1

1 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by
manganese(IV) oxide.

2H2O2(aq) →2H2O(l) + O2(g)

The rate of this reaction can be investigated using the following apparatus.

oxygen gas

aqueous hydrogen peroxide

40 cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide was put in the flask and 0.1 g of small lumps of
manganese(IV) oxide was added.
The volume of oxygen collected was measured every 30 seconds. The results
were plotted to give the graph shown below.

volume of
oxygen

0
0 t t2 t3
1
time

(a) (i) How do the rates at times t1, t2 and t3 differ?

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................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(ii) Explain the trend in reaction rate that you described in (a)(i).

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The experiment was repeated using 0.1 g of finely powdered manganese(IV) oxide. All the
other variables were kept the same.

(i) On the axes, sketch the graph that would be expected. [2]

(ii) Explain the shape of this graph.

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................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Describe how you could show that the catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide, was not used up in the
reaction. Manganese(IV) oxide is insoluble in water.

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(d) In the first experiment, the maximum volume of oxygen produced was 96 cm3 measured at
r.t.p. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(i) number of moles of O2 formed = ................................................................. [1]

(ii) number of moles of H 2O2 in 40 cm3 of solution = ..................................... [1]

(iii) concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3 = ............................... [1]

[Total: 15]

2 Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

(ii) The next stage of the process is a reaction which can reach equilibrium.

The equation for this stage is shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

(i) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Name the catalyst used in this stage.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Why is a catalyst used?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why a high temperature increases the rate of this reaction.

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................................................................................................................................ [3]

(v) In this stage, only a moderate temperature of 450 °C is used.

What does this suggest about the forward reaction?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(vi) Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur in sulfur trioxide, SO3.

percentage = ................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

3 Chalcopyrite, FeCuS2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid in the Contact process.
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(ii) In the first stage of the process, chalcopyrite reacts with oxygen in the air to produce sulfur
dioxide, SO2, iron(III) oxide and copper(II) oxide.

Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of FeCuS2 with oxygen.

4FeCuS2 + 13O2→ ................. + ................. + ................. [2]

(iii) Sulfur dioxide is then converted to sulfur trioxide.

2SO2 + O2⇌ 2SO3

The reaction is exothermic. It is also an equilibrium.

(i) State two features of an equilibrium.

1 ............................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State the temperature and pressure used in this reaction.

Include units.

temperature ...........................................................................................................

pressure .................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Name the catalyst used.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Explain why a catalyst is used.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) Describe and explain, in terms of equilibrium, what happens when the temperature
isincreased.

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

4 This question is about ammonia.

(ii) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in an industrial process.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

(i) Name this industrial process.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(ii) State the meaning of the symbol ⇌.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State the conditions used in this industrial process. Include units.

temperature ......................................................

pressure ...........................................................

[2]

(iv) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) If the pressure is increased, the yield of ammonia increases.

Explain why, in terms of equilibrium.

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

(vi) If the temperature is increased, the rate of reaction increases.

Explain why, in terms of particles.

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................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 10]

5 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the

A student measures the volume of oxygen produced at regular time intervals using the apparatus
shown. Large lumps of manganese(IV) oxide are used.
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gas syringe
manganese(IV) oxide
aqueous hydrogen peroxide
catalyst

A graph of the results is shown.

volume
of oxygen
produced
/ cm3

0
0 time / s

(ii) What happens to the rate of this reaction as time increases?

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........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) The experiment is repeated using the same mass of manganese(IV) oxide. Powdered
manganese(IV) oxide is used instead of large lumps. All other conditions stay the same.

Sketch a graph on the axes in (a) to show how the volume of oxygen changes with time.

[2]

(iv) In terms of particles, explain what happens to the rate of this reaction when the temperature
is increased.

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [3]
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[Total: 9]

6 A student investigated the rate of reaction of excess calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric
acid in a conical flask by two different methods.

Method 1: Measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced at 10 second intervals.

Method 2: Measure the loss in mass of the reaction mixture by weighing at 10 second intervals.

(a) (i) Suggest one advantage of Method 1 compared with Method 2.

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................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain why there is a decrease in mass of the reaction mixture in Method 2.

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................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide changes as the reaction proceeds, using
Method 1.
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60

50

40

volume
of carbon
dioxide 30
/ cm3

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time / s

The student used large pieces of calcium carbonate.

Answer these questions using information from the graph.

(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction changes with time.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Deduce the time taken to collect 36 cm3 of carbon dioxide.

time = ..................... s [1]

(iii) The experiment is repeated using smaller pieces of calcium carbonate.

Draw a line on the grid to show how the volume of carbon dioxide changes with time
when smaller pieces of calcium carbonate are used.

All other conditions stay the same.

[2]
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(iv) Describe what effect the following changes have on the rate of this reaction.

• The temperature is increased.

All other conditions stay the same.

................................................................................................................................

• The concentration of the hydrochloric acid is decreased.

All other conditions stay the same.

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]

7 Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, decomposes into nitrogen dioxide, NO2. The reaction is reversible.

N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
colourless gas brown gas

A gas syringe containing a mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen dioxide gases was sealed
and heated. After reaching equilibrium the mixture was a pale brown colour.

mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide

end sealed plunger

(ii) State what is meant by the term equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) The plunger of the gas syringe is pushed in. The temperature does not change. The mixture
initially turns darker brown. After a few seconds the mixture turns lighter brown because the
equilibrium shifts to the left.

N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
colourless gas brown gas

(i) Explain why the mixture initially turns darker brown.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain why the position of equilibrium shifts to the left.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(iv) The forward reaction is endothermic.

(i) State what happens to the position of equilibrium when the temperature of the mixture
is increased.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State what happens to the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward
reaction when the temperature of the mixture is increased.

rate of the forward reaction ..................................................................................

rate of the backward reaction .................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]