Chapter Five

CHAPTER FIVE
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS

OF CONTROL VOLUMES
Lect.Dr. Hiba Mudhafar Hashim

Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be
created or destroyed during a process.
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a process.
Control volumes (Open systems): Mass can cross the boundaries, so we must
keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control volume.
Mass m and energy E can be

converted to each other
according to
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum,

which is c = 2.9979  108 m/s.
The mass change due to energy change is

negligible.
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Mass flow rate Volume flow rate
(kg/s)
Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume:
The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval t is equal to the
net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during t.
Conservation of Mass for General Control Volume

The conservation of mass principle for the open system (control volume) is expressed as
These equations are often referred to as the mass

balance and are applicable to any control volume
undergoing any kind of process.
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a control
volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass entering
a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.
For steady-flow processes, the mass flow rate:
Multiple inlets
and exits
Single
stream
Nozzles, diffusers, turbines, compressors, and

pumps involve a single stream (only one inlet and
one outlet).
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when the
fluid is incompressible (constant-density), which is usually the case for liquids.
Steady,
incompressible
Steady,
incompressible flow
(single stream)
For steady flow of liquids, the volume flow rates, as

well as the mass flow rates, remain constant since
liquids are essentially incompressible substances.
Flow Work and The Energy of a
Flowing Fluid
Flow work, or flow energy: The work (or energy)
required to push the mass into or out of the control
volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a
continuous flow through a control volume.
In the absence of acceleration, the force applied on a fluid by a

piston is equal to the force applied on the piston by the fluid.
Energy Balance for Open Systems
The energy content of a control volume can be changed by mass flow as well as heat
and work interactions.
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Nonflowing
Flowing
Since h = u + Pv The flow energy is taken care of

by enthalpy. In fact, this is the
main reason for defining the
property enthalpy.
The total energy

consists of three
parts for a
nonflowing fluid
and four parts for a
flowing fluid.
Energy Transport by Mass
When the kinetic and potential energies of a

fluid stream are negligible
When the properties of the mass at each

inlet or exit change with time as well as
over the cross section
Energy Analysis of Steady-flow Systems
Steady-flow process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume
steadily.
Many engineering systems such as power plants operate under steady conditions.
Mass and Energy Balances for a Steady-Flow Process
Mass balance
For single stream
Energy balance
A water heater in
steady operation.
Mass and Energy Balances for a Steady-Flow Process
For single stream devices,

Energy balance relations with sign conventions (i.e., heat input and work
output are positive)
when kinetic and potential energy Some energy unit equivalents.

changes are negligible
Under steady
operation, shaft work
and electrical work are
the only forms of work
a simple compressible
system may involve.
Steady-flow Engineering Devices
Example:
Turbines
Compressors Conveniently analyzed as
Heat exchangers steady-flow devices
Pumps
Turbines &
Nozzles & Diffusers Throttling Valves
Compressors
Mixing Chambers Heat Exchangers Pipe and Duct

Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in
jet engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even
garden hoses.
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity
of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle decreases
in the flow direction for subsonic flows and
increases for supersonic flows. The reverse is
true for diffusers.
Nozzles and Diffusers
Energy balance for a nozzle or diffuser:
if
Turbines and Compressors
Turbine drives the electric generator in steam,
gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is
done against the blades, which are attached to
Turbine
the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the
turbine produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are
devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Work is supplied to these devices from an
external source through a rotating shaft.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly
and is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
A compressor is capable of compressing the
Compressor gas to very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors
except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.
Turbines and Compressors
▪ Turbines produce power output.
▪ Compressors, pumps and fans require
power input.
Turbine ▪ Heat transfer from turbines is usually
negligible ( Q  0 ). Heat transfer is also
negligible for compressors unless there is
intentional cooling.
▪ Potential energy changes are negligible (
).pe  0
▪ Except for turbines and fans, velocities
changes are insignificant ( ke 
). 0
Energy balance for a compressor:

Compressor
if
Turbines
Common Open System Devices
Ws
Turbine
Comp-
ressor
Ws
❑Others common engineering devices; Heat exchanger, mixing chamber, throttling valve..etc..
❑As mentioned before, work done BY (such as turbine) and on (such as compressor) the system
has different sign (+/-), so don’t get confuse!!
❑The rule of thumb is, derive your own energy balance equation using the control volume and
equation Ein = Eout, and you WON’T GO WRONG
Ideal-gas properties of air
Example
Air at 10oC and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a velocity
of 200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the diffuser
with a velocity that is very small compared with the inlet velocity. Determine
(a) The mass flow rate of the air
(b) The temperature of the air leaving the diffuser
Energy balance for a diffuser:

Solution:
Assumptions: 1 This is a steady state flow since there is no change with time. 2 Air is an
ideal gas with constant specific heats. 3 Potential energy changes are negligible. 4 There are
no work interactions. 5 The diffuser is adiabatic
Analysis: There is only one inlet and one exit, thus
By linear interpolation
283 h=?
Example
Steam enters a nozzle at 4000C and 800kPa with a velocity

of 10m/s, and leaves at 300oC and 200kPa while losing heat
at a rate of 25kW. For an inlet area of 800cm2, determine:
i. The velocity of the steam at the nozzle exit
ii. The volume flow rate of the steam at the nozzle exit
Given;
H1 = 3267.5 kJ/kg = 0.38429 m3/kg
H2 = 3072.1 kJ/kg = 131623 m3/kg

Solution:
Assumptions: 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2
Potential energy change is negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Analysis: We take the steam as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses
the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in rate form
as
EXAMPLE Compressing Air by a Compressor
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The
mass flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during
the process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, determine the necessary power input to the compressor.
Energy balance for a compressor:

EXAMPLE Compressing Air by a Compressor
Solution:
Assumptions: 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2
Kinetic and potential energy change is negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas.
Analysis: There is only one inlet and one exit, thus . We take the compressor
as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
36
Example

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CHAPTER FIVE

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS

Lect.Dr. Hiba Mudhafar Hashim

Mass m and energy E can be

where c is the speed of light in a vacuum,

The mass change due to energy change is

Mass flow rate Volume flow rate

Conservation of Mass for General Control Volume

These equations are often referred to as the mass

For steady-flow processes, the mass flow rate:

Nozzles, diffusers, turbines, compressors, and

For steady flow of liquids, the volume flow rates, as

In the absence of acceleration, the force applied on a fluid by a

Since h = u + Pv The flow energy is taken care of

The total energy

When the kinetic and potential energies of a

When the properties of the mass at each

For single stream

For single stream devices,

when kinetic and potential energy Some energy unit equivalents.

Mixing Chambers Heat Exchangers Pipe and Duct

Energy balance for a nozzle or diffuser:

Energy balance for a compressor:

Energy balance for a diffuser:

Steam enters a nozzle at 4000C and 800kPa with a velocity

H1 = 3267.5 kJ/kg = 0.38429 m3/kg

H2 = 3072.1 kJ/kg = 131623 m3/kg

Energy balance for a compressor:

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