Erebti FNL Executive Summary

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC ETHIOPIAN ROADS
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA AUTHORITY
Wereda Integrated Development Study

Lot 1
EREBTI WEREDA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Final version
TECHNIPLAN S.p.A
&
Yerer Engineering
Rome and Addis Ababa, February 2009

ERA WIDS Lot 1 Afar Erebti Wereda Executive summary
WEREDA INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

AFAR REGIONAL STATE
EREBTI WEREDA
Executive summary
Contents
1 Overview of Consultant’s methodological framework Page 3

2 Planning system 4
3 Advantages of transport-based multi-sector planning 7
4 Socioeconomic baseline review 7
5 Structure of the nine Sector Development Plans 9
6 Plan appraisal and justification 15
7 Self-appraisal by local communities 15
8 Physical output of the plan 15
9 Accessibility, mobility and trip patterns improvement 16
10 WIDP programming and implementation cycle 19
11 Consolidated WIDP cost 20
12 Project financing and cost sharing 22
13 Financing timeline 23
14 Expected benefit streams 23
Techniplan & Yerer
Rome and Addis Ababa

February 2009
781301711.doc ES - page 3 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

Executive summary
1. Overview of Consultant’s methodological framework
Erebti Wereda Integrated Development Plan has been designed in 2006-07,

relying on comprehensive field surveys and local community participation, as
prescribed by ERA planning guidelines and the applicable development policy
framework.
The study methodology presented in the Inception Report has resulted self-consistent and
feasible at the light of the subsequent findings, only few technical amendments have been
done in order to re-direct the data collection to make available the information needed to
apply the project prioritization method.
The Consultant’s methodological framework comprises several steps as follows:
- Consultations at federal and regional levels
- Secondary data collection at federal, regional and local (WAO) level
- Primary data collection, carried out through surveys concerning infrastructures and
services, direct interviews of WAO and kebele representatives, and collection of
households opinions, views and expectations on a sample basis.
The field survey has provided information on the perception of problems and priorities at the
levels of households, and the administration representatives of kebeles and weredas. All
collected data and information have been entered in a comprehensive database, utilized for
the setting up of the wereda baseline and subsequently for the analysis and diagnosis work.
Regarding project generation, appraisal and selection, the identification of projects to be
included in the WIDPs has been made in two subsequent stages; the first one has produced a
long list of projects, while the second stage has produced a short list of candidate projects.
The long list of projects has been generated from the analysis of macro, sectoral, regional
and wereda plans, programs and budgets, review of the socio-economic baseline data, survey
of the needs and perception of local communities.
The short list has been determined by the following screening criteria:
- The projects located in the kebeles with no facility shall have precedence over those
with some level of services.
- The projects located in the kebeles that are in remoter areas shall have priority over
those that are nearer to the main road.
- All the on going projects and projects that are included in the national, regional or
wereda plans shall be included in the short list.
The prioritization of the short-listed projects has been done through different appraisal
methods: one for transport, another for non-transport social projects and the third for non-
transport income-generating projects.
For rural road projects, the method adopted for setting priorities is a priority index
method compounding by means of weights (from 1 to 10) the Community Priority
Factor, Remoteness, Traffic Volume, Socio-economic indicator, and Connectivity.
The final ranking of road projects has been then obtained by weighing the cost of
the project with the above priority index and the population served, the obtained
cost/benefit-priority ratio defined the final ranking of road projects. The project
selection process has included all the planned projects.
For social projects such as potable water supply, health posts, schools and markets,
the priority ranking has been based on a formula compounding the three criteria,
Accessibility, Community priority, and Cost effectiveness. The final ranking of

social projects has been obtained by the ratio PCC/(AI * CPF), the lower the ratio,
the higher the ranking.
The ranking of income generation projects takes account of the number of jobs
created, average per-capita income and per-capita capital cost.
The opinions and expectations of local stakeholders in the decision making process for the
formulation of the WIDP have been taken in due consideration to ensure the consistency of
the plan with the actual needs and priorities of the community.
The final version of the WIDPs has been prepared taking into consideration comments,
suggestions and recommendations originated by the workshops at wereda level and the
consultation meetings at federal level.
2. Planning system
2.1 Plan profile. Erebti development plan is both physical and economic:
I. Physical features are specified in all planned interventions: (a)
geographic area, (b) infrastructures, (c) engineering design,
(d) materials and applied technology, and so forth
II. Economic features: the plan predicts the likely benefit streams, along with capital &
recurrent costs, operating budgets, soft-loan lines and financial-aid packages.
2.2 Policy framework. WIDP reflects an array of national & regional rural
growth policies, hinging upon sustained land management, communal asset
creation and agro-industrial integration, fostered by, or leading to, enhanced
access to basic services, better livelihood and gender equality.
2.3 Multi-sector approach. WIDP spans nine sectors - transport plus eight production and
service sectors – covering the whole gamut of pastoral economic businesses and needs. The
transport plan will lay down the indispensable platform for district-wide socioeconomic
growth. Due to bad baseline conditions and limited connectivity, transport-sector investment
will absorb as much as half of total WIDP finance. Non-transport interventions will improve
basic service delivery and support productive sectors, foremost agriculture, stock-breeding
and trade. Non-transport sectors will absorb two thirds of the total financial envelope.
The sectors encompassed by WIDP are:
i. Transport
ii. Water supply
iii. Agriculture
iv. Livestock
v. Markets
vi. Health services
vii. Education
viii. Environment
ix. Miscellaneous sectors and cross-cutting themes, as secondary income-
generating activities, microfinance, human resources, capacity building
and gender opportunities.
Sectors entail sub-sectors: Transport articulates in Road Infrastructure &
Transportation Industry. Agriculture includes Rain-fed Farming, Irrigation and Agro-
processing (Grain Mills). Environment features Reforestation & Erosion control, and so
forth. Some minor Income-Generating Activities do not qualify for a self-standing economic
status in Erebti rural setting and will be dealt with as parts of Sundry Sectors.
2.4 Targeted service and production levels. The plan will improve the welfare and incomes
of local households. Planned schemes in roads, transport means, farming and animal disease-

control will boost cash revenues and open up job opportunities. Better basic amenities in
healthcare, schooling and water supply will ameliorate livelihoods across Erebti.
Table 1 at page 6 displays a cross-section of key indicators geared to
measure WIDP impacts.

Figure 1: Location of Erebti wereda
Source: Consultant’s elaboration based on data from the Data Processing Unit of Afar Region
BoFED - The delineation of boundaries in this map is not authoritative

Table 1. Proposed level of services at the 2017 horizon
Development sector Unit Target Level
1 Clean water supply % coverage of 100%

839 ha rain-fed, 1,332 ha
2 Agriculture (extension of cultivated area) ha
irrigated
3 Livestock (mortality reduction) % from 8-16% to 5-10%
4 Health services coverage % coverage of 100 %
5 st
Primary school enrolment (1 cycle) % coverage of 100%
6 Forestry ha 75,000
7 Soil and water conservation, bunds, trenches km 3,000
8 Road network (mean distance from villages) km 3
9 Accessibility levels: ---
293 (100% of district road
9.A All weather roads km
network)
9.B Basic household needs less than 2 km or 30 minutes
radius
9.C Basic socio-economic services less than 5 km or 60 minutes
10 Mobility-level average speed Km/h 9.5 km/h
2.5 The underlying common denominator: rural transport. Upgraded road infrastructure
and an improved rural transport industry stitch up together the WIDP sectors into an
integrated whole. All sector initiatives tally with each other and jointly depend on transport
investment for success. Five Transport Variables influence the spontaneous trends,
as well as the planned growth course of each sector, as profiled below:
Transport Variable 1. Present and future accessibility to the area where investment is
required, considering all transport means, both motorised and IMT
Transport Variable 2. Transport costs during the investment stage, to carry equipment,
materials and labour force to the project sites
Transport Variable 3. Capital costs plus maintenance & operating costs of the transport
components of all projects
Transport Variable 4. Mobility of project beneficiaries or users before and after the project
Transport Variable 5. Benefits of after-project rural access, featuring: (a) lower
vehicle operating costs, (b) shorter trip time of persons & goods, (c)
cheaper market prices, and: (d) extra working time for additional jobs and
revenues.
2.6 Access & mobility indicators: access and reduced travel time are
success factors of all projects, whatever sector they may belong to. Access
enhances growth opportunities. Streamlined mobility multiplies them. The
densification of rural outreach services curbs local trip duration. Transport
costs range between 5 and 15% of the capital invested in any category of
rural projects. After investment, better mobility may exceed 10% of the total
benefits generated by non-transport projects. In a sound planning process,
project design is intertwined with transport engineering.
2.7 Rural movement patterns & project mobility. Erebti people are
itinerant stock-breeders. During dry seasons and drought periods
rangeland degradation compresses pastoral communities in ever
shrinking customary grazing reserves, whence they scatter across wet-

season pastures as soon as rain comes, twice a year (July-August, March-

April). WIDP transport concepts will be harmonised with the typical
seasonal and annual mobility of lowland, remote breeding communities.
The optimal grid of planned outreach services has been designed bearing in
mind similar initiatives successfully tested elsewhere in Ethiopian highlands.
3. Advantages of transport-based multi-sector planning
3.1 Justified cross-sector approach. The interplay between overland
mobility and economic growth justifies WIDP’s multi-sector approach, hinging
upon transport. All proposed social assets are over-imposed upon - and
compatible with - the upgraded road and track grid designed by the
present study. In their turn, alternative layouts of local road networks
have been screened to optimise cross-sector investment opportunities. The
overall WIDP goal is to open up access and streamline trip patterns. This goal
presides over the specific objective of each sector, i.e., faster socio-
economic growth, be it in agriculture, stock-breeding or any other bu
endeavour.
3.2 Risk avoidance. Thanks to the shared transport denominator, the nine
WIDP sectors are integrated, avoiding the pitfalls of project “shopping lists” or
short-lived “investment sprinkling”. Moreover, easier rural access will help
curbing the cost of international aid delivery to marginal rural communities
3.3 Coordination of investments. The maps of the present study show the sites where
future access will encourage all kinds of sector investment at grass-roots scale. Without
WIDP, federal, regional and local authorities are obliged to tentatively negotiate with road
authorities, project by project, the sites where access must be improved to meet local
demands for production or social amenities. This absorbs a lot of time and effort,
sometimes with gaps, duplications, and soaring costs. Under WIDP, all
types of physical and economic investments are jointly reviewed,
integrating each initiative in a consistent transport framework. This will save
planning & design money, speeding up overall rural change. Thanks to WIDP, ERA will
know where transport facilities are needed and viable. District authorities and other
stakeholders will know where access allows social investment, enthused by
pastoral clans and supported by participatory communal brigades.
3.4 Combined transport modes. WIDP does not always require motor
vehicles. Highly demanded investment is feasible within the radius of IMT –
like pastoral pack animals - even far from access roads. For instance,
agricultural schemes that increase self-consumed rain-fed crops neither
demand farm input, nor produce harvest surpluses that need long haul. Basic
facilities like wells, grain mills or primary schools, too, can be built far from
roads. A forest plantation can be served by cabled wood transfers across
steep slopes. More complex schemes, by contrary - as health centres or
irrigated farms - require feeder roads and forward links with motorised
transport networks.
3.5 Limits of multi-sector plan. ERA’s jurisdiction does not command the coordination of
federal, regional and local hierarchies responsible for the nine sectors – health, education,
water, etc. – encompassed by WIDP. After producing the plan, ERA will hand it over to an
overarching authority, empowered to coordinate multi-sector initiatives at
wereda level and above, along the upward institutional ladder. Under Ethiopia’s constitution,
such competence culminates, at central level, in the Ministry of Federal
Affairs (MFA), which wields the executive power to mobilise self-help and
aid at international, federal, regional and local scale. The updating of
WIDP is also part of such duties. Once the stakeholders finalise Erebti WIDP and

ERA approves it, the plan should be handed over to Afar State and MFA to
spark the implementation cycle, wielding together internal and external
aid streams
4. Socioeconomic baseline review
4.1 Location and area. Located in Afar’s Administrative Zone 2, Erebti covers 3,960 km2,
equal to 4% of the regional area. It is divided in 13 Sub-Districts (Tobia), averaging 300 km2 and
3,600 inhabitants each. The small centre of Adu, located in the kebele by the same name, is the
district headquarter. Rugged in the highlands, the territory is precipitous, dropping from 2,300
to 11 metres of altitude in a narrow space. Rainfall ranges 200 to 300 mm yearly, in a bimodal
pattern (long rain in July-ugust, short in March-April). Temperatures are high all
the year round, from 25°c to over 27.5°c. Nearly 73% of the area falls above
the 27°C thermal zone.
4.2 Land use. The western part of the district is occupied by escarpments, still rich in
natural vegetation. The eastern part is occupied by flat or rolling rangelands and semi-arid
steppe.
4.3 Population. In July 2007, Erebti counted 47,336 residents, 29,203 males (49.5 %) and
23,237 females. Households were 9,660 averaging 4.9 members. Demography is sparse (12
inhabitants per km2). The fertility rate is 3.3 per woman, half than the average of the
Ethiopian highlands. (1)1 Nine workers out of ten are engaged in pastoral stock-breeding.
Agriculture is all but absent. The bulk of local people belong to Afar ethnic group. Islam is the
dominant religion.
4.4 Demographic forecasts. The annual demographic growth rate is estimated at 2.23 %.
District population is projected to reach 52,400 inhabitants in 2012 and 57,600 in 2017.
4.5 Settlement pattern. Afar are itinerant stock-breeders, sheltered in two types of camps:
- stable camps where females and elders look after the children, fed by lactating cows,
sheep
- mobile or satellite camps moving after rain and pasture.
Satellite and stable camps exchange news and the latter supply the former with food,
fortnightly.
4.6 Economic trends. Stock-breeding is the key activity. The gross daily revenue is estimated at
nine birr per capita, two thirds from self-consumed herd products. Widespread food deficit is
partly compensated by aid, at the estimated rate of 18 birr per inhabitant yearly (non-beneficiaries
included). The estimated per capita annual HHTCE results to be birr 1,650 and birr 1,779, for
Erebti households and Ethiopian rural population respectively. The gap between Afar region,
hence Erebti, and the national average appears to be small (see Table 5 below).
Table 2: Per capita annual Households Total Consumption Expenditure of Erebti
Erebti Ethiopia
Indicator Unit (Afar rural) rural
1999-2000 2005-06
Household Total Consumption
Annual birr per capita 1,154.32 1,244.00
Expenditure (HHTCE)
constant prices 1999-
HHTCE - Projection based on real growth of 2000 1,268 1,367
GDP
HHTCE - Projection based on real growth of Birr current prices
1,650 1,779
GDP 2005-06
Reference data used for the projection of HHTE values
A GDP in real terms (Mln. Birr) Birr (million) 59,575 78,442
1
(1) See CSA 2001 Population & Housing Census of Ethiopia, and CSA Analytical Report 2001 for densities

constant prices 2000

B Increase 2005-06 on 1999-2000 % 31.66%
C Population Inhabitants 61,672,000 73,908,000
D Increase 1999/2000 on 2005/06 % 19.84%
4.7 Transport and accessibility baseline. Erebti’s road network spans 214.7 km, hardly
motorable, in dry season only, by 4WD vehicles. Access to health centres, markets and secondary
schools is hard and time-consuming. Feeder tracks connect only few kebeles to district centre. The
accessibility to services and economic activities is difficult and time consuming, adversely
affecting the livelihood. No basic services are within reasonable walking time, especially for
women and children. The access to farms, market, health care and public offices is hampered
by the lack of roads and transport means. The total time devoted by households to accede
services and economic centres averages 3,425 hours a year. This reduces drastically the time
for work. As the typical Erebti household has 4.9 members, of which one below 5 years or
older than 60, the annual trip time is shared among 3 members aged 5 to 60 years, resulting
in 1,150 hours per year per active member.
Considering that in rural environments the annual time devoted to daily cores ranges 2200 to
2500 hours, trips accounts for 44-50%. This huge time-share harms adults and youngsters:
- adults drastically reduce working time with a negative impact on household revenues,
- young people cut education time, thwarting their future work outlook.
Both impacts constrain development, Erebti WIDP will aim at reducing household trip time,
so as to free human resources for socioeconomic growth
5. Structure of nine Sector Development Plans
5.1 Sectors & Sub-sectors. WIDP wraps up nine Development Plans,

one for each major rural development sector. The plans split in sub-sectors
and sub-projects, as profiled in table 3:
Table 3. Sector articulation of WIDP
Development Sectors Key Sub-Sectors addressed by WIDP
Motorised Travel, ITM and Transport Infrastructure, Means

I Transport
& Services
II Water supply Domestic & Livestock Water Supply and Sanitation Systems
III Agriculture Rain-fed Farming, Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes, Agro-Processing
IV Livestock Animal health, Breed & Feed Packaged, Range Management
V Markets Grain Mills, Handicrafts and Rural Trading Services
VI Health care Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation
VII Education Primary & Secondary Schools
VIII Environment Forestry, Erosion Control and Mitigation Measures of Sector Plans
Income generating activities as beekeeping, grain milling, natural

IX Minor sectors
gum & incense collection, and fuel-wood & charcoal making
5.2 The transport plan: objectives, interventions and results. The transport
development component of Erebti WIDP features rural roads, transport

services and enhancement of intermediate and conventional means of

transport (CMT and IMT), including pack animals. The 10-year rural roads
development program will build:
 73 km of link road to the national network
 22 km of roads connecting several pastoral campsites to the main rural
network.
 104 lm of upgraded footpaths, with Irish crossings, pedestrian bridges and
other stream facilities
 Assistance to the development of IMT and CMT
As an outcome, the plan will boost: (i) accessibility to collective amenities and
individual job sites, (ii) household mobility, enhanced by IMT
and CMT, (iii) trip patterns, better balanced inside village premises, where daily
business hinges upon. In the planned transport scenario, the time spent for mobility within
any village space will exceed the time spent to travel outside it, across kebele, wereda or
farther territories. The net result will be remarkable travel time savings, freeing millions of
working hours for routine income-generating business. Table 4 overleaf shows the road
network service level indicators after 5 and 10 years of road plan implementation.
Table 4. Targeted network improvement
Service level indicator Unit 2006 2012 2017
Km 0 183 214.7
A All weather roads
% of network 0% 85% 100%
3 fully & 10
B Kebeles all-weather roads to wereda hq number 0 13
partially
Km 0 89.3 89.3
C All weather main accesses
% of network 0% 41.6% 41.6%
Trip time reduction due to improved Hours/year 820 1,070
D ---
accessibility % on 2006 24% 31%
Hours/year 617 760
E Trip time reduction due to increased mobility ---
% on 2006 18% 22%
Hours/year 3,425 1,988 1,595
F Total reduction of household annual trip time
% on 2006 100% - 42% - 53%
The estimated trip time reduction is the combined effect of: (i) increased IMT, (ii) increased
transport services by CMT & IMT, (iii) increased facilities & facilities distribution, (iv)
improvement of the network extension & condition and (v) the Consultant’s judgment on
how points (i) through (iv) affect the overall household annual trip time.
5.3 Agriculture plan: objectives, schemes and results . WIDP will link
farming to infrastructure, notably transport, fostering crop diversification, agro-processing
and marketing. The Farm Sector Plan is twin-pronged, by targeting simultaneously:
A. RAIN-FED CROPS, featuring a dozen sub-projects spread in each kebele. The total
developed area will cover 1,271 ha, benefiting over one thousand pastoral households.
B. SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION, articulated in nine sub-projects concerning medium
scale irrigation schemes, and six sub-projects related to small scale
irrigation development. The total developed area is 2,050 ha, benefiting 4,000
households.
The agricultural plan will benefit half of wereda’s total households at the
2017 horizon. The 10-year production goals of WIDP are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Current and targeted production level – Agricultural sector
Current
Service level indicator Unit 2012 2017
(2006)

hectares 5 718 2,050

A Irrigated agriculture
% 100% 14360% 41000%
hectares 8 432 839
B Rain-fed agriculture
% 100% 5400% 10488%
A+ hectares 13 1150 2171

Total agricultural area
B % 100% 8846% 16700%
A Irrigation beneficiaries households 32 450 4,000
% 100% 1406% 12500%
Rain-fed farm households 45 1687 2021

B
beneficiaries % 100% 1493% 1788%
A+ households 77 2137 3431

Total beneficiaries
B % 100% 2775% 4456%
5.4 Livestock plan: objectives, schemes & results. Endemic pathologies - as CBPP,
Blackleg, Anthrax, CCPP, Foot & Mouth disease, Pasteurellosis and External & Internal
Parasites - by three new animal health clinics and ten health posts, linked to Development
Agent Stations, Upgraded District Markets, and at least one Certified Slaughter Slab. The
sector plan will introduce drought-tolerant fodder shrubs, dual cropping practices and feed
conservation. Stocking rates will be controlled to achieve livestock-fodder balance.
Table 6. Current and Targeted Service Level – Livestock sector
Service level Indicators Unit 2006 2012 2017
1 Animal livestock clinic 3 3

Facility
2 Animal livestock post none 10 10
3 Staff Number 16 16
4 Vaccinations 70 100
% n.a
5 Treatments 70 100
Trip time to access
6 Hours/year 946 760 717
grazing/watering points
7 Mortality rates* % 16 9 6
* Weighted averages
5.5 Water supply plan: objectives, schemes and results. Water supply is lagging behind,
adversely affecting livelihood in Erebti. Per capita water consumption is far below the
national standard and excessive travel time is spent in for water fetching. The critical
situation has dictated the quality and quantity agenda to cut down water fetching and
queuing hours. In the plan decade, 110 new facilities will be built, namely: 50 hand-dug
wells, 28 shallow boreholes, all with hand pumps, plus 32 deep boreholes, for both human &
livestock consumption. Existing water facilities will also be rehabilitated and maintained. Proposed
schemes will increase safe water consumption from 13 to 25 litres per caput daily.
Population coverage will grow from less than half to 100% and household travel time for
water-fetching will drastically drop, benefiting all households, district-wide. The water
supply plan will comply with the following parameters, trip time reduction is the combined
effect of increased facilities and improved mobility.
Table 7. Current and targeted service level of Erebti water supply
Service level indicator at household level Unit 2006 2012 2017
A. Population coverage % 14.6% 98% 100%
Litres day
B. Daily water per capita consumption1 4.7 15 20
p.c.

C. Distance from dwelling1 Hour 4.8 1.4 0.66

218 201
D. Reduction of trip time due to improved mobility -
(43%) (58.5%)
Hours/
E. Trip time reduction due to improved year 289 393
-
accessibility (% on (32%) (30%)
2006) 672 165 78
F. Total household annual trip time (100%) (25%) (12%)
(1) Wereda average values
5.6 Healthcare plan: objectives, schemes & results. Planned health care will deploy
more health workers, ensuring maintenance, logistics and medical
supplies. Extension will be expanded to un-served kebeles, with focus on
awareness and sustained prevention. A stronger, diversified offer of health
care is likely to prong demand, in line with the National Health Strategy,
where Primary Health Care Units are the building blocks of the new
system. A standard Health Centre serves 25,000 people with 5 satellite
Health Posts. The service level proposed for Erebti will ensure a coverage
of 100% by 2017, with an average attendance rate of 25 outpatients daily,
against eight nowadays. The distance from dwellings will drop from 5.9 to
1.5 hours. To attain the targets include, five Health Centres and 12 Health
Posts will be built, with a total investment of 13 million birr. Table 8 displays
the current and targeted service levels.
Table 8. Current and targeted service level – Health sector
1. Population coverage1 % 40.5% 85% 100%
2. Utilization of the service Outpatients/day 8 15 25
3. Distance from dwelling2 Hour 5.9 3 1.5
4. Trip time reduction with better Hours/year -13 -17

--
accessibility % on 2006 -19.7% -25.8%
Hours/year -10 -9
5. Trip time reduction with better mobility --
-15.2% -13.6%
% on 2006
Hours/year
6. Total household trip time 66 43 40
% on 2006
(1) The percentages beyond 2015 and that of Erebti Woreda are consultant’s estimates (2) Wereda average values
5.7 Education plan: objectives, schemes & results. Pastoral clans underrate formal
education. Even the few primary schools within reach of pastoral camps are poorly attended.
Awareness and motivation matter more than building new classrooms. The plan will:
i. Bridge the classroom gap with an emergency program.
ii. build facilities to meet the growing demand for education services.
iii. adopt accompanying measures to ease the financial burden of poor families
iv. improve adult literacy and upgrade the staff capacity of WEO Education Desk.
The plan will pursue the national Millennium Development Goals (MDG) target of
multiplying high-school enrolment, while minimizing drop-out rates.
Table 9 Current and targeted service level – Education sector
Service level indicator 2006 2012 2017
School age population (5 to 14 years old) 17,244 19,100 20,979
Gross enrolment rate (G 1-4) 4.36% 130%* 110%*

decrease by
Drop out rate (1-8) Above 50% 12.6%
5.6%
Trip time reduction due to improved
hours/year) -88 (-15.5%) -133 (-23.4%)
mobility
Trip time reduction due to improved access hours/year -116 (-20.4%) -259 (-45.6%)
Household annual trip time (hours/year) 568 (100%) 364 (64%) 176 (31%)
* Rates surpass 100%, as ESDP enrols students above 14 years. (100% represent the population of 5-14
years).
5.8 Market plan: objectives, schemes and results. Market services

are insufficient in Erebti and adversely impact household welfare. No market
place exists to drain the trading business of potential user basins, hindering
stock marketing and regional economic integration. The household time
spent to reach the nearest market is extremely high – over 300 hours
annually on average, considering that a trip frequency of one per week,
equal 12% of total travel time. To offset such constraints, it is proposed to
set up an organised market place at Adu, administrative centre and
barycentre of perspective trading flows. The interventions will be
coordinated with road construction and water supply plans. The direct
positive impact will half the travel time to market places, while fostering a
favourable trading environment for the pastoral clans.
Table 10. Current and targeted market service level

Service level
Indicator Unit
2006 2012 2017
A Kebele centre average distance from market Km 50 35 35
190 238
B Trip time reduction due to improved access -
34.3% 43%
Trip time reduction due to improved 142 122

C Hours / -
mobility 25.6% 22%
Year
300 222 194
D Households trip time to accede market
100% 40% 35%
5.9 Environmental plan: objectives, schemes & results. Erebti biomass supply is
edging toward deficit, unless range management and regeneration schemes
are introduced, targeting: (i) natural fodder supply, (ii) wood-lots for
household energy and timber supply for pastoral homesteads and kraal, (iii)
hillside sheet and gully erosion reclamation along the western escarpment,
and: (iv) sustainable transhumance and pastoral camping patterns. Erosion-
prone watersheds will be reforested via enrichment planting, and natural
regeneration.
The planned environmental interventions will feature:
 Forestry Protection and Regeneration over more than 10,000 ha in ten years,
 Soil and Water Conservation exceeding 5,000 ha over the same time-span.
Forests will be expanded by 30%. Stone bunds and trenches will check soil
erosion.
In addition to generic ecologic schemes, sector-specific measures will mitigate the hazards
stemming from planned public works and productive investment.
Table 11. Current and targeted environmental management level in Erebti

Forest conservation Ha 28,620 33,220 37,800
Degraded land management % of district area 32 % 21 % <20 %
5.10 Complementary sectors: objectives, schemes and results. Erebti has six mills, all
in Adu town. Travel time to them is the longest, 11.5 hours for 56 km, a single
trip. Households spend 187 hours for milling, mostly females’. The plan foresees the
reduction of transport burden related to the low accessibility of the network of grinding mills through the
investments in the road and transport sectors, leading to an expected reduction of trip times of 25% in the
first five year span and of 30% in the whole WIDP period.
Table 12 Current and targeted levels of service – grains grinding
Number of mills No. 6 6 6

Hours/
187 140 91
Average households trip time year
100% 75% 70%
%
5.11 Capacity building. Erebti Wereda integrated development plan foresees capacity building
interventions scattered along the various sectors on the basis of the assessment and diagnosis of the
present situation and of the necessities arising from the planned interventions. In particular,
specialized training courses for the wereda Office staff aimed at improving the technical
capacities needed for the management and supervision of interventions’ implementation
have been included as accompanying measures of the proposed interventions in the WIDP.
The training courses, mainly related to agriculture, water supply, education and veterinary
services, are aimed to reinforcing the professional skills of the Wereda Office staff. Further
capacity building investments are directed to beneficiaries of the sectoral interventions. The
total cost of specialized training courses amounts to 11 million birr, equal to 3.4% of WIDP
total cost. The courses are mainly planned to be delivered in the first 5 years of WIDP.
5.12 Rural energy sub-sector. The energy consumption of Erebti is being covered by
traditional biomass sources, basically firewood. The woody biomass supply–consumption
balance of Erebti wereda is near deficit, since fuel-wood consumption exceeds spontaneous
regeneration capacity. Proposed interventions envisaged by the environmental sector plan to
ensure sustainable fuel-wood consumption include reforestation through the creation of
nurseries, seedling production, pitting and tree planting. The interventions in the
environment sector, combined with the effects of the promotion of IMTs will reduce the time
spent to reach fuel-wood sites, a burden borne almost completely by women (85%) and
children. The expected trip time savings equal 32% in 2012 and 40% in 2017.
Table 13 Current and targeted levels of service – rural energy subsector
Hours/year 432 294 259

Households trip time to reach fuel-wood sites
% 100% 68% 60%
Trip time reduction due to improved mobility % --- - 14% - 16%
Trip time reduction due to increased accessibility % --- - 18% - 24%
5.13 Sub-projects: CWI & NCWI categories. The sector plans

embrace a great number of “Sub-Projects”, formulated under the umbrella
of WIDP.

 DEFINITION. A Sub-Project is a self-contained investment scheme,

which can undergo a separate feasibility analysis in its own merit. To be
feasible, all proposed sub-projects depend, to a large extent, on the rural
transport systems developed by WIDP.
 PROJECT SIZES. Erebti’s population is small – less than 10,000 families -
and the economy too rudimentary to absorb huge capital investment. Only
diffuse, replicable micro-projects suit the development demand of pastoral
clans. Within each sector, micro-projects are modular and standardised.
For obvious cost-efficiency and sustainability reasons, they mobilise
participatory efforts. However, micro-projects are not self-sufficient. They
need outer support. A medium-scale support project undertaken by
external stakeholders - Regional & Federal Authorities, Donors, NGOs – will
twin and tutor each WIDP micro-projects, in any sector.
 CATEGORIES. As a consequence, WIDP sub-projects fall within two categories:
I. Community & Wereda Initiatives (CWI), featuring a host of participative rural micro-
projects spanning nine economic sectors and focused on small-scale fixed
assets and production units
II. Non-Community & Wereda Projects (NCWI): they will be nine in total, one for each
targeted economic sector, and will consist of combined measures extended by Afar
State, Federal Government, Donors and major NGOs to assist WIDP micro-projects
CWI micro-projects will be promoted and supervised by Erebti District
Office. NCWI medium-size projects will be marshalled by Afar
Government, to develop larger complementary infrastructure and deliver
the external equipment, materials, expertise, training packages and
financial means required by rural diffuse micro-projects.
Cross-cutting themes will be equally shared among, the nine sectors.
5.14 Project design. The advised investment packages have been identified and processed
up to the level of pre-feasibility analysis and preliminary engineering design. Concept
designs & drawing standards are attached to major investment schemes. The drawings and
technical details are indicative and not binding. They have been used for demonstration and
quantitative estimation purposes only. The implementing agency of each sector plan may
prefer alternative standards, regardless of the ones shown in this report. The WIDP itself is
subject to review and improvement by wereda staff in consultation with the beneficiaries,
anytime the need may arise. In fact, the final engineering design, site calendars and detailed
sub-project budgeting will be fine-tuned at the onset of field implementation cycles.
6. Plan appraisal and justification

For obvious reasons, the hundred or so sub-projects envisaged by WIDP cannot be pre-tested
one by one by detailed cost-benefit calculations. Also, it is impossible to
make a single feasibility analysis of the whole plan, because it encompasses
too many disparate economic sectors. Nevertheless, small projects can be
justified, and even prove profitable once implemented. The consultant has
appraised the advised project mix in the light of seven justifying principles:
i. Micro-projects are the only way to trigger diffuse and shared economic growth in
marginal rural communities producing little tradable surpluses
ii. Government sector policies prescribe outreach services and economic schemes - as
health care units, primary schools, improved wells, irrigated plots and other serial
micro-facilities – in order to serve a standard user basin within a given access radius

iii. It is assumed that Government authorities have calculated the aggregate cost-benefit
ratios of each typical category of micro-initiatives targeted by WIDP, as part of the
sector guidelines that define their respective user basins.
iv. The consultant has checked, across Afar rangelands, the survival rates of basic micro-
initiatives created under the sector policies prescribed by the Government
v. In most cases, rural communities demand basic facilities and join building them, even
if sometimes the presumed users abandon them after construction
vi. It is better to afford a calculated risk of investment failure, rather than spending huge
money in pre-investment studies that do not add much to success predictability
vii. Donors who support micro-initiatives at grass-roots scale do not ask
for feasibility studies. Multi-donor nationwide programmes - as
Productive Safety-Net, Food Security Projects and so forth - grant
billions of birr to fund up thousands of vaguely screened serial micro-
projects.
viii. WIDP can become a show-case of carefully pre-screened small-scale socioeconomic
packages that attract such type of development funds. By highlighting the access
issues that bog down so many poverty reduction programmes across rural Ethiopia,
WIDP may qualify better for donor preference.
7. Self-appraisal by local communities
To justify the proposed project mix, the Consultant has sampled Erebti
people for an opinion poll, ranking the concerns and needs of the
respondents according to the nine economic sectors addressed by WIDP. For
each sector, the experts of the consulting team have devised a project mix
that has been submitted to local authorities and community leaders for final
review, priority screening and joint choice. The result is the project mix
advised by the present report.
8. Physical output of the plan
Table 14 overleaf shows the sector output of WIDP, gauged with hand-picked
indicators.
Table 14: Physical indicators of Erebti WIDP achievements, 2008-17

Total
Synthetic Years and planned number of physical units
Sector Unit units
indicator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 years1-10
14. 14. 14. 14. 14.
Main access roads km ---
5 5 5 5 5
--- --- --- --- 72.7
Collector roads km --- --- --- 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 --- --- --- 21.7
Village
km --- --- --- --- 26 26 26 26 --- --- 104.0
Transpor pathsfeeder
1
t1 pack +
Transport cart 1,20 2,20 3,20 3,60 3,20 3,00 2,60
--- --- --- 19,000
means, IMT equivale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
nt
15. 19. 21. 21.
CMT - passengers Vehicles --- --- ---
3 3 3 1
--- --- --- 77

Total
Synthetic Years and planned number of physical units
Sector Unit units
indicator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 years1-10
Hand-dug wells number --- 10 20 20 --- --- --- --- --- --- 50
Water
2 Shallow boreholes number --- 7 7 7 7 --- --- --- --- --- 28
supply
Deep boreholes number --- --- 8 8 8 8 --- --- --- --- 32
Rain-fed crops ha --- 100 180 200 300 200 200 91 --- --- 1,271
3 Agriculture 10 12 25 30 30 30 25 25 18
Irrigation schemes ha ---
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2,050
Veterinary clinics number -- -- --- 1 1 1 --- --- --- --- 3

4 Livestock
Veterinary posts number --- 1 1 1 2 3 2 --- --- --- 10
Health Health clinics number --- --- --- 1 1 1 --- --- --- --- 3
5
care Health posts number --- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --- 8
1st cycle classrooms number --- --- --- --- 2 3 3 2 --- --- 10
First-cycle
6 Education number --- --- 3 --- --- 3 --- 3 --- --- 9
schools
Library room --- --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1
Wereda market
7 Market block --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1
place
Environm 4,20 4,20 4,20 4,20 4,20 4,20 4,20 4,20 4,2
8 Land reclamation Ha --- 37,800
ent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
(1) For motorised transport means, the reference units are the minibus seat and the ton (for the loading capacity). For IMT pack
. animals, the reference unit is the donkey (one camel = two donkeys)
In physical terms, more than half of planned schemes will be concluded in the
first five years. The progression reflects the financial schedule, as in the same
period 60% of investment will be disbursed. Year one will fine-tune
investment agendas, sub-project design & resource mobilisation.
9. Accessibility, mobility and trip-pattern scenarios

Better access to services and working sites, along with free-flowing
mobility, will streamline travel patterns, curbing trip time. In fact trip time
will be spared by the synergies of cross-sector design and implementation.
Coordinated road rehabilitations, enhanced by:
(a) improved transportation means,
(b) spatial densification of service grids, and:
(c) intensified productive assets and practices - will reduce household
trip duration, liberating time for economic business.
The conversion of trip time into working time – as foreshadowed at the 2017 horizon - will
equate 53% of current household trip time. Future travel patterns – as reshaped by WIDP -
are forecast in Table 15 overleaf.
Table 15. Projected trip time
Parameters 2006 2012 2017
Annual household trips time

 - hours/year 3,425 1,988 1,595
 - as % of 2006 100% 58% 47%
Trips time savings

 - hours/year --- 1,437 1,830
 - as % of 2006 --- -42% -53%
Trip time will be spared by: (a) better access to services & work sites, and: (b)
streamlined, smoother mobility.
ACCESS will be facilitated by:

I. more numerous service facilities, with denser service grids across the wereda
II. the rehabilitation of the road network.
Better access will contribute half of total time savings.
MOBILITY will increase thanks to:
 the spreading of IMT use, fostered by planned credit lines,
 the growth of the CMT & IMT rural transport industry, also bolstered by soft loans.
Mobility will gain dramatically, given the low starting point (almost zero roads
& transport in 2006)
At the 2017 horizon, the cumulative benefits of easier access and smoother
mobility will squeeze trip time to a half, as the aggregate trip time of Erebti
people will shrink 3,400 to 1,600 hours annually.
At specific sector levels, time gains will range 88 to 24% down from 2006 baseline travel
scores. Trips to water points and markets will gain the most. Herding travel time will gain the
least, unluckily for the mainstream business of pastoral clans (see Table 16 and Figure 2).
Table 16. Trip-time reduction trends as outcome of improved mobility and accessibility
2012 2017
Total time Trip time saving Trip time saving
2006 annual trip annual trip
Sector Mobilit time Mobilit time
Access Access
y y
% of % of
h/yr % h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr
2006 2006
Water 672 100% 289 218 165 25% 348 246 78 12%
Fuel wood 432 100% 79 59 294 68% 101 67 264 61%
Market 554 100% 190 142 222 40% 190 170 194 35%
Farming/ 946 100% 106 80 760 80% 154 80 712 75%
grazing
Grinding mill 187 100% 27 20 140 75% 33 23 131 70%
Health 66 100% 13 10 43 65% 15 11 40 61%
School 568 100% 116 88 364 64% 229 163 176 31%
Total 3425 100% 820 617 1988 58% 1,070 760 1595 47%
Figure 2 Better access and travel time forecasts

The trip pattern analysis highlights the excessive time spent to satisfy basic needs, as just
20% of travel time is now spent inside village premises, where rural business is
concentrated. By contrary, half of mobility time is spent within the surrounding kebele space
– not only for work, but also for service and social purposes - and 29% within or outside the
wereda territory at large. In sum, people now spend 83% of trip time outside their own
village boundaries, to reach faraway public services and markets. In a more developed
physical and economic context, core travel inside the village area should absorb a greater
share of mobility time, because people shuttle from home to work sites on a daily
basis. A rational business environment - hinging upon optimized trip patterns
- will be a major end result of Erebti WIDP, thanks to denser social assets and
strengthened IMT, as displayed in Table 17 & Figure 3.
Table 17. Changes of trip patterns from 2006 to 2012 and 2017
Trips within Trips outside the village

Total trips
Year village area
within the kebele beyond the kebele
h/yr. % h/yr. % h/yr. % h/yr. %
2006 990 43 1,170 50 160 7 2,320 100
2012 400 20 1,000 49 640 31 2,040 100
2017 800 59 400 29 160 12 1,360 100
Figure 3 Changes of trip patterns from 2006 to 2012 and 2017
3,500
3,000 990
hours/year
2,500 wereda trips

2,000 200
kebele trips
1,170 160
1,500 1000 village trips
640
1,000
990 400 800
500
0
2006 2012 2017
Travel to services outside the villages will drop from 67% in 2006 to 51% in 2017, despite
the necessary long-range mobility of herdsmen and their nomadic relatives. Conversely trips
to the location of productive assets mainly located within the village of residence (e.g.

farming fields) will increase from 20% in 2006 to 40% in 2012 and 49% in 2017, this change
will be highly beneficial to the households revenues hence to the development of the wereda.
10. WIDP final design and executive cycle

10.1 Operational sequence. The overall WIDP and each sector package
will follow a standard management cycle spanning 10 years (2008-17),
segmented in five steps, as outlined below:
I. Desk review of documents and ongoing projects
II. Participative field surveys to check, sector by sector, the baseline socioeconomic
situation of the district, in connection with the transport system
III. Participative screening of investment alternatives and identification of priorities,
focusing on the linkages with the transport system
IV. Pre-feasibility review of investment initiatives, before discussion with local
stakeholders to screen the priorities and adjust the planning guidelines
V. Formulation of 9 sector plans and WIDP as an integrated whole, featuring budgets,
institutional, responsibilities, capacity building and monitoring &
evaluation agendas.
10.2 WIDP logical framework. WIDP will unfold local potentials by jointly
addressing the key economic sectors, interlinked by the shared transport
denominators. The plan also specifies the required technical, financial
resources and defines the procedures to mobilise them. A logical framework
matrix is appended to each sector review (see DCA Report, already
submitted).
10.3 Results. WIDP will enhance access and mobility across Erebti district, pursuing:
set 1. Spatial densification of basic social amenities: health, education, water supply, etc.
set 2. Enhancement of productive assets
set 3. Rehabilitation and upgrading of road infrastructure
set 4. Improvement of transport industry
set 5. Communal participation to planning and proactive role in executive processes.
Enhanced transport means will propel service delivery and production capacities.
10.4 Executive schedule. Each sector agenda is phased in short and long
term achievements, respectively at the 5 and 10-year planning horizons. For
a decade starting in 2008, district and higher authorities will assist WIDP
lifecycle. After that, beneficiaries are supposed to grow self-reliant. The
executive flowchart is displayed in Table 18.
Table 18. Proposed timeline of Erebti WIDP
1st Five-Year Period 2nd Five-Year Period
Planned operations until 2012 until 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Mobilisation of institutional framework

2 Activation of wereda & community leaders (*)
3 Transfer of initial funds
4 Project fine-tuning & site selection
5 Organisation of field brigades in kebeles
6 Infrastructure development
7 Supply of equipment & materials
8 Local staff deployment & test-running
9 Full operation, consolidation & expansion

1st Five-Year Period 2nd Five-Year Period

Planned operations until 2012 until 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Monitoring, evaluation, feedback &

10
adjustment  
(*) Including capacity building & training schemes
If the 10-year working calendar advised by the Consultant is disregarded,

synergies – notably between complementary CWI and NCWI sub-projects -
may falter or even wane. By fostering synergism, the phased sequence will
enhance growth momentum among Erebti pastoralists.
In all planned sectors, the full operation stage will be attained at the end of Year 5. The
second Five-Year Period will be chiefly devoted to the routine management of
successful sub-projects, generalising them to the rest of the district.
11. Consolidated WIDP cost

11.1 Financial cost. Erebti WIDP will cost birr 304.1 million in ten years, split into:
Table 19. Breakdown of the WIDP cost
Cost item Million birr % of total cost
A Capital cost 198.6 65
B Maintenance & operation 90.5 30
C Capacity building 9.0 3
D WIDP steering, monitoring & evaluation 6.0 2
Total cost 304.1 100
The high provision earmarked for operation & maintenance - equal to 46% of capital cost - is
will protect the investment and perpetuate their benefit streams. Capacity building will focus
on specialized training to enable Wereda Office staff in executive plan management.
11.2 Plan costs by sector and category. The hundred or so Community &
Wereda micro-projects will cost a total of birr 154 million in capital and operation
costs during ten years. Medium-size projects managed by higher-level
Government hierarchies will cost a total of birr 150 million in ten years.
Table 20. Erebti WIDP project mix
CWI NCWI Total

WIDP sector micro-projects medium projects sub-projects %
birr million
1 Transport 65.1 87.7 152.8 50.2
2 Water supply 0.9 23.4 24.3 8.0
3 Agriculture 14.9 16.3 31.2 10.3
4 Livestock 55.9 4.8 60.7 20.0
5 Health care 2.8 10.5 13.3 4.4
6 Education 3.8 4.8 8.6 2.8
7 Market 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1
8 Environment 6.8 0.0 6.8 2.2

Total 153.7 150.5 304.1 100
Overheads and monitoring & evaluation costs are included in the total
Table 21 overleaf summarises the WIDP costs in two 5-year periods, showing
the aggregate CWI and NCWI interventions and the corresponding investment
requirement.

Table 21 Breakdown of investment costs of Erebti WIDP

Investment per
1st 5-year plan 2nd 5-year plan Grand Total 10-yeras
capita
Sectors pop. pop.
CWI NCWI CWI+NCWI CWI NCWI CWI+NCWI CWI NCWI CWI+NCWI % of
2006 2017
(000)birr (000)birr (000)birr (000)birr (000)birr (000)birr (000)birr (000)birr (000)birr total
birr birr
TRANSPORT 40,944.8 69,920.7 110,865.5 24,131.7 17,769.5 41,901.2 65,076.5 87,690.2 152,766.7 50.2% 3,227 2,652
Roads 30,944.8 62,420.7 93,365.5 14,131.7 10,269.5 24,401.2 45,076.5 72,690.2 117,766.7
Transport services 10,000.0 7,500.0 17,500.0 10,000.0 7,500.0 17,500.0 20,000.0 15,000.0 35,000.0
AGRICULTURE 7,746.0 9,148.7 16,894.7 7,165.6 7,168.7 14,334.3 14,911.6 16,317.5 31,229.1 10.3% 660 542
Small/medium scale Irrigation 7,091.5 8,168.2 15,259.6 6,544.1 6,302.4 12,846.5 13,635.6 14,470.5 28,106.1
Rain-fed 654.5 980.6 1,635.1 621.5 866.4 1,487.9 1,276.0 1,847.0 3,122.96
LIVESTOCK 28,497.7 1,321.0 29,818.7 27,405.2 3,483.5 30,888.7 55,902.9 4,804.5 60,707.4 20.0% 1,282 1,054
HEALTH SERVICES 2,450.0 7,000.0 9,450.0 350.0 3,500.0 3,850.0 2,800.0 10,500.0 13,300.0 4.4% 281 231
Construction Health Posts 2,450.0 0.0 2,450.0 350.0 0.0 350.0 2,800.0 0.0 2,800.0
Construction Health Centres 0.0 7,000.0 7,000.0 0.0 3,500.0 3,500.0 0.0 10,500.0 10,500.0
EDUCATION SERVICES 0.0 1,255.0 1,255.0 3,780.0 3,532.5 7,312.5 3,780.0 4,787.5 8,567.5 2.8% 181 149
schools' construction 0.0 174.5 174.5 3,780.0 2,577.0 6,357.0 3,780.0 2,751.5 6,531.5
accompanying measures 0.0 1,080.5 1,080.5 0.0 955.5 955.5 0.0 2,036.0 2,036.0
WATER SUPPLY 693.0 18,848.0 19,541.0 260.0 4,580.0 4,840.0 953.0 23,428.0 24,381.0 8.0% 515 423
Facilities 603.0 15,498.0 16,101.0 60.0 1,080.0 1,140.0 663.0 16,578.0 17,241.0
Capacitation & maintenance 90.0 3,350.0 3,440.0 200.0 3,500.0 3,700.0 290.0 6,850.0 7,140.0
MARKET FACILITIES 450.0 0.0 450.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 450.0 0.0 450.0 0.1% 10 8
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES 3,392.0 0.0 3,392.0 3,392.0 0.0 3,392.0 6,784.0 0.0 6,784.0 2.2% 143 118
Soils & water conservation 2,000.0 0.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 0.0 2,000.0 4,000.0 0.0 4,000.0
Forest development 1,392.0 0.0 1,392.0 1,392.0 0.0 1,392.0 2,784.0 0.0 2,784.0
WIDP's implementation steering,
1,683.5 2,149.9 3,833.3 1,329.7 800.7 2,130.4 3,013.2 2,950.6 5,963.7 2.0% 126 104
monitoring & evaluation 2%
Total WIDP 85,857.0 109,643.3 195,500.3 67,814.2 40,834.9 108,649.1 153,671.2 150,478.2 304,149.4 100.0% 6,425 5,279

11.2 Financial investment calendar. Table 22 outlines the financial dynamics of

WIDP investment cycle until the end of the planning period.
Table 22. Yearly investment progression by economic sector
First 5 years Second 5 years Total

2008-17
Sectors 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
thousand birr
18,78 27,97 30,90 25,88 12,74 152,76
1 Transport 7,320
1 0 8 7 8
7,288 7,288 7,288 7,288
7
2 Agriculture 511 4,400 7,110 5,490 2,030 1,530 1,240 740 690 640 24,381
3 Livestock 4,435 2,859 2,635 3,508 3,432 2,581 2,839 3,149 3,012 2,778 31,229
4 Health care 7,735 5,351 5,578 5,578 5,578 6,142 5,316 8,497 5,467 5,467 60,707
5 Education 0 2450 7000 0 0 3850 0 0 0 0 13,300

2,10 1,28 1,91 1,00 1,00
6 Water supply 611 86 211 261 86
2 9 9 1 1
8,568
7 Markets 0 0 450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450
8 Environment 976 544 424 880 568 976 544 424 880 568 6784
Other, plus steering, M& E
432 689 1,028 932 752 599 370 440 367 355 5,964
(2%)
22,02 35,16 52,40 47,55 38,33 30,52 18,88 22,45 18,70 18,09 304,15
Total 0 0 6 7 3 8 7 7 5 8 0
12. Plan financing and cost-sharing

The beneficiaries – represented by kebele communities and wereda authorities – will finance 11%
of Erebti WIDP, including cash outlays and voluntary contributions in the construction stage. Afar
state will fund another 15%. The Federal Government, jointly with international partners, will
sustain the bulk of project finance (74%). The last two financing categories will proportionally
share the overheads, monitoring & evaluation costs and plan contingencies.
Table 23. Cost sharing of Erebti WIDP among partner institutions
CWI Projects NCWI projects Total

Contributor
million million million
% % %
birr birr birr
1 Wereda & Communities 13.9% 21.32 7.5% 11.22 10.7% 32.54
2 Regional Government 15.1% 23.31 14.5% 21.86 14.8% 45.17
Federal Government,
3 71.0% 109.03 78.0% 117.41 74.5% 226.44
Donors & NGOs
Total WIDP 100.0% 153.66 100.0% 150.49 100.0% 304.15
The advised investment-sharing pattern reflects the contributory capacities of plan partners.
It also fosters proactive project ownership and management at the grass-roots. After the plan,
district authorities shall cover the recurrent costs and depreciation quotas of the investment
made in public outreach services. Beneficiary communities will cover the running and
maintenance costs of the productive assets built under the plan.
In ten years of investment partnership with Government authorities and international
stakeholders, the inhabitants of Erebti will invest - as participatory input - birr 33 million in
the plan, a feasible birr 69 per caput on a yearly basis. Great effort, demanding intensive,

repeated sensitization campaigns before and during WIDP performance

cycle.
13. Financing agenda
The investment schedule of Erebti WIDP will be equally split in two 5-year sub-plans between
2008 and 2017. The first sub-plan will be mainly devoted to road infrastructure and transport
industry development. The improvement of the transport environment will enable further
investment to intensify in the production and service sectors (see Table 24).
Table 24. WIDP: 10-year progression of investment spending
Planning horizons
Cost-sharing 5-year 5-year Total
%
stakeholder categories 2008-12 2012-17
(million) birr
1 Wereda & Communities 21.3 11.2 32.5 11
2 Regional Government 23.3 21.9 45.2 15
3 Federal Government, Donors & NGOs 109.0 117.4 226.4 74
Total WIDP 153.6 150.5 304.1 100
The credit lines for the development of the transport industry – birr 20 million for
Intermediate Transport Means (ITM) and birr 15 million for motor vehicles (CTM) – will be
organised right from the start by mobilising and training the beneficiary categories,
organised in cooperative unions. Actual loan disbursement is planned to start in year 2 for
ITM and year 4, as soon as access and collector roads are built or upgraded.
14. Expected benefit streams

14.1 General. 10 years of multi-sector investment up to the 2017 horizon – in the tune of
304 million birr of capital outlay plus subsidies to recurrent costs - will boost
welfare in Erebti. The multiplier effect of invested money will enhance cash
revenues. However, just a fraction of the gains can be assessed or quantified
in terms of money value, as reviewed below.
14.2 Quantified benefits of WIDP: they are projected to average 2,100 birr per
household in 2012, rising to birr 3,360 at the 2017 horizon. Since a typical Erebti family has
4.9 members, per capita gains will amount to birr 430 and 690 at the end of
the two phases.
Table 25. Summary of quantifiable benefits generated by WIDP in Erebti

2012 2017
Household Extra income Household Extra income
Benefit type annual benefit per member Annual benefit per member
birr per year considering population growth
A Economic use of saved trip time 910 190 1,370 280
B Livestock disease control 190 40 190 40
C Agriculture development 1,000 200 1,800 370
Total quantifiable benefits 2,100 430 3,360 690

Annual growth rate of per capita income thanks to quantifiable benefits 4.5%
14.3 Non-quantified benefits. Besides quantifiable benefits, WIDP will generate non-
quantifiable advantages. The most significant ones relate, but are not limited to:
 Health conditions. Health-care and water-supply sub-projects will curb morbidity rates,
benefiting family welfare, in particular for women and children.
 Education. Better schooling systems will enhance the long-term development outlook.
 Food security & livelihood. Investment in agriculture and livestock will reduce food
insecurity, fostering a confident business environment and district-wide development.
 Feminine welfare. The interventions in basic amenities as water supply, health care and
education facilities will be welcomed by women.
 Environment. Planned safeguard measures are geared to mitigate and revert land
degradation processes, for better, sustainable living conditions.
 District Administration. Capacity building will streamline the management of planned
schemes and upgrade the delivery of related assistance packages.
The non-quantifiable benefits listed above have been rated High, Moderate and Negligible
depending of their potential impact on family welfare, as tabulated below.
Table 26. Non-quantifiable benefits – assessment matrix
Not- quantifiable benefit impacting on:

Target Sector
District
Food security Feminine
Health Education Environment Administrati
& livelihood condition
on
Transport (roads, IMT,
A H M H M M H
CMT)
B Water supply H M H H M N
C Health --- M M H N N
D Education H --- M H H H
E Livestock N N H N H M
F Agriculture N N H M H M
G Markets N N H M N M
H Environment M M H M --- M
I Capacity building H H M M N H
Benefit rating H – high M – moderate N - negligible
The results of the assessment show that 41% of non-quantifiable benefits are likely to exert
high impact, 37% moderate and only 22% negligible. WIDP is thus expected to bring about
prevailingly positive outcomes. Albeit not fully quantifiable, they will propel
social development.
14.4 “Workload” and job generation. Over its 10-year planning cycle, WIDP will
generate jobs in three macro-sectors:
I. Public works, for roads and irrigation schemes
II. Construction, for classrooms, health posts and veterinary outreach services
III. Environment, for reforestation and watershed management.
The plan will mobilise: (A) skilled manpower of the enterprises that will carry out major
public works, labelled NCWI initiatives, and: (B) local unskilled labour mobilised either by
the public-works enterprises or participatory communal brigades assisted by food-for-work

and similar safety-net providences. Food-for-work jobs can be rated as paid labour,
not just voluntary contributions of local communities. In fact, food aid can be
soundly assimilated to job recompense, hence project costs, because donors
can easily redirect aid-flows to alternative targets, thereby featuring an
inherent project opportunity cost.
14.5 Projected workload. The focused method adopted by the study

leads to the following tentative projections of the rural jobs created by the
planned sub-projects across Erebti:
Table 15. Forecasts of unskilled manpower employment in WIDP implement stages 2008-17
Road Sub-Projects. The sector report foresees a total of 390,000 unskilled waged working days in ten
I years to build or rehabilitate roads and tracks. At a mean rate of birr 10 per working day, the
overall quantifiable benefits will exceed birr 7 million.
Water Utilities: the plan will build or rehabilitate:

 Hand-dug wells: 50
 Shallow drilled wells : 28
 Deep boreholes : 32
II
The mass of rural workload remunerated by the above-listed water supply schemes - plus short-range local
piped conveyance networks - will average 120 man days for a hand-dug well, 70 for a shallow drilled well
and 30 for a deep borehole. Erebti’s water sector agenda will require 8,900 man-days. At an average daily
wage of birr 15, the cash benefit will amount to birr 0.14 million overall.
Agriculture Sector. The plan will hire labour to build the head-works of irrigation schemes, like river
diversions, intake facilities and pump installations, plus conveyance or drainage networks. The sector study
III
estimates such effort to total just 4,000 waged person-days. At birr 10 per working day, farming schemes
will generate birr 40,000 of cash benefits in ten years, a diminutive amount in the workload balance sheet.
Construction sectors: Healthcare Units, Schools & Vet Units. The plan will build or restore:
 11 healthcare units
 302 classrooms, 2 high-schools, a library and 22 rooms for staff & student accommodation
 36 facilities (veterinary units, DA houses, slaughter slabs).
WIDP works for such amenities will cover a total built-up surface of 22,300 m2 of one-storey buildings.
IV
A crew of a dozen unskilled workers can finish 30 m 2 per month, using a labour-intensive approach
under the proposed design standards. This means an average of 0.08 square meters per unskilled person-
day. The workload can thus be assumed to gross 280,000 person-days over the 10-year time-span of the
three sector plans. If priced 12 birr daily per worker, including food rations and cash outlays - the total
income, or Cash Benefit Stream, generated by WIDP construction schemes can be calculated at birr 3.4
million in ten years.
Environment Sector: the advised ecologic schemes will remunerate a great volume of rural effort,
spending in hired manpower at least 70% of the capital invested in reforestation, watershed
V
management, wildlife protection and similar endeavours. As ecologic investment is
predicted to total birr 4.3 million until the 2017 horizon, the workload quota can be anticipated
14.6 Overall workload estimate. The aggregate rural workload benefits

can be quantified to birr 9.3 million of wage salaries and food-for-work
rations in ten years, broken down into:
Road & transport infrastructure: birr 4.0 million
Water utilities: birr 0.1 million
Rain-fed agricultural and irrigation schemes: negligible
Technical & social amenities: birr 2.2 million
Environmental protection & development: birr 3.0 million, the second
largest workload earner.

14.7 Associated non-quantifiable benefits. Besides cash-waged or food-

assisted employment, the plan will yield other workload benefits, in terms of
rural manpower re-qualified for public works, building, irrigation and
environmental-safeguard techniques. Human resources development at the
grass-roots will open up even broader horizons to job opportunities in Erebti’s
labour market.
14.8 Post-plan employment generation. Operation & maintenance of WIDP amenities will
require full-time job positions in all target sectors, from transport to irrigation, from
healthcare to managed watersheds. Tentative scenarios are foreshadowed in the box below:
A) PRIVATE MACRO-SECTOR: at least 100 permanent skilled job opportunities will
materialise as direct WIDP long.-term manpower benefit for drivers, hydraulic
technicians, outreach service staff, forest nursery operators and other professional
categories. Farmers, stock-breeders, beekeepers, frankincense collectors and
communal road maintenance brigades will also increment, by the thousands, the
ranks of newly generated, upgraded or stabilised rural job positions, for both sexes.
B) PUBLIC MACRO-SECTOR: the staffing rates & professional mixes jobs generated by
WIDP in de-centralised public services will feature staff opportunities for: (a)
Medicare specialists, (b) Veterinarians, (c) Primary & secondary school teachers, (d)
Market managers, and: (e) Environmental technicians. Besides mid-level profiles,
scores of support personnel will be recruited, as foreseen by the sector studies set
out in Part 2.
14.9 Tentative aggregate forecasts. Apart from diffuse private jobs

created or upgraded in agriculture, stock-breeding and minor sectors,
formal permanent job positions will likely be created, before and soon after
2017. A conservative forecast is outlined hereunder:
 Private sector: 100 waged job positions
 Public sector: 180 waged job positions, 70% of which for professionals or technicians.
At mean monthly wage of birr 800 per permanent staff, the qualified job positions created
by WIDP may generate 2.2 million of annual revenues from 2017 onward, a substantial
springboard for multiplier effects and further fallout opportunities.
Conclusions on WIDP economic benefits
A. Quantified benefits: Household Average Income is expected to attain birr 7,500 and
birr 9,600 annually at the end of 1 st and 2nd 5-year of WIDP lifecycles, as compared to the
baseline family income of birr 5,400 estimated in 2007 (plus 40% and 78%).
Generated rural workload will gross birr 9.3 million in ten years, plus substantial
multiplier effects, considering the low local ratio between cash savings and
expenditure. Post-plan permanent jobs are expected to inject birr 2.2 million
annually in the district economy. The net benefit will roughly correspond to the
quota of wages funded by cost-recovery mechanisms.
B. Non-quantified benefits: Qualitative and indirect or secondary quantitative benefits will

enhance the social value of WIDP. Their positive impacts (high + moderate) can be safely
projected to multiply quantified impacts by at least one and a half. As a matter of fact, the
multiplier effects of quantifiable benefits can be equated to indirect, non-quantified benefits
C. Overall assessment: The proposed WIDP sub-projects will induce significant direct and
indirect benefit streams, justifying the funding and implementation of its sector plans.

* * *

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FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC ETHIOPIAN ROADS

REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA AUTHORITY

Wereda Integrated Development Study

Rome and Addis Ababa, February 2009

WEREDA INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

1 Overview of Consultant’s methodological framework Page 3

Techniplan & Yerer

Rome and Addis Ababa

781301711.doc ES - page 3 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

1. Overview of Consultant’s methodological framework

Erebti Wereda Integrated Development Plan has been designed in 2006-07,

781301711.doc ES - page 4 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

781301711.doc ES - page 5 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

781301711.doc ES - page 6 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

Figure 1: Location of Erebti wereda

781301711.doc ES - page 7 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

Table 1. Proposed level of services at the 2017 horizon

Development sector Unit Target Level

1 Clean water supply % coverage of 100%

781301711.doc ES - page 8 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

season pastures as soon as rain comes, twice a year (July-August, March-

781301711.doc ES - page 9 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

4. Socioeconomic baseline review

781301711.doc ES - page 10 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

constant prices 2000

5. Structure of nine Sector Development Plans

5.1 Sectors & Sub-sectors. WIDP wraps up nine Development Plans,

Development Sectors Key Sub-Sectors addressed by WIDP

Motorised Travel, ITM and Transport Infrastructure, Means

III Agriculture Rain-fed Farming, Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes, Agro-Processing

IV Livestock Animal health, Breed & Feed Packaged, Range Management

V Markets Grain Mills, Handicrafts and Rural Trading Services

VI Health care Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation

VII Education Primary & Secondary Schools

Income generating activities as beekeeping, grain milling, natural

781301711.doc ES - page 11 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

services and enhancement of intermediate and conventional means of

Table 4. Targeted network improvement

Service level indicator Unit 2006 2012 2017

781301711.doc ES - page 12 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

hectares 5 718 2,050

A+ hectares 13 1150 2171

Rain-fed farm households 45 1687 2021

A+ households 77 2137 3431

Service level Indicators Unit 2006 2012 2017

1 Animal livestock clinic 3 3

Service level indicator at household level Unit 2006 2012 2017

A. Population coverage % 14.6% 98% 100%

781301711.doc ES - page 13 Techniplan S.p.A. & Yerer

C. Distance from dwelling1 Hour 4.8 1.4 0.66

(1) Wereda average values

Service level indicator Unit 2006 2012 2017

1. Population coverage1 % 40.5% 85% 100%

2. Utilization of the service Outpatients/day 8 15 25

3. Distance from dwelling2 Hour 5.9 3 1.5

4. Trip time reduction with better Hours/year -13 -17

Service level indicator 2006 2012 2017

School age population (5 to 14 years old) 17,244 19,100 20,979

Gross enrolment rate (G 1-4) 4.36% 130%* 110%*