XII MATHEMATICS

RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS – DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS)

−4 4𝑥
1. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 − { } → 𝑅 be a function defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = . Show that f is a one- one function. Also check
3 3𝑥+4
whether f is an onto function or not.
−4 4𝑥+3
2. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 − { } → 𝑅 − {4/3} be a function defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = . Show that f is a bijection
3 3𝑥+4
𝑥−1
3. Let 𝐴 = 𝑅 − {2} and 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {1}. If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a mapping defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2, show that 𝑓 is bijective

4. Consider the function 𝑓: 𝑅 + → [−9, ∞) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9. Prove that 𝑓 is a bijection

5. Prove that the function 𝑓: [0, ∞) → [−5, ∞) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5. Is both one and one and onto.
𝑥
6. Classify the following function as injection, surjection, or bijection 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, defined by 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +1
𝑥
7. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is neither one-one nor onto.
−1 1 𝑥
8. Consider the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → [ , ], defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Show that f is not one- one but onto.
2 2 𝑥 2 +1

9. A function 𝑓: → [−4,4] → [0,4] given by 𝑓(𝑥) = √16 − 𝑥 2 . Show that f is an onto function but not a one-one
function. Further, find all possible values of a for which by 𝑓(𝑥) = √7.

10. Consider the bijective function 𝑓: 𝑅 + → [7, ∞) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 16𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 7, where 𝑅 + is the set of positive
real numbers. Find the inverse function of 𝑓
𝑥
11. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: −1 < 𝑥 < 1} defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is one-one onto function.
1+|𝑥|

𝑛 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
12. Let 𝑓: 𝑊 → 𝑊 be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = { . Show that 𝑓 is a bijection, W is the set of whole
𝑛 − 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
numbers

13. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: — 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} = 𝐵. Show that 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| is a bijection

RELATIONS- DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

11. Show that the relation R on the set Z of integers, given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑏}, is an equivalence
relation. Write the equivalence class [0].

12. Show that the relation 𝑅 on the set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5}, given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛}, is an equivalence
relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements of {2, 4} are related
to each other. But, no element of {1,3,5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.

13. Show that the relation 𝑅 on the set 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12}, given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| is a multiple of 4}
is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 i.e. equivalence class [1].

14. Let L be the set of all lines in 𝑋𝑌-plane and 𝑅 be the relation in 𝐿 defined as 𝑅 = {(𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ): 𝐿1 is parallel to 𝐿2 }.
Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4.

15. Show that the relation 𝑅 on the set 𝐴 of points in a plane, given by 𝑅 = {(𝑃, 𝑄): Distance of the point 𝑃 from
the origin is same as the distance of the point 𝑄 from the origin},is an equivalence relation. Further show that
the set of all points related to a point 𝑃 ≠ (0, 0) is the circle passing through 𝑃 with origin as centre.

16. Prove that the relation 𝑅 on the set 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined by (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑐, 𝑑) ⟺ 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 for all (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈
𝑁 × 𝑁 is an equivalence relation. Also, find the equivalence classes [(2, 3)] and [(1, 3)].
17. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3, … ,9} and R be the relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴 defined by (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅(𝑐, 𝑑) if 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 for all
(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the equivalence class [(2,5)].

18. Let 𝑁 be the set of all natural numbers and let 𝑅 be a relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁, defined by (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⟺ 𝑎𝑑 =
𝑏𝑐 for all (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁. Show that 𝑅 is an equivalence relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁. Also, find the equivalence
class [(2, 6)].

19. Let 𝑁 denote the set of all natural numbers and 𝑅 be the relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined by (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⟺
𝑎𝑑 (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑑). Check whether 𝑅 is an equivalence relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁.

20. Show that the relation R on the set R of all real numbers, defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 2 } is neither reflexive nor
symmetric nor transitive.

21. Check whether the relation 𝑅 on 𝑹 defined by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 3 } is reflexive, symmetric, or transitive.

22. Test whether the relation 𝑅1 defined by (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 ⟺ 𝑎2 − 4 𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏 2 = 0. defined on R is (i) reflexive (ii)
symmetric and (iii) transitive.

23. Let a relation 𝑅1 on the set 𝑅 of real numbers be defined as (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 ⟺ 1 + 𝑎𝑏 > 0 for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅. Show
that 𝑅1 is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive

24. Determine whether the relation R defined on the ser R of all real numbers as 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑏 +
√3 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 }, is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
25. Check whether the relation R in the set N of natural numbers given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏} is
reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Also determine whether R is an equivalence relation

26. Show that the relation R, defined on the set A of all polygons as

𝑅 = {(𝑃1 , 𝑃2 ): 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all
elements in A related to the right-angle triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5?

27. Test whether the relation 𝑅1 defined on 𝑍 defined by (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 ⟺ |𝑎 − 𝑏| ≤ 5 is (i) reflexive (ii) symmetric
and (iii) transitive.

28. Show that the relation 𝑅 defined on the set 𝐴 of all triangles in a plane as = {(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ): 𝑇1 is similar to 𝑇2 } is an
equivalence relation. Consider three right angled triangles 𝑇1 with sides 3, 4, 5; 𝑇2 with sides 5, 12, 13 and 𝑇3
with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles among 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 and 𝑇3 are related?
 XII MATHEMATICS
SECTION D- 5 MARKS

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS – DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARKS

1 4 5
1. Compute the adjoint of the matrix A given 𝐴 = [3 2 6] and verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = |𝐴| 𝐼 = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐴.
0 1 0
1 1 1 2
2. For the matrix 𝐴 = [1 2 −3]. Show that 𝐴3 − 6𝐴 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼3 = 𝑂. Hence, find 𝐴−1.
2 −1 3
2 −1 1
3. If 𝐴 = [−1 2 −1]. Verify that 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼 = 𝑂 and heance find 𝐴−1 .
1 −1 2
3 −1 1 1 2 −2
4. If 𝐴−1 = [−15 6 −5] and 𝐵 = [−1 3 0 ], find (𝐴𝐵)−1
5 −2 2 0 −2 1
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

5. Show that the following system of equations is consistent

.𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 11,

6. Solve the following system of equation by matrix method:

2 3 3
𝑥
− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
1 1 1
𝑥
+ 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
3 1 2
− − = 13
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

4 2 3 
7. A = 1 1 1  , find A-1. Hence solve the system of equations. 4x + 2y + 3z = 2, x + y + z = 1,
3 1 − 2
3x + y -2z =5.
1 − 1 1 
8. A = 2 1 − 3 find A-1. Hence solve the system of equations x + 2y + z = 4, -x + y + z = 0,
1 1 1 
x – 3y + z = 2
1 − 1 0  2 2 − 4
9. A = 2 3 4, B = − 4 2 − 4 find AB. Hence solve the system of equations .
  
0 1 2  2 − 1 5 
x – y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17, y + 2z = 7.
− 4 4 4 1 − 1 1 
10 
P = − 7 1 3 , Q = 1 − 2 − 2 , Find PQ. Hence solve the system of equations

 5 − 3 − 1 2 1 3 
x – y + z = 4, x – 2y -2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1.
1 − 1 2  − 2 0 1 
11. Use the product 0 2 − 3  9 2 − 3 to
3 − 2 4   6 1 − 2
solve the system of equations x − y + 2z = 1,2 y − 3z = 1,3x − 2 y + 4z = 2
 1 2 −3
12. Find 𝐴−1 , where 𝐴 = [2 3 2 ]. Hence solve the system of equations
3 −3 −4
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −4,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2,3𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 11
12. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2 and add the first number to the result, we
get 7. By adding second and third numbers to three times the first number, we get 12. Using matrices find the
numbers.

13. An amount of ₹5000 is put into three investments at the rate of interest of 6%, 7% and 8% per annum
respectively. The total annual income is ₹358. If the combined income from the first two investments is ₹70
more than the income from the third, find the amount of each investment by matrix method.

14. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of sincerity, truthfulness, and
helpfulness. The school A wants to award ₹𝑥 each ₹𝑦 each and ₹𝑧 each for the three respective values to 3, 2
and 1 students respectively with a total award money of ₹ 1600. School B wants to spend ₹ 2,300 to award its
4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values (by giving the same award money to the three values as before). If
the total amount of award for one prize on each value is ₹ 900, using matrices, find the award money for each
value. Apart from these three values, suggest one more value which should be considered for award.

15. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values Tolerance, Kindness and Leadership.
The school P wants to award ₹𝑥 each, ₹𝑦 each and ₹𝑧 each for the three respective values to 3, 2 and 1 students
respectively with a total award money of ₹ 2,200. School Q wants to spend ₹ 3,100 to award its 4, 1 and 3
students on the respective values (by giving the same award money to the three values as school P). If the total
amount of award for one prize on each value is ₹ 1,200, using matrices, find the award money for each value.

Apart from these three values, suggest one more value which should be considered for ward.

16. An amount of ₹ 10,000 is put into three investments at the rate of 10, 12 and 15% per annum. The combined
income is ₹ 1310 and the combined income of first and second investment is ₹ 190 short of the income from
the third. Find the investment in each using matrix method.

17. A company produces three products every day. Their production on a certain day is 45 tons. It is found that the
production of third product exceeds the production of first product by 8 tons while the total production of first
and third product is twice the production of second product. Determine the production level of each product
using matrix method.

18. The prices of three commodities P, Q and R are ₹ 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 per unit respectively. A purchases 4 units of R and
sells 3 units of P and 5 units of Q. B purchases 3 units of Q and sells 2 units of P and 1 unit of R.C purchases 1
unit of P and sells 4 units of Q and 6 units of R. In the process A, B and C earn ₹ 6000, ₹ 5000 and ₹ 13000
respectively. If selling the units is positive earning and buying the units is negative earnings, find the price per
unit of three commodities by using matrix method.

19. Two factories decided to award their employees for three values of (a) adaptable to new techniques (b) careful
and alert in difficult situations and (c) keeping calm in tense situations, at the rate of ₹𝑥, ₹𝑦 and ₹𝑧 per person
respectively. The first factory decided to honour respectively 2, 4 and 3 employees with a total prize money of
₹ 29000. The second factory decided to honor respectively 5, 2 and 3 employees with the prize money of ₹
30500. If the three prizes per person together cost ₹ 9500, then

(i) represent the above situation by a matrix equation and form linear equations using matrix multiplication.

(ii) Solve these equations using matrices. (iii) Which values are reflected in the questions?
 XII MATHEMATICS
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

Application of Integration – DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS)

1. Find area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the line y = x and the circle x 2 + y 2 = 32. (Ans 4𝜋)

2 Find the region laying in the first quadrant enclosed by the x- axis, the line x = 3 y and the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4.
𝜋
( Ans )
3

x2 y2 x y
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 and the line + = 1
a b a b
4. Find the area of the region(x, y );9 x 2
+ y 2  36 and 3x + y  6 
5. Find the area of the region (x, y ); x 2
+ y 2  4, x + y  2 
6. Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line y = 2x – 4.

7. Find the area enclosed by the curves 4y = 3x2 and the line 3x-- 2y + 12 = 0.

8. Find the area of the region (x, y); x 2

 y x 
9. Find the area bounded by the lines y = 2x + 1 y = 3x +1 and x = 4 (Ans 8 Sq units)
10. Compute the area bounded by the lines x + 2y-2 = 0, y- x = 1 and 2x + y = 7 (Ans 6 Sq units)
11. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (-1,0) (1,3) and (3,2) (Ans 4 sq units)
12. Make a rough sketch of the region given below and find its area using integration

{(x,y): 0  y  x 2 + 3,0  y  2 x + 3,0  x  3 } ( Ans 50/3 Sq units)

13. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x x and x axis and the ordinates x = -1 and x = 1 (Ans 2/3)

2 a2
14. If the area bounded by the parabola y = 16ax and the line y = 4mx is sq units then using integration find
12 ,
the value of m . ( Ans m = 2)

15. Draw a rough sketch of the region given by the curve y = 1 + x + 1, x = −3, x = 3, y = 0 and find the area of the

region bounded by them using integration. (Ans 16 sq units)

16. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2, the X axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
(Ans 13/3 sq units)

17. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2𝜋. (Ans 4 sq units)

18. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2𝜋. (Ans 4 sq units)

19. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , the X axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.( Ans 17/4)
0
20. Draw a rough sketch of the region given by the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 3| 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫−6|𝑥 + 3|𝑑𝑥 (Ans 9 sq units)
21. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 4𝑥 2 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 12, using integration
(Ans128/2 sq units)
1
22. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1 using integration (Ans7/6
Squnits)
23. Make a rough sketch of the region {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} and find its area using integration
(Ans : 11/6 Sq units)

24. Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = √𝑥, 2𝑦 + 3 = 𝑥 and X axis (Ans: 9 sq units)

25. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒙 = √𝒚 and Y axis (Ans:10/3 sq )

26. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥.

27. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑥 = 0

28. Find the area of the region included between 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

29. Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.

30. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑥 = 2 and parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥.

31. Sketch the region {(𝑥, 0): 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 2 } and 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Find the area of the region using integration.

32. Calculate the area under the curve 𝑦 = 2√𝑥 included between the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1

33. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 2𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 7, X-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 2 and
𝑥=8

34. Draw a rough sketch of the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 in the internal [1, 5]. Find the area under the curve and between
the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 5.

35. Determine the area under the curve 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 included between the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑎

36. Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

37. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the straight line 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0

38. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3 in the first quadrant and X-axis

39. Compute the area bounded by the lines 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7

40. Find the area bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 and 4𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5.

41. The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 and the straight line 𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 2 is
3 5 7 9
(a) 8 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (b) 8 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (c) 8 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (d) 8 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

42. The area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 and X-axis is
(a) 8𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (b) 20𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (c) 16𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (d) 256𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

43. The area of the region bounded by parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the straight line 2𝑦 = 𝑥 is
4 2 1
(a) 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (b) 1 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (c) 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (d) 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 XII MATHEMATICS
3D- GEOMETRY

3D Geometry – DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS)

1. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 whose vector equations are
10
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) . ANS.
√59

2. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
̂
𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (𝑡 − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2𝑡)𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = (𝑠 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2𝑠 − 1)𝑗̂ − (2𝑠 + 1)𝑘̂ . ANS.
8
√29
𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧+1 𝑥−3 𝑦−5 𝑧−7
3. Find the shortest between the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = . ANS. 2√29
7 −6 1 1 −2 1
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑥+1 𝑦−2
4. Find the Shortest distance between the lines = = 𝑍 and = ,𝑍 = 2
2 3 5 2
𝑥−8 𝑦+9 𝑧−10
5. Find the length and the equations of the line shortest distance between the lines = −16 = and
3 7
𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5 𝑥−5 𝑦−7 𝑧−3
= = . Ans. 𝑆𝐷 = 14 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, = =
3 8 −5 2 3 6

6. Find the distance between the lines →

𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖 ̂ + 3𝑗 ̂ − 5𝑘 ̂ ) + 𝜇(4𝑖 ̂ +
√293
6𝑗 ̂ + 12𝑘 ̂ ) 𝐴𝑛𝑠 7
.

7. Find the angle between the pair of lines given by 𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and
19
𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) ANS. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (21)
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+3 𝑥+2 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
8. Find the angle between the following pair of lines: = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
2 5 −3 −1 8 4
26
ANS. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (9√38)
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
9. Find the values of 𝑝 so that the lines = = and = = are at right angles.
3 2𝑝 2 3𝑝 1 5
70
ANS. 11
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−6 10
10. If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular, find the value of 𝑘. ANS.−
−3 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 1 −5 7
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
11. Find the value of 𝜆 so that the lines 𝑙1 : 3
= 2𝜆
= 2
and 𝑙2 = 3𝜆
= 1
= 5
are at right angle.

Also, find the equations of a line passing through the point (3, 2, − 4) and parallel to line 𝑙1 .

𝑥+1 𝑦+3 𝑧+5 𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧−6

12. Show that the lines line = = and line = = intersect each other. Find the point
3 5 7 1 3 5
1 1 3
of intersection. Ans. (2 , − 2 , − 2)

𝑥−1 𝑦−𝑏 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1

13. Find the value of b so that the lines = = and = = 𝑧 are intersecting lines. Also find
2 3 4 5 2

the point of intersection of these given lines. Ans. b = 2, Point (-1,-1,-1).

14. Show that the lines→

𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) and 𝑟⃗ = (4𝑖 ̂ − 𝑘 ̂ ) + 𝜇(2𝑖 ̂ + 3𝑘 ̂ ) intersect. Also find the
point of intersection. Ans (4,0, -1)
15. Prove that the line through A (0, -1, -1) and B (4,5,1) intersect the line through C (3,9,4) and D (-4,4,4).
Also find the point of intersection

16. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1,2, −4) and perpendicular to the two
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
lines: = = and = = ANS. 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
3 −16 7 3 8 −5

17. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the line passing through the point (1,-1,1) and perpendicular
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
to the lines joining the points A(4,3,2), B(1,-1,0) and C(1,2,-1), D(2,1,1).. ANS. = =
−10 4 7

18. Find the equation of the line passing through (1,2, −4) and perpendicular to both the lines given by 𝑟⃗ =
3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
𝑥+3 𝑦−1
19. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (0,2,3) to the line 5
= 2
=
𝑧+4
3
, also find the length of the perpendicular. ANS.(2,3, −1); √21

36 6 23
20 Find the image of the point 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ in the line →
𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) ANS.( , − , )
7 7 7

(2,1,2) in the line 𝑥−4 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

21. Find the image of the point = = . Ans (6,3,4)
1 −1 −1

22. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A (-1,8,4) to the line joining
the points B(0,-1,3) and C(2,-3,-1). Hence find the image of the point A in the line BC.
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧
23. Find the value of a + b + c where (a, b, c) is the image of the point (1,2,-3) in the line = = −1
2 −2

Ans: 2

24. If a point R (4, y, z) lies on the line segment joining the points P(2,-3,4) and Q(8,0,10). Find the distance of R from
the origin. Ans: 22√14

25. Find the equations of the line passing through the points A (1,2,3) and B (3,5,9). Hence find the coordinates of
the points on this line which are at a distance of 14 units from the point B Ans: (7,11,21) or (-1, -1, -3)

26. Find the vector and cartesian equations of a line passing through the points (1,2, -4) and parallel to the line
√293
joining the points A (3,3, -5) and B(1,0,-11). Hence find the distance between the two lines. Ans 7

27. Find the equations of all sides of the parallelogram ABCD whose vertices are A (4,7,8), B(2,3,4), C(-1,-2,1) and
28 56 83
D(1,2,5). Also find the coordinates of the foot if the perpendicular from A to CD. Ans( 9 , , )
9 9

𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3

25. Find the point on the line 3
= 2
= 2
at a distance of 3√2 from the point (1,2,3).

𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3

26. Find the points on the line 3
= 2
= 2
at a distance of 5 units from the point 𝑃 (1, 3, 3).

27. If a line makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿 with the four diagonals of a cube,

4
Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 = 3