Mtech Paper 2
Mtech Paper 2
Mtech Paper 2
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Abstract - WSN comprises of a considerable amount of a pioneer called cluster head (CH). Every one of the sensing
small and limited power sensor elements that are arbitrarily element sense neighborhood information and transmit it to
or physically conveyed over an unattended target region. their relating CH. At that point, the cluster heads combine
WSNs have potential applications in atmosphere observing, the local information and then transmit it to the base station
calamity cautioning frameworks, medicinal services, security (BS) specifically or by means of different CHs. A cluster
surveillance, and reconnaissance frameworks. The main based model of wireless sensor network is appeared in Fig.
drawback of the wireless sensor network is the restricted 1. Clustering sensors has various advantages which are as
power sources of the sensing elements. Expanding the lifetime follows: (1) It empowers information total at CH to dispose
of the Wireless Sensor systems, energy preservation measures of the repetitive and uncorrelated information;
are vital for enhancing the execution of WSNs. This paper consequently, it saves power of the sensing elements. (2)
proposes LEACH-P which is a novel approach to improve Routing can be all the more effectively achieved on the
existing LEACH protocol using PSO based clustering. The grounds that only CHs need to keep up the nearby path set
proposed algorithm is simulated broadly and the results are up of different CHs and subsequently require little steering
compared with the existing algorithm to determine its data; this in turn enhances the adaptability of the system
supremacy in terms of network lifetime, stability period and essentially. (3) It preserves correspondence transfer speed
number of data transmitted to the base station. as the sensor nodes communicate with their CHs only and
therefore stay away from trade of excess information among
Key Words: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), gateways, them.
Cluster Head (CH), Particle Swarm Optimization.
1. INTRODUCTION Internet
Cluster
1.1 Background head
Sensor
Base
Wireless Sensor Networks are having large network in
station
which huge amount of sensor nodes are present that are
forming a network with their self-organizing property. The
variety of applications includes health care, military, critical Fig-1: A Wireless
. Sensor Network
. Model
infrastructure protection (Akyildiz,Su, Sankarasubramaniam,
& Cayirci, 2002), and non-military personnel (e.g., disaster Though, CHs tolerate some additional work load
management). In WSN the small sensor nodes are contributed by their cluster members as they collect the
categorized by restricted processing power sources. In this detected information from their group member sensors,
manner, energy preservation of the sensors is the most combines them and convey it to the BS. In addition, in
demanding concern for the long run process of WSNs. numerous WSNs, the CHs are typically chosen among the
Numerous issues have been contemplated for this reason ordinary sensor nodes which can expire rapidly for this
that include low-power radio communication equipment additional work load. In this remarkable circumstance,
(Calhoun, 2005), power aware medium access control (MAC) numerous scholars (Gupta & Younis, 2003) (Low, 2008)
layer conventions (Ahmad, 2012) (Aykut, 2011) and so on. (Kuila & Jana, Improved load balanced clustering algorithm
Therefore, energy efficient clustering and routing for wireless sensor networks., 2012) (Kuila, Gupta, & Jana, A
procedures (Abbasi & Mohamad, 2007) (Kemal & Younis, novel evolutionary approach for load balanced clustering
2005) are the most encouraging regions that have been problem for wireless sensor networks., 2013) (Bari, Wazed,
contemplated widely in such manner. Jaekal, & Bandyopadhyay, 2009) have proposed the usage of
some extraordinary sensing elements called gateways, which
In a two-level WSN, sensing elements are partitioned into are provisioned with additional power. These gateways
a few groups which are known as clusters. Every group has demonstrates like cluster heads and are in charge of a
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 838
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
similar function of the CHs. Along these lines, gateways and perform extensive simulation on the proposed methods and
CHs are utilized reciprocally in the rest of the paper. evaluate them with several performance metrics including
network life-time, stability, energy consumption and total
Tragically, the gateways are likewise battery-worked and number of data transmitted. The results are compared with
consequently energy constrained. Lifetime of the gateways is LEACH (Heinzelman, Chandrakasan, & Balakrishnan, 2002)
exceptionally vital for the long run operation of the system. which is a widespread cluster-based routing procedure. Our
(Heinzelman, Chandrakasan, & Balakrishnan, 2002)
Energy proficient routing with an exchange off have been proposed a mainstream cluster-based steering
between transmission distance and number of technique LEACH which is able to control the cluster head
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 839
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
(Kennedy & Eberhart, 1995) proposed a system for 3. LEACH: LOW-ENERGY ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING
development of reliable nonlinear limits. The system was HIERARCHY
found through re-enactment of an enhanced social model;
thusly the social analogy is discussed, however the LEACH is a self-organizing, adaptive clustering procedure
calculation stays without metaphorical support. The paper that uses randomization to circulate the energy load
portrays the particle swarm improvement idea as far as its uniformly among the sensors in the system. In LEACH, the
forerunners, rapidly investigating into the phases of its sensors sort out themselves into nearby formed clusters,
advancement from social rebuilding to analyzer. The with one element acting as the local base station (BS) or
improvement of a couple of perfect models is laid out, and an cluster-head. LEACH comprises arbitrary circulation of the
execution of one of the guidelines is inspected. The high-powered cluster-head position such that it circulates
relationship between particle swarm development and both among the numerous sensors in order not to drain the
manufactured life and hereditary controls are depicted. battery of a single senor. Moreover, LEACH achieves
neighborhood information aggregation to compress the
(Singh & Lobiyal, 2012) proposed an Energy-efficient volume of information being transmit from the cluster heads
cluster head selection using Particle Swarm Optimization to the base station, further decreasing energy dissipation and
approach and examination of Packet Retransmissions in improving system lifetime.
WSN. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is useful
for creating vitality mindful clusters with an ideal choice of The procedure of LEACH is fragmented up into rounds,
the group head. The PSO eventually diminishes the cost of where every round begins with a set-up phase, when the
discovering ideal position for the cluster head hubs. The clusters are structured, followed by a steady-state phase,
execution of PSO approach is achieved inside the cluster when data transfers to the base station occur. In order to
instead of the sink where a user is able to extract data, which minimize overhead, the steady-state phase is long compared
makes it a semi-distributed method. The choice criteria of to the set-up phase.
the target capacity depend on the lasting vitality, least
normal distance from the member hubs and head count of 3.1 Setup phase
the likely head hubs. (Singh & Lobiyal, 2012)] and (Abdul,
2007) have utilized the PSO for CH choice among the typical
In this phase clusters are framed and a cluster head (CH)
sensor hubs and don't deal with the group development. PSO
is decided for every cluster. Each node produces an arbitrary
and ant colony optimization (ACO) are utilized as a part of
number in the range of 0 and 1, and if that arbitrary number
WSNs for other optimization issues likewise and they can be
is not as much as threshold value T (n), then it will become a
found in (Saleem, 2011), (Kulkarni, 2011), (Zungeru, 2012).
cluster head. In each round, T (n) is set to 0, for the sensing
element which previously functioned as CH in past rounds,
(Kuila & Jana, 2014) have proposed Energy effective
so that this node will not be chosen once more. The
clustering and routing which are two surely understood
possibility of being chosen is T (n) for the sensing elements
advancement issues which have been studied broadly to
that have not been chosen once. If only single sensor node
increase lifespan of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and
left then T (n) is set to 1, implies this node will be surely
describes Linear/ Nonlinear Programming (LP/NLP)
chosen as CH (Heinzelman, Chandrakasan, & Balakrishnan,
definitions of these issues taken after by two proposed
2002).
procedures for the same in view of particle swarm
optimization (PSO). The routing procedure is established
T (n) is characterized as below:
with a well-organized particle encoding scheme and multi-
objective fitness function. The clustering algorithm is
described by considering power maintenance of the nodes
through load balancing.
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 840
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 841
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
static after deployment.
Every one of the nodes can use power control for
various distances from the transmitter to the Fig.-3: Flowchart of PSO (Kuila & Jana, 2014)
receiver.
Every one of the nodes is location unaware (i.e. they The proposed algorithm:
are not armed with the GPS-gadgets).
Set-Up Phase
Sensor nodes are allocated with a unique 1. CH ══> N: idCH ,crc ,adv
identification (ID) and similar preliminary power. 2. ni ──> C(: idni , idCH ,crc, join_req
The cluster-heads are dominant for performing 3. CH ══> N: idCH , … , idni , Tni … , crc ,sched
computations to the base station for long range 4. GW==> N: idgw, crc, adv
transmissions
The base station utilizes the external energy supply Steady State Phase
and the power will not be drained. 5. ni ──> C( : idCH , crc
6. ni -------> GW : idgw, crc
6. PROPOSED WORK 7. C( ──> BS: idCH , idBS , GW ----- > BS: idgw, idBS
8. Base Station get information from all the cluster heads and
The proposed research work will perform the PSO with Gateways.
leach protocol. Sensing elements are deployed arbitrarily
along with a few gateways. The proposed procedure is done The symbol used in proposed algorithm signifies:
mainly in the following steps. CH, ni, BS: Cluster Head, ordinary node, base station
N: Set of all nodes in the network
Step1: Apply PSO approach in clustering for optimal Adv,join_req,sched :String identifiers for message sorts
selection of cluster head to improve the progression in the Crc : Cyclic redundancy check
remaining energy of node by sending a data packet to the idni , idCH , idBS :Nodes ni ,C(, BS id’s respectively
cluster head which is situated closest to the Base station. The <y, Ty> : A node id y & its active slot Ty in the clusters TDMA
cluster head is nominated using PSO approach, based on the schedule
distance from the cluster member node to base station and ──>, ══>: Unicast, broadcast transmissions, respectively
the remaining energy of that node.
7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Step2: Compute the distance between transmitter and
receiver based upon the distance between the transmitter In this section, the simulation results for LEACH-P using
and receiver. If the distance is less than a threshold value d0, NS-2.34 are presented. WSN comprises of N = 100 and 200
then the free space (fs) model is applied, otherwise, the sensors and few gateways which are arbitrarily deployed in
multipath (mp) model is applied. a field of measurement 100 m*100 m with a BS situated at
(50,175). Each sensing element was supposed to have initial
Step3: A sensing element can be allocated to any gateway if power of 2J and every gateway has 4.5J. The following
it is within the communication range of that sensing element. parameter values shown in Table1 in the simulation run. All
Therefore, there are some pre-specified gateways on to sensing elements are either static or micro-mobile are
which an individual sensor node can be allocated. considered and disregard the power loss due to collision and
The numerous steps of a PSO are represented in the intrusion between signals of dissimilar nodes.
flowchart as shown in Fig. 3.
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 842
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
The performance metrics used for the computation of the 8.1 The Performance comparison of LEACH and
procedures are: stability period, system lifetime, and number LEACH-P for 100 sensor nodes
of data transmitted to the BS.
Chart 1 shows the result analysis of total energy
Stability period: By stability period, we mean how dissipation in network for 100 sensor nodes. It is clear from
much energy is dissipated in the network till the figure that LEACH-P consumes less energy than LEACH.
entire network die or for how much time network Chart 2 shows the result analysis of number of data
is stable. transmitted in LEACH-P is more as compared to LEACH as
System lifetime: By system lifetime, we mean the gateways are used in LEACH-P to handle overload of data on
round number at which whole system die or the sensor nodes. Chart 3 shows that the result analysis of
number of rounds from network initialization till network lifetime. The first one node dies at 370 and 700
the death of all nodes. rounds for LEACH and LEACH-P respectively and apart from
Number of Data transmitted to BS: By this metric, first node, rest of nodes dies at 481 and 817 rounds for
we mean the total number of data that are directly LEACH and LEACH-P respectively. The simulation result
transmitted to BS either from CHs or non-CH nodes. shows that LEACH-P lifetime is more than LEACH due to
The parameters used in simulations are shown in cluster head optimization using PSO approach in LEACH-P.
Table 1. Results along with discussions are given in
the accompanying subsections. Table-2: Performance comparison of LEACH and LEACH-P
for 100 sensor nodes
Table-1: Simulation Parameters
Performance LEACH Proposed LEACH
metrics
Parameter Value
Total Energy 309.101 433.04
NS-2 Version 2.34
Consumed(Joules)
Channel Type Wireless Channel Total Data 47863 85745
Transmitted(bits)
Area 100*100
First Node Dies 370 700
Routing Protocol LEACH
Lifetime(rounds) 481 817
No of nodes 100 and 200
Number of cluster 5
RXThresh 6e-9
CSThresh 1e-9
8. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section simulation results for LEACH and LEACH-P
is depicted for 100 and 200 sensor nodes. Proposed
algorithm is simulated broadly and depicts the simulation
Chart-1: Result analysis of energy dissipation for 100
results for both the routing and clustering in a combined
sensor nodes
way.
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 843
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
The firs node for LEACH LEACH-P dies at 805 and 1310
rounds respectively and all nodes die at 1087 and 1858
respectively. It is clear from the figure 9 that LEACH-P is
superior to the LEACH.
Chart-3: Result analysis of network Lifetime for 100 Chart-4 Result analysis of energy dissipation for 100
sensor nodes sensor nodes
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 844
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 845
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 846