EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL

2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
CHAPTER: ELECTROMAGNETISM
Points to remember:

Oersted’s Experiment on the Magnetic Effect of Electric Current:

When current flows through the conductor, then the compass needle shows deflection.
The deflection of the needle indicates that a magnetic field is established around a current carrying wire. If the
current is reversed, then the needle is deflected in opposite direction. There is no deflection in compass needle, if no
current flows through the conductor.
On increasing the current in the wire or bringing the needle closer to the wire, the deflection of the needle increases.

Magnetic Field
The space around a magnet or a current carrying conductor in which its effect can be experienced, is called
magnetic field.
Magnetic field is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is tesla (T)

Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor

The magnetic field lines around a current carrying straight conductor are concentric circles whose centres lie on the
wire and lying in the plane perpendicular to straight wire.

Right Hand Thumb Rule

It states that, if you hold the current carrying straight wire in the grip of your right hand in such a way that the
stretched thumb points in the direction of current, then the direction of the curl of the fingers will give the direction
of the magnetic field. This rule is also called Maxwell’s corkscrew rule.

Magnetic Field Due to a Current through a Circular Loop

The magnetic field lines due to a circular coil is shown in given figure. At every point of a current carrying circular
loop, the concentric circles represent the magnetic field around it. At the centre of loop, the field appears to be a
straight line.
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a solenoid that works like a magnet when current flows through it. It consists of a long
insulated copper wire wound around a soft iron core. The magnetic effect remains, till the current is flowing
through the solenoid.

The strength of an electromagnet increases with

(i) increase in number of turns in the coil per unit length.
(ii) increase in the amount of current flowing through the coil.
(iii) decrease in the air gap between poles. this is basically magnetic permeability only

Uses of Electromagnet
Following are the uses of electromagnet
(i) It is used for lifting and transporting large masses of iron scrap, girder, plates, etc.
(ii) It is used for loading the furnace with iron.
(iii) It is used for separating the magnetic substances such as iron from debris and raw materials.
(iv) It is used for removing pieces of iron from wounds.

Comparison between Electromagnet and Permanent Magnet

Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field in a direction other than the magnetic field, it
experiences a force.
The direction of force on the conductor depends on
(i) Direction of Current The direction of force on the conductor can be reversed by reversing the direction of
current.
(ii) Direction of Magnetic Field The direction of force on the conductor can be reversed by reversing the
direction of magnetic field by interchanging the position of poles.
Force on the current carrying conductor is maximum when the direction of current is at right angles to the
direction of magnetic field.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
The direction of force which acts on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is given by Fleming’s
left hand rule.
It states that, if the forefinger, thumb and middle finger of left hand are stretched mutually perpendicular to each
other and the forefinger points along the direction of external magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction
of current, then thumb points the direction of
force acting on the conductor.

D.C. Electric Motor

It is a rotating device which used for converting electric energy into mechanical energy.
It is based on the principle that when a current carrying rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field, then two
equal and opposite forces act on the coil, which rotates it
continuously.

Construction of Electric Motor

The main parts of electric motor are described below
(i) Armature It is a rectangular coil wound around a soft iron core which is kept in between the poles of a
permanent magnet. When current flow through armature coil, then magnetic force act on it and it rotates
along its axis.
(ii) Split Rings These are the parts of a ring, fixed to the coil, these are used to reverse the direction of current
flowing through armature coil every time, it passes through the vertical position.
(iii) Brushes These are made up of carbon/copper, these are pressed tightly against split rings. Their main
function is to connect the coil with the current supply.
(iv) Magnet It is a strong house-shoe magnet either permanent or electromagnet. Its function is to produce
magnetic field, so that magnetic force can act on armature coil.
(v) DC Source It is battery connected to the brush to flow the electric current in armature coil, so that magnetic
force can act on it.

The speed of rotation of the motor can be increased by

(i) increasing the strength of the current in the coil.
(ii) increasing the number of turns in the coil.
(iii) increasing the area of the coil.
(iv) increasing the strength of magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction
The phenomenon of production of emf in a conductor on changing the magnetic field around it, is called
electromagnetic induction.
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule
The direction of induced current in a straight conductor is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule. It states that, if the
forefinger, middle finger and thumb of the right hand are stretched at right angles to each other, with the forefinger
in the direction of the field and the thumb in the direction of the motion of the wire, then the current in the wire is in
the direction of the middle finger.

Direct Current (DC)

An electric current whose magnitude is either constant or variable but the direction of flow in a conductor remains
the same is called direct current. It is denoted by DC. Sources of DC are voltaic cell, a dry cell, battery, DC
generator, etc.

Alternating Current (AC)

An electric current whose magnitude changes with time and direction reverses periodically is called alternating
current.
The number of cycles completed by the AC in one second is called the frequency of AC. The frequency of AC in
India is 50 Hz which means that AC changes its polarity after 1/100 second as it completes one cycle.

Advantages of AC over DC
Advantages of AC over DC are as follow
(i) With the help of a transformer, AC at any desired voltage can be obtained.
(ii) AC can be easily converted into DC by using a device called rectifier.
(iii) The cost of generation of AC is less than the cost of generation of DC.
(iv) AC can be controlled without much loss of electric power than DC.
(v) AC machines are very durable and do not need much maintenance.
(vi) For long distance transmission, AC is preferred as it causes minimum loss of energy during transmission.

Electric (A.C.) Generator

It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
It is used to produce electric current by varying magnetic
field through a coil.
Parts of Electric Generator
The different parts of electric generator are explained as below
(i) Armature It is a coil having large number of turns of insulated copper wire wound over a soft iron core.
(ii) Field Magnet It is a powerful magnet that provides a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of coil between the North and South poles.
(iii) Slip Rings In an AC generator, we use slip rings–full rings with which the ends of coil are in contact. DC
generator uses split ring type commutator-half rings with which the ends of the armature coil are in contact.
(iv) Brushes There are two stationary metallic carbon brushes which are in contact with external device and rings.
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL

Transformer
It is a device which is used to increase or decrease the
amplitude of an alternating emf.
The transformers are of following types
(i) Step-up transformer
(ii) Step-down transformer

Principle of Transformer
It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction i.e., producing induced current in second ( secondary)coil
by changing magnetic flux in the first ( primary) coil.
The following figures show step-up and step-down transformer

Uses of Transformers
Transformers are used in almost all AC operations.
Some of them are given below
(i) In the induction furnaces.
(ii) In voltage regulators for TV, computer, refrigerator, etc.
(iii) A step-down transformer is used for the purpose of weldings.
(iv) In the transmission of AC over long distances.

M.C.Q.
1. The presence of magnetic field at a point can be detected by:
(a) A strong magnet (b) A solenoid
(c) A compass needle (d) A current carrying wire
2. On reversing the direction of current in a wire, the magnetic field produced by it:
(a) Gets reversed in direction (b) Increases in strength
(c) Decreases in strength (d) Remains unchanged in strength and direction
3. The direction of induced current is obtained by:
(a) Fleming’s left hand rule (b) Clock rule
(c) Right hand thumb rule (d) Fleming’s right hand rule
4. A straight wire lying in a horizontal plane carries a current from North to South. Magnetic field at a point
directly below the wire is
(a) East (b) West
(c) North (d) South
5. On reversing the direction of current in a wire the magnetic field produced by it
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
(a) get reversed in direction (b) increases in strength
(c) decreases in strength (d) remains unchanged in strength and direction
6. In which of the following cases emf is not induced?
(a) A current is started in a wire held near a loop of wire
(b) The current is switched off in a wire held near a loop of wire
(c) A magnet is moved through a loop of wire
(d) A loop of wire is held near a magnet
7. A permanent magnet can be demagnetised by using a solenoid and switching the current on then off. Which
diagram shows the most effective method of producing demagnetisation?

8. The diagram below shows a free conductor AB is kept in a magnetic field and is carrying current from A to B.
(To avoid confusion complete path of the circuit is not shown) The direction of the force experienced by the
conductor will be:

(a) Up (b) Down

(c) Towards N (d) Towards S
9. A wire carrying a current is held over a freely suspended magnetic needle, such that the current in the wire
flows from south to north. The direction in which the north end of freely suspended magnetic needle will
point towards.
(a) West (b) East
(c) South (d) North
10. By reversing the direction of current in an electromagnet, the magnetic field produced by it
(a) increases in strength (b) remains unchanged in strength and direction
(c) gets reversed in direction (d) decreases in strength
11. The strength of a magnetic field depends on:
1. magnitude of current
2. direction of current
3. both (1) and (2)
4. none of the above
12. In the figure given below, current is passed in a downward direction through a cardboard. The magnetic field
lines would be:
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL

1. straight lines
2. concentric circles
3. elliptical lines
4. squares
13. The point where two magnetic fields are equal but opposite in direction is called a:
1. parallel point
2. magnetic point
3. pole point
4. neutral point
14. Which of the following statements is not true ?
1. The strength of magnetic field due to a bar magnet can be changed.
2. A solenoid behaves like a bar magnet i.e. it attracts iron filings.
3. The magnetic field increases if a soft iron core is placed along the axis of solenoid.
4. The magnetic field lines inside the solenoid are nearly straight and parallel to the axis of solenoid.
15. Which of the following statements is not true for an electromagnet ?
1. It is made of soft iron.
2. Its magnetic field strength can be changed.
3. The polarity of an electromagnet cannot be changed.
4. It can easily be demagnetised.

ASSERTION AND REASONING:

A if Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B if Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C if Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D if Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
1. Assertion: At the neutral point, the resultant magnetic field is zero.
Reason: The magnetic field at any point is the combined effect of the magnetic field due to current in the wire
and the magnetic field of the Earth.
2. Assertion: Induced e.m.f. will always occur whenever there is a change in magnetic flux.
Reason: Current always induces whenever there is a change in magnetic flux.
3. Assertion: Faraday's laws are consequence of conservation of energy.
Reason: In purely resistive AC circuit, the current lags behind the emf in phase.
4. Assertion: An emf can be induced by moving conductor in a magnetic field.
Reason: An emf can be induced by changing the magnetic field.
5. Assertion: Current carrying solenoid is somewhat similar to a bar magnet.
Reason: Solenoid and bar magnet have similar magnetic field lines.
6. Assertion: The core of transformer is made-up of soft iron.
Reason: Soft iron core does not allow magnetic field lines to pass through it.
7. Assertion: Transformer is used to increase or decrease an alternative emf.
Reason: A transformer affects the frequency of the alternating voltage.
8. Assertion: AC Generator converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Reason: Due to the rotation of the coil the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and emf is induced.
9. Assertion: An electromagnet is a permanent magnet.
Reason: Current carrying solenoid is a temporary magnet.
10. Assertion: When the coil of DC motor is in the vertical position to the magnetic field, couple is zero.
Reason: The direction of current is parallel to the direction of magnetic field, then no force acts.
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
LEVEL 1
1. How does the strength of magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor depend upon
(i) distance from the conductor
(ii) current flowing through the conductor?
2. What will happen to a compass needle when the compass is placed below a wire and a current is made to flow
through the wire? Give a reason to justify your answer.
3. (i) Why does a current carrying freely suspended solenoid rest along a particular direction?
(ii) State the direction in which it rests.
4. Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise.
Apply the right hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
5. State two advantages of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet.
6. The given figure shows a DC motor model used by a student to study electromagnetism.

The two ends of the coil are fixed to a pair of curve elastic metal strips. The metal strips are connected to the
power supply with a rheostat.
(i) State the direction of rotation of the coil when viewed from the front.
(ii) The student is still testing on the feasibility of using the metal strips in the model. What is he trying to
achieve?
7. State the energy change which takes place, when a magnet is moved inside a coil having a galvanometer at its
ends. Name this phenomenon.
8. Two circular coils A and B are placed close to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some
current be induced in the coil B? Give reason.
9. (i) What is an AC generator or dynamo used for?
(ii) Name the principle on which it works.
10. State what would happen to the direction of rotation of a motor, if
(i) the current were reversed?
(ii) both current and magnetic field were reversed simultaneously?
11. A device is used to transform 12 V AC to 200 V AC.
(i) What is the name of this device?
(ii) Name the principle on which it works.
12. (i) How is the emf across primary and secondary coils of a transformer related with the number of turns of
coil in them?
(ii) On which type of current do transformers work?
13. A horizontal power line carries current in East to West direction. What is the direction of the magnetic field
due to the current in the power line at a point above and at a point below the power line?
14. The flow of current in a circular wire creates a magnetic field at its centre. How can existence of this field be
detected? State the rule which helps to predict the direction of magnetic field.
15. State the rule to determine the direction of a
(i) magnetic field produced around a straight conductor carrying current.
(ii) force experienced by a current carrying straight conductor placed in a magnetic field.

LEVEL 2
1. A circular metallic loop is kept above the wire AB as shown below What is the direction of induced current
produced in the loop, if any, when the current flowing in the straight wire
(i) is steady i.e., does not vary?
(ii) is increasing in magnitude?
 EXAMINATION REFERENCE MATERIAL
2024-25
Grade: 10 Subject: Physics

BHOPAL
2. (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the various components of a step-down transformer.
(ii) State the main difference between a step-up and step-down transformer.
3. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2300V to a step-down transformer with its primary windings
having 4000 turns. What should be the number of turns in the secondary in order to get output power at
230V?
4. A 60Wload is connected to the secondary at transformer whose primary draws line voltage. If current of 0.54
A flows in the load, what is the current in the primary coil? Comment on the type a transformer a being used.
5. A step-up transformer operated on a 2.5 kV line. It supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio of the primary
winding to the secondary is 10 : 1. If the transformer is 100% efficient, then calculate
(i) the power output
(ii) the voltage and
(iii) the current is the secondary.
6. A small valued resistance XY is connected across the ends of a coil. Predict the direction of induced current in
the resistance XY, when
(i) South pole of a magnet moves towards end A of coil.
(ii) South pole of magnet moves away from end A of the coil.
7. Fig shows a coil connected to a centre zero galvanometer G. The galvanometer shows a deflection to the right
when the N-pole of a powerful magnet is moved to the right as shown.

(i) Does the direction of the current in the coil appear clockwise or anticlockwise when viewed from the end
A?
(ii) State the observation in G when the coil is moved away from N.
(iii) State the observation in G when both the coil and the magnet are moved to the right at the same speed.
8. The diagram shows AC generator:

i) Name the part labelled by A.

ii) The brightness of the lamp varies as the coil is turned. Why?
9. A coil P is connected to a torch bulb and placed parallel to another coil Q as shown in figure.

Explain the following observations

(i) Bulb lights
(ii) Bulb gets dimmer, if the coil P is moved upwards.
10. (i) Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines through and around a current-carrying loop of wire. Mark the
direction of
(a) electric current in the loop
(b) magnetic field lines
(ii) How would the strength of magnetic field due to current-carrying loop be affected if
(a) radius of the loop is reduced to half of its original value?
(b) strength of current through the loop is doubled?