wadsworth constant (3rd ed.). E & K Publishing.

Print book without author

Title ok book. (Year). Publisher.
Higher education in Australia: The facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Electronic
 With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx
Gunderman, R. B. (2011). Achieving excellence in medical education (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-0-85729-307-7

 With URL
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://xxxx
Kerr, A., Chekar, C. K., Ross, E., Swallow, J., & Cunningham-Burley, S. (2021). Personalised cancer medicine:
Future crafting in the genomic era. Manchester University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567277/

 Only the first word of the book title is capitalised (except for subtitles, proper nouns or abbreviations).
 Italicise all the book title.
 If the year of publication is not available, use the abbreviation (n.d.) instead. It stands for no date available.
 When the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher name.
 Authors’ names are always inverted (surname first, then first name in initials).
2. Edited book
An edited book is a collection of articles or chapters written by different authors on the same subject. It might also
be a collection of published articles or essays by a single author. Chapters of an edited book have usually been
published elsewhere first, but editors sometimes ask a group of authors to state an opinion on a topic, and then
compile the responses into chapters. When an edited book is referred to as a whole book, use the format below:

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (year). Title of edited book. Publisher. DOI or URL (if electronic)

Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press.

Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression
theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642

Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans
Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/

 Use the abbreviation (Eds.) for more than one editor.

3-Chapter in an edited book

Print

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of
book (edition*, pp. xxx–xxx). Publisher.

 Include the edition number for the second edition and up (not for the first edition).

Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media
effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Electronic
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of
book (edition*, pp. xxx–xxx). Publisher. DOI or URL

 With DOI
Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P.
Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human
potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

 With URL
Thestrup, K. (2010). To transform, to communicate, to play–The experimenting community in action. In E. Hygum
& P. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels
Forlag. (pp. 225–312). https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/?id=192
  For a reference/edited book with no editor, simply include the word In before the book title (with no
comma).
 Only the first word of the chapter or entry title is capitalised (except for subtitles, proper nouns or
abbreviations). Do not italicise the chapter or entry title.
 Do not invert book editors' names. Provide first names in initials, then surnames for all editors.
 The book title is italicised.
 Only the first word of the book title is capitalised (except for subtitles, proper nouns or abbreviations).

4-Reference book
A reference book is a book (as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, wikipedia, atlas, discipline-specific reference
books, yearbook) intended primarily for consultation rather than for consecutive reading. It provides facts and
specially organised information intended to be found quickly when needed.

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (year). Title of reference book. Publisher. + DOI or URL (if available)

Hackfort, D., Schinke, R. J., & Strauss, B. (Eds.). (2019). Dictionary of sport psychology: Exercise, performance,
and performing arts. Elsevier.

5- Entry in a reference book

Entry in a print dictionary

Publisher Name. (Year). Entry name. In Dictionary name (edition, p. page number). Publisher.
American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p. 667).

Entry in an online dictionary

Because entries in online dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster are updated over time and are not archived,
include a retrieval date in the reference.

Publisher Name. (Year). Entry name. In Dictionary name. Retrieved + date + from + URL
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 4, 2020,
from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics

Encyclopedia entry
Author last name, Initials. (Year). Entry name. In Editor initials. Last name (Ed.), Encyclopedia name
(Edition). Publisher. URL
Wheeler, G. (2020). Bounded rationality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.).
Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bounded-rationality/
Wikipedia entry
Article title. (Year, Month Day). In Wikipedia. URL
Oil painting. (2019, December 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Oil_painting&oldid
=929802398
6-Journal article

Print
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Title of the Journal, volume number(issue number), page from–page to.
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its
implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73–82.

Electronic
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Title of the Journal, volume number(issue number), page from–page to.
http:// www.xxxxxxx or https://doi.org/xxxx
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

 Capitalise and italicise all the words of the journal title

 Use a hyphen not a dash to separate an article’s beginning and end page numbers

7-Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis

Unpublished (inside the United States)

Author, A. A. (year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's
thesis]. Name of Institution, City.
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished
doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia, Virginia.

Published dissertation or thesis

Author, A. A. (year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication number) [Doctoral dissertation or
Master's thesis, Name of Institution]. Database. URL (if any).
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship
between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation,
Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-
efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral
dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest. com/doc/ 2309521814.
html?FMT=AI
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry
and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus
Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
  A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
 If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in
parentheses after the title of the dissertation or thesis without italics.
 Include the description “Doctoral thesis” or “Master’s dissertation” followed by a comma and the name of
the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation or
thesis title and any publication number.
 In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the database, repository, or archive.
 The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing
the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
 Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda
and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
 If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning
the URL will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).

IMPORTANT:

1- In consideration of the fact that the examples are from research published in USA institutions, you will
note that they use the terms 'Doctoral dissertation' and 'Master's thesis'. Algerian institutions use the terms
'Doctoral thesis' and 'Master's dissertation'. It is therefore recommended that when citing work from
doctoral theses or master's dissertations conducted outside the United States, you use the latter (i.e.
Doctoral thesis or Master's dissertation) and use the former when citing research from within the United
States.

2- Our institutional repository at El Oued University contains recent Master's dissertations, should you wish to
browse. It can be found in the quick links section of the university's website under the name of the digital
repository (‫)المستودع الرقمي‬.

8- Websites and webpages

Citing an entire website

Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites. To mention a website in general, and not any
particular information on that site, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses.
For example, you might mention that you used a website to create a survey.

Example:
We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com).
For this kind of citation, you do not need to include the website on the reference page. However, if you are citing a
specific page or article from a website, you will need a formal in-text citation and reference list entry.

Webpage with author and date

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day if given). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL
Cherry, K. (2013, April 19). How attitudes form, change and shape our behaviour. Psychology. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/ socialpsychology/a/attitudes.htm.

Webpage with no author

Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day). Website Name. URL
The countdown: A prophecy, crowds and. a TikTok takedown. (2020, October 19). BBC News. https://www.bbc.
com/news/election-us-2020-54596667
 If there is no author, the webpage title comes first.
Webpage with no author or date
Title of webpage. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:// www.xxxxxxx
Census data revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://harvard.edu/data/index.php

N.B. (n.d.) stands for no date available.

 If the month and day are not mentioned, insert just the year between parentheses.

Webpage with a group author (such as an organisation or corporation)

Organisation Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL
World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

 Note here that website name is omitted because the author has the same name.

Government webpage without individual authors

Name of Government Department. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-
disorders/index.shtml

Government webpage with individual authors

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL
Rutte, M. (2021, January 15). Statement by Prime Minister Mark Rutte on the government’s resignation.
Government of the Netherlands. https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2021/01/15/statement-by-
prime-minister-mark-rutte-on-the-government%E2%80%99s-resignation
Webpage on a website with a retrieval date
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Website Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9,
2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/

IMPORTANT: Only provide the retrieval date (i.e., the date you consulted the information) if the contents of the
webpage are designed to change over time and the page itself is not archived. Examples include:

 Online dictionary entries

 Social media profiles (not posts)
 Dashboards with statistics (like this world population counter)

The retrieval date appears after the source title and before the URL. Write the word “Retrieved” followed by the
month, day, and year (Retrieved Month Day, year, from URL). You do not need to include a retrieval date for an
online newspaper article or blog post, even though the content might change a little over time. A retrieval date is
also not needed if versions are archived, as is the case with Wikipedia articles.

Remember these guidelines for any webpage!!

 When the author and website name are the same, omit the website name entry. (This rule applies to a
webpage with a group/corporate author.
 The webpage title is always italicised.
 Only the first word of the webpage title is capitalised (except for subtitles, proper nouns, or abbreviations).
 The website name is always capitalised.

9- Audiovisual Media
YouTube video
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video [Video]. Youtube. http:// www.xxxxxxx
Asian Boss. (2020, June 5). World’s leading vaccine expert fact-checks COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy: Stay
curious #22 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdLDMLrYIA

 The author is the account's name that uploaded the video on Youtube.

Film or Movie
Director’s last name, Initials. (Director). (Year). Title of the film/movie [Film]. Production Company.
Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

 Include all companies if the film is produced by multiple companies and separate them with a semicolon.
Entire Podcast
Host last name, Initials. (Host). or Producer last name, Initials. (Producer). (Year range). Podcast name [Audio
podcast]. Production Company. URL
Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–present). Code switch [Audio podcast]. National Public
Radio. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch

Podcast episode
Host last name, Initials. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. Episode number) [Audio podcast episode].
In Podcast name. Production Company. URL
Hannah-Jones, N. (Host). (2019, September 13). How the bad blood started (No. 4) [Audio podcast episode].
In 1619. The New York Times. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-4-how-the-bad-blood-
started/id1476928106?i=1000449718223

 The words Host, Producer, Audio podcast should always be inserted as in the two examples above.

10- Newspaper article

Newspaper articles in print

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Name, pages.
Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade
plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.

Online newspaper articles

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Name. URL
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York
Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html

Articles from Online-ONLY news sites

If the article is from a news website (e.g., CNN, BET News, Bloomberg, BBC News, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters,
Salon, and Vox); which do not have an associated daily or weekly newspaper. Use the following format:

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Site Name. URL
Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies.
HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-
movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e

11- Magazine article

Print magazine article

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), page range.
Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don’t ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess who’s winning. Newsweek, 153(24),
27.
Online magazine article
Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), page range. URL or DOI
Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New middle chapter in the story of human
evolution. Science, 365(6457), 981–982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550

 If the magazine article does not have volume, issue, and/or page numbers (e.g., because it is from an online
magazine), omit the missing elements from the reference.

12- Reports
Report with individual authors references
Author last name, Initials. (Year). Report title: Subtitle (Report No. number). Publisher name. URL
Stuster, J., Adolf, J., Byrne, V., & Greene, M. (2018). Human exploration of Mars: Preliminary lists of crew
tasks (Report No. NASA/CR-2018-220043). National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190001401.pdf
 If the report has a report number, include it in parentheses without italics after the report title.
 A report number should always be included when available, but if a report does not have one, you can just
leave this part out.

Report by a Government Agency/organisation references

Agency Name. (Year). Report title: Subtitle (Report No. number). Publisher name. URL
National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer. gov/
publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf

13- Interviews
Personal interviews
In APA, research papers should not include personal communication, such as interviews, as a reference. A
personal interview should only be mentioned in the text because it is not retrievable. Use a narrative or
parenthetical citation to provide information about the interview and include:
 the name of the person you interviewed: initial of the person’s given name followed by his/her surname
 the date of the interview
 a note that it is a personal communication
 the full date including the month, day and year (in that order)

In-text citation:
Narrative: D. Rule (personal communication, March 17, 2014) says that it is a good idea to…
Parenthetical: It is a good idea to… (D. Rule, personal communication, March 17, 2014).
Interviews in Archives and Collections
Interviewee’s last name, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title/ or description of interview [Interview]. Name of
archive or place stored; Owner. Web address
Sabbatini, G. (1993, September 10). Musical performance of Giuseppe Sabbatini [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio
Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/musical-performance-
giuseppe-sabbatini?t=NaN%2CNaN&a=%2C

14- Blog post

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Site Name. https://xxxxx
Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first footage of quantum knots unraveling in superfluid. Ars
Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/study-you-can-tie-a-quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-
it-will-soon-untie-itself/

15- Translated Works

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator Initial(s). Surname, Trans.). Publisher. (Original
work published Year).
Journal article, republished in translation
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood (J. Bliss & H. Furth, Trans.). Human
Development, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225 (Original work published 1970)

Book, republished in translation

Coelho, P. (1993). The alchemist (A. R. Clarke, Trans.). HarperOne. (Original work published 1988)

16- Foreign Works

Use this format if you have read a book/article etc., in another language. Put the title of the book in the language
you read it in the title field and put the English translation in square brackets after the title.

Author surname(s), Initial(s). (Year). Title of work in original language [English translation of title]. Publisher.
DOI (if there is one)
Piaget, J. (1957). Le jugement moral chez l'enfant [The moral judgement of the child]. Presses Universitaires de
France.
Sources with Non-Latin Scripts (e.g: Arabic)
Non-Latin alphabets are not used in the reference list in APA Style, so the title needs to be transliterated (that is,
converted to the alphabet you are using to write a paper), and then followed by an English translation, in brackets.
Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-
Thaqafah.
 In-text citations (APA 7th edition)
In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative.

 In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date appear in parentheses.
E.g:
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue
(Koehler, 2016).

 In narrative citations, the author name is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the year
follows in parentheses.
E.g:
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

1-paraphrasing

Narrative: Harmer (1998) argues that there is a good reason to teach writing to EFL learners.
Parenthetical: There is a good reason to teach writing to EFL learners (Harmer, 1998).
 When a work has 1 author, cite the author’s name every time you reference the work in the text.
 When a work has 2 authors, cite both names every time you reference the work in the text.
 When a work has three or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every
citation, even the first.
Parenthetical citation : (Kernis et al., 1993)
Narrative citation : Kernis et al. (1993) suggest...

 When the author is a group or organisation identified through abbreviation, cite the whole name with the
abbreviation the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, mention only the abbreviation. If
there is no abbreviation, mention the full name each time.

First citation: National Institute of Mental Health NIMH (2003) confirms that...

Subsequent citations: NIMH (2003) confirms that...

 When a work has no identified author or editor, cite in the text the first few words of the reference list
entry (usually the title) and the year. In the in-text citation, use “double quotation marks” around the
title if the sources is an article (in a journal, a magazine, a newspaper, or a newsletter) a chapter, or a web
page, and italicise the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report. Capitalise all major words.

Example:
Parenthetical: The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
Narrative: The brochure Education Reform (2007) argues for home schooling...

NB. Replace the publication information by the URL for online sources.
  When citing Wikipedia in-text, all you need is the article title. This is because Wikipedia is a collaborative
website and there is no author. The citation, which will be in parentheses, will have to be the title of the
page or article in between double quotation marks. For the date, access the archived version
on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used. If a wiki does
not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval
date.
 Parenthetical citation: (“Oil Painting,” 2019)
 Narrative citation: “Oil Painting” (2019)

If you want to direct your reader to a specific section of the Wikipedia article, you can include the paragraph
number at the end of your citation. For example: ("World War II," date of publication, para. 5)

In general, it is better to avoid citing Wikipedia in an academic paper because it is not a reliable source of
information. Scholarly papers should generally rely on peer-reviewed articles and other scholarly work vetted by
experts in the field

2-Direct quote with page numbers

A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work or from your own previously published work.
When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation (in both parenthetical
and narrative in-text citations).

Follow these guidelines when providing a page number:

 For a single page, use the abbreviation “p.” (e.g., p. 25, p. S41, p. e221).
 For multiple pages, use the abbreviation “pp.” and separate the page range with an en dash (e.g., pp. 34–
36).
 If pages are discontinuous, use a comma between the page numbers (e.g., pp. 67, 72).

Short quotations (fewer than 40 words)

For quotations of fewer than 40 words, add quotation marks around the words and incorporate the quote into your
own text—there is no additional formatting needed. For example:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high
performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

Block quotations (40 words or more)

Format quotations of 40 words or more as block quotations:
 Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation.
 Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin.
 Double-space the entire block quotation.
  Do not add extra space before or after it.
 Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year
in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation’s
final punctuation.
 Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

 Block quotation with parenthetical citation

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people’s everyday
lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide
range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner
speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

 Block quotation with narrative citation

Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential researcher bias when working with an intersectional
community of transgender people of color:

Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities.
Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities
may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results. (p. 311)

3-Direct quotation of material without page numbers

To directly quote from written material that does not contain page numbers (e.g., webpages and websites, some
ebooks), provide readers with another way of locating the quoted passage. Any of the following approaches is
acceptable; use the approach that will best help readers find the quotation.
1. Provide a heading or section name. It is okay to abbreviate a long or unwieldy heading or section
name. For example:

For people with osteoarthritis, “painful joints should be moved through a full range of motion every
day to maintain flexibility and to slow deterioration of cartilage” (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015,
Osteoarthritis section).

2. Provide a paragraph number (count the paragraphs manually if they are not numbered).

People planning for retirement need more than just money—they also “need to stockpile their
emotional reserves” to ensure adequate support from family and friends (Chamberlin, 2014, para.
1).

3. Provide a heading or section name in combination with a paragraph number.

Music and language are intertwined in the brain such that “people who are better at rhythmic memory
skills tend to excel at language skills as well” (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4).
 Audio-visual works
To directly quote from an audio-visual work (e.g., audiobook, YouTube video, TED Talk, TV
show), provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation in place of a page number.
People make “sweeping inferences and judgments from body language” (Cuddy, 2012, 2:12).

4-Citations within quotations

Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are quoting. The works cited need not be included
in the list of references (unless you happen to cite them as primary sources elsewhere in your paper).

" In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated that about
1 million cases of N MSC and 59,940 cases of melanoma would be diagnosed in
2007, with melanoma resulting in 8, 110 deaths " (Miller et al., 2009, p. 209).

5- Secondary sources (referencing)

Follow these directions when citing a secondary source:

 In the reference list, provide an entry for the secondary source that you used.
 In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.
If the year of publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text citation.
For example, if you read a work by Lyon et al. (2014) in which Rabbitt (1982) was cited, and you were unable to
read Rabbitt’s work yourself, cite Rabbitt’s work as the original source, followed by Lyon et al.’s work as the
secondary source. Only Lyon et al.’s work appears in the reference list.
(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)

If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation.

Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003) reported that ...

6-Translated material

If you translated a passage from one language into another it is considered a paraphrase, not a direct quotation.
Thus, to cite your translated material, all you need to do is include the author and date of the material in the in-text
citation. We recommend (but do not require) that you also include the page number in the citation, because this
will help any readers who do speak French to find the translated passage in the original. You should not use
quotation marks around the material you translated, and you do not need to use the words “my translation” or
anything like that. Here is an example:

Original French passage:

“Les femmes dans des activités masculines adoptaient des stéréotypes masculins” (Doutre, 2014, p. 332).
 Translated quotation that appeared in the paper:

Women working in masculine fields adopted masculine stereotypes (Doutre, 2014, p. 332).

In-text citation of translated works

Both the original publication date and the republished date of the translated work appear in the in-text citations,
with the earlier year first, separated with a slash.

 Parenthetical citation: (Piaget, 1970/1972)

 Narrative citation: Piaget (1970/1972)

7- Anonymous author

If “Anonymous” is the identified author of a work (versus there being no stated author), cite “Anonymous” in the
citation instead of the author’s last name.

Example: (Anonymous, 2005, p. 42).

In the reference list, “Anonymous” would also appear alphabetised in the author field, followed by other ordinary
information.

What if some elements in the source are missing!!

Template
Missing
Solution Reference list entry In-text citation
element

Nothing— Provide the author, date, title, and Author. (Date). Title. Parenthetical: (Author, year)
all elements source of the work Source. Narrative: Author (year)
are present

Author Provide the title, date, and source. Title. (Date). Source. (Title, year)
Title (year)

Date Provide the author, write “n.d.” for Author. (n.d.). Title. (Author, n.d.)
“no date,” and then provide the title Source. Author (n.d.)
and source.

Title Provide the author and date, describe Author. (Date). (Author, year)
the work in square brackets, and then [Description of Author (year)
provide the source. work]. Source.

Author and Provide the title, write “n.d.” for “no Title. (n.d.). Source. (Title, n.d.)
date date,” and then provide the source. Title (n.d.)

Author and Describe the work in square brackets, [Description of work]. ([Description of work], year)
title and then provide the date and source. (Date). Source. [Description of work] (year)
Date and Provide the author, write “n.d.” for Author. (n.d.). (Author, n.d.)
title “no date,” describe the work in square [Description of Author (n.d.)
brackets, and then provide work]. Source.
the source.

Author, Describe the work in square brackets, [Description of work]. ([Description of work], n.d.)
date, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then (n.d.). Source. [Description of work] (n.d.)
and title provide the source.

Source Cite as a personal communication or No reference list entry (C.C. Communicator, personal
find another work to cite. communication, month day,
year)
C.C. Communicator (personal
communication, month day,
year)

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 284.
 Accuracy of Quotations (APA 7th edition)

 If you omit some words from the quotation, you need to indicate this by typing in three dots.

“The state has an essential role … in the legal definition of property rights” (Deininger 2003, p. 69).

 Use brackets [ ], not parentheses ( ), to enclose material such as an addition or explanation inserted in a
quotation by some person other than the original author.

"They are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent [children's] play is a luxury that can be
dispensed with when there are too many other competing claims on the growing brain" (Henig, 2008, p. 40).

 If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source might confuse readers, insert the word sic,
italicised and bracketed, [sic] immediately after the error in the quotation.

Nowak (2019) wrote that “people have an obligation to care for there [sic] pets” (p. 52).

 If you want to emphasise a word or words in a quotation, italicise the word or words. Immediately after the
italicised words, insert within brackets the words [emphasis added]

"They are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent play [emphasis added] is a luxury that can be
dispensed with when there are too many other competing claims on the growing brain" (Henig, 2008, p. 40).
 APA Footnotes

To cite sources in APA Style, you must use APA in-text citations, not notes. However, you can use footnotes in
APA to:

 Give additional information (i.e: content footnotes)

 Provide copyright attribution

Footnotes can appear at the bottom of relevant pages, or they can be grouped together and placed on a separate
page at the end of the text.

Content footnotes
You can use content footnotes in APA to provide additional information to readers. For example, you might
clarify a specific point or direct the reader to sources that contain more detail on a related topic.

As APA does not encourage the use of footnotes, you should keep these notes as brief as possible. They should not
exceed one paragraph. You can consider including longer material in an APA appendix instead.

1
See Atwell (2005), chapter 1, for a more detailed analysis of this approach.

Copyright footnotes
If you include copyright material that exceeds fair use guidelines (like an extended passage from a book, or test or
scale items), you may need to obtain permission from the copyright holder. You can use footnotes in APA to
acknowledge this permission.

If you receive permission to reproduce an image or infographic, include this copyright note in the relevant caption,
not in a footnote.

1 From Theories of Human Development: A Comparative Approach (p. 155), by Michael G. Green and John A.
Piel, 2010, Routledge. Copyright 2010 by Taylor & Francis. Reprinted with permission.

N.B. For more info on how to format footnotes in APA; check this page on scribbr: Ryan, E. (2022, June 16). APA
Footnotes | Format & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-footnotes/)

The revisions and examples used in this guide were adapted from the following sources:
https://apastyle.apa.org/

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_aut
hor_authors.html

https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7/interview

https://holmesglen.libguides.com/apa7/translated-foreign#s-lg-box-22020197

https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7/about

https://guides.library.lincoln.ac.uk/c.php?g=683973&p=4882429