Causes/ Problems/ Effects/ Solutions/ Opinion (Is it a positive or negative

development? / Who would be affected more?)

Causes - Solutions
Reasons → at least 2.
Why is this the case → 1/2/3…

Solutions → at least 2.
What can be done … → 1/2/3…

1, Cycling is a healthier and more environmentally friendly form of transport.

Nevertheless, cycling is getting less popular.
What are the reasons for this trend? What can be done to make cycling more popular?

This trend: the declining popularity of cycling

- Journey times: → particularly a barrier for those who are busy
- Lack infrastructure catering for cyclists → Safety concerns
Eg: Vietnam
- Lack of promotion

What can be done to make cycling more popular?

- Integrate cycling with public transport: bike racks
- Invest more in cycling infrastructure (safe + convenient)
- Mount more campaigns
Despite numerous health and environmental benefits that cycling brings about/
affords, its popularity has been on the decline/ decrease/ wane in recent years. This
essay will first outline the underlying causes of this phenomenon before suggesting
some viable measures to promote bicycle use.

To be attributed / ascribed / traced back to … → (ABC) can be attributed to two main reasons

The declining popularity of cycling can be attributed to two main reasons. One of these
is that cycling from one place to another unquestionably takes much longer than other
modes of transport, so this can be seen as a barrier to those having busy/ hectic/
packed schedules. Another factor discouraging bicycle use is that there is generally
not enough infrastructure catering for cyclists. This can be seen in cities like Hanoi,
where bike lanes are not available, so cyclists have no choice but to merge into heavy
traffic. This can be very intimidating and dangerous, which is why very few choose to
cycle in this city.

In order to tackle the aforementioned problem, the following steps should be taken.
Addressing _____ would necessitate/ demand a multifaceted approach. First, it is
imperative that …. [Explain how this measure would work]. This measure should be
executed in tandem with … [Explain how this measure would work]. Such a two-
pronged approach could go a long way towards …
In order to make cycling more popular, government effort is wholly warranted. First, it
is imperative that the government invest more in cycling infrastructure, such as by
providing dedicated bike lanes and bike parking facilities. If there is a safe and
convenient environment for cyclists, people will be nudged towards using bicycles for
their daily commutes. This measure should be executed in tandem with integrating
cycling with other modes of transport. To illustrate, bike racks should be provided
on buses and trains, which can help people overcome such barriers as lack of time or
long distances. Such a dual / two-pronged approach could go a long way towards
promoting the habit of using bicycles in the general population.

In conclusion, many people are reluctant to cycle mostly/ predominantly because of

inadequate cycling infrastructure and longer journey times. Considering these reasons,
the government should install more cycling facilities alongside integrating cycling
with public transport to incentivize the public to take up riding bicycles.
2, - HW [28.2.2024] Every day, millions of tons of food are wasted all over the world.
Why is this happening? How can we solve this problem?
Transcript:

If I were to tell you that approximately one-third of the food produced in the world for
human consumption every year, roughly 1.3 billion tons, gets lost or wasted, would you
be surprised? The disheartening reality is that these aren’t abstract figures but an
accurate representation of the food waste situation in today’s world. The issue of food
waste, however, isn't just about the sheer volume but the deeper underlying causes, its
cascading effects, and the potential solutions that can change the trajectory of this
problem.

The roots of food waste are multifaceted. They extend from the farms to our dining
tables. In developing countries, major losses happen at the post-harvest and
processing stages due to financial and structural limitations in harvesting techniques,
storage, and transportation. Meanwhile, in medium and high-income countries, waste
predominantly occurs at the retail and consumer levels. Here, it's often due to stringent
quality standards that reject food items for their appearance rather than their nutritional
value or safety. Furthermore, our consumerist culture and urban lifestyles,
characterized by over-purchasing and a lack of awareness, further exacerbate the
problem.

The repercussions of increasing food waste are manifold and dire. For starters, when
we waste food, we're not just discarding the food item. We're also wasting the
resources – water, land, energy, labor, and capital – that went into producing it. This
misallocation of resources could have been redirected to more pressing needs,
especially in regions where these resources are scarce. Moreover, when organic waste
decays, it releases methane, a greenhouse gas that is 25 times more potent than
carbon dioxide in its global warming potential. Thus, escalating food waste also
escalates our environmental challenges.
Addressing this issue requires a concerted effort on multiple fronts. We can start with
improving agricultural practices and infrastructure in developing countries, ensuring
better storage, transportation, and efficient markets. Retailers can relax the cosmetic
standards for produce, offering "ugly" fruits and vegetables at a discounted price,
making sure they don’t just discard them. As consumers, we can make a significant
difference by being more mindful of our shopping habits, using leftovers creatively, and
understanding the difference between “best before” and “use by” dates.

To wrap up, the problem of food waste is not insurmountable. With combined efforts,
from the grassroots level to policy-making, we can transform the way we produce,
distribute, consume, and dispose of food. We owe it not just to ourselves but to our
planet and future generations to create a world where food is valued and not wasted
3, Recent research suggests that the majority of criminals who are sent to prison
commit crimes after they are released. => RECIDIVISM
Why is this the case? What can be done to solve this problem?

It is widely recognized that incarceration/ imprisonment is the most commonly

employed method of countering serious crimes. However, recent studies indicate
that the bulk of ex-convicts revert to crime following their release. This essay will first
outline the underlying causes of this phenomenon, before suggesting some viable
measures to curb recidivism.

Body 1 - Causes
1. Topic sentence
● Most former inmates return to a life of crime largely because they find it
extremely difficult to reintegrate into society.
● The crux of recidivism lies in former inmates’ challenges in re-entering
society
● At the heart of recidivism lies former inmates’ challenges in re-entering
society
2. Explain
The public seemingly still harbors a hostile attitude towards ex-convicts, even
when many of them have been successfully rehabilitated.
3. Example
This stigma manifests itself starkly in the way those with criminal records
are often turned down when looking for employment, and in the way they
frequently receive insulting criticisms of their previous criminal activities.
4. Meaning of this example - Link back to the topic sentence
 Being jobless and ostracized, as a consequence, could make them hold a
grudge against society, which then becomes the breeding ground for further
crimes.

The propensity for reoffending among former prisoners can be traced back to two
factors. One of these is that the rehabilitation programs within correctional facilities
often fall short, failing to equip inmates with essential skills and resources, such as
education, vocal training, and mental health services, necessary for a successful social
reentry. This is further compounded by social prejudices against ex-inmates, which
create significant barriers to securing employment and stable housing. Without
adequate skills and opportunities, these individuals may find themselves drawn back
into criminal activities as a means of survival.

Body 2 - Solutions
To reduce recidivism, the following steps should be taken. First, it is important that the
government mount more campaigns aimed at doing away with, or at least, mitigating
social discrimination against former convicts. In parallel with this, rehabilitation and
post-release support programs for this group of people are also a great necessity to
ensure that they can find a job to support themselves, and more importantly, that they
do not feel a sense of exclusion from society. This has proven successful in Norway,
a country with reportedly the lowest recidivism rate in the world. Their success is
mostly attributed to their focus on giving ex-prisoners a second chance at life by
providing education, special job opportunities, and mental health counseling.

Conclusion
To summarize, what seems to be at the core of former inmates recommitting crimes
is the countless challenges involved in their social reintegration. For this reason, the
government should ramp up its efforts to reduce the social stigmatization of these
individuals, alongside offering better rehabilitation and post-release support systems.
By doing so, their likelihood of falling back into crime could be reduced.
Outline 10’ 18:43
Body 1 - Cause(s)
Body 2 - At least 2 solutions
Tran Anh Kha to You (Direct Message) (21 Feb 2024, 18:42)
Why is this the case? What can be done to solve this problem?
reason 1: criminal records cannot find proper jobs --> leaving them little to no choice
to commit crimes for survival ;
reason 2: don't have skills needed in society --> unapplealing to employers -->
solution 1 : encourage some businesses that can employ ex-criminals --> discourage
them from further commiting crime
solution 2. provide vocational courses --> help them to acquire necessary skill set to
get employed --> having money and improve their living standard --> little reason to
revert back to heinous act