SM14103 MATHEMATICS I differentiate complex number with the real number describe and used the properties of complex number express complex number in polar or exponential form know how to use the De Moivre’s theorem 2 4.1 Introduction of Complex Number 4.2 Properties of Complex Number 4.3 Complex Number in Polar and Exponential Form 4.4 Powers and Roots of Complex Number 3 see how the real number system is only a part of a larger number system; call the "complex" numbers. see how the interpretations of In this addition, multiplication, and negation of real numbers chapter, generalize to the complex you will numbers. learn about a new operation, which applies to complex numbers, called conjugation, and discuss its geometric significance. 4 Complex Numbers Definition 4.1: Combine real numbers with imaginary numbers z=a+bi Imaginary unit
Imaginary part, Real part, Im(z) Re(z)
Examples 4.5 + i ⋅ 2 6 3 + 4i 3 −6 + i 2 5 The Imaginary Number i By definition −1 =i ⇔ i 2 =−1 Consider powers of i 2 i = −1 3 2 i =i ⋅ i =−i Definition 4.2: i 4 = i 2 ⋅ i 2 = −1 ⋅ −1 = 1 Square roots of negative numbers i5 = i 4 ⋅ i = 1⋅ i = i ... 6 Using i Theorem 4.1: Now we can handle quantities that occasionally show up in mathematical solutions −a = −1 ⋅ a = i a What about −49 −18
Warning Consider −16 ⋅ −49 It is tempting to combine them −16 ⋅ −49 = +16 ⋅ 49 =4 ⋅ 7 =28
The multiplicative property of radicals only works for positive values under the radical sign Instead; use imaginary numbers −16 −49 =4i ⋅ 7i =4 ⋅ 7 ⋅ i 2 =−28
7 Example 4.1 : Given that the following complex numbers as, Write these complex numbers in standard form a + bi
9 − −75 9 − 75i
−16 + 7 7 + 4i Identify the real part and the imaginary part of these complex number. − −100 −10i
Solution :
8 The Argand diagram Conjugate of complex number The arithmetic of complex number Equality Addition and subtraction Multiplication Division Square roots Modulus and argument of complex number 9 −2 + 3i ? 3 + 4i ? Graph in coordinate plane −5i ? Called the complex plane 3 + 4i -2 + 3i • Horizontal axis • is the real axis
Vertical axis is the imaginary axis • -5i
10 Conjugate of complex number Definition 4.3:
Also denoted as z* z* is the mirror image of z in the x axis
11 12 13 14 The Equality of complex number If z1 & z2 both are complex number and z1 = z2 , then Re(z1) = Re(z2) Im(z1) = Im(z2) Represented by the same point on Argand diagram
15 Operations on Complex Numbers : Complex numbers can be combined with Addition ( 2 − 4i ) + ( 4 − 3i ) 6 − 7i Subtraction ( −3 + i ) − (8 + 2i ) −11 − i Multiplication Square roots (1 − i ) ⋅ ( 4 + 2i ) 6 − 2i If z2 = a + bi and z = x + yi, therefore division ( x + yi ) = 2 Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the a + bi denominator (x 2 ) − y 2 + ( 2 xy ) i =a + bi 3i 3i 5 + 2i = ⋅ Using the properties of complex 5 − 2i 5 − 2i 5 + 2i number equality we have 15i + 6i 2 = 25 − 4i 2 x2 − y 2 = a and 2xy = b −6 + 15i 6 15 = − + i = 29 29 29 16 17 Modulus and argument of complex number : modulus of a complex number
argument of complex number
18 Modulus of a Complex Number Defined as the length of the line segment From the origin To the point Calculated by 3 + 4i using Pythagorean • Theorem
3 + 4𝑖𝑖 = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5
19 Properties of modulus & argument:
20 10 minutes break
21 Polar Form of Complex Number a + bi • Consider the graphical representation r b θ a
How do we We note that a right triangle is formed determine θ?
a b b =cos θ = sin θ θ = tan−1
r r a =a r= cos θ b r sin θ where = r z= a 2 + b2 22 = Now we use a cos θ r= b r sin θ Product of Complex Numbers in Polar and substitute into z = a + bi Form: Multiply the modulus values Add the θ's Result is z = r ⋅ cos θ + i ⋅ r ⋅ sin θ
Abbreviation is often z= r ⋅ cisθ
Quotient of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
23 The complex number
24 Using Polar Representation Recall that a complex number can be represented as
z = r ⋅ ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ )
Then it follows that =z 2
r ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ ) ⋅ r ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ ) = r 2 ⋅ ( cos 2θ + i ⋅ sin 2θ ) What about z3 ?
25 DeMoivre's Theorem In general (a + bi)n is z n = r n ⋅ ( cos ( n ⋅ θ ) + i ⋅ sin ( n ⋅ θ ) )
26 27 Using DeMoivre to Find Roots Again, starting with a + bi = z = r ⋅ ( cos θ + i ⋅ sin θ ) z = r ⋅ ( cos ( n ⋅ θ ) + i ⋅ sin ( n ⋅ θ ) ) also works when n is a n n
fraction Thus, we can take a root of a complex number 1/ n 1/ n θ + 360 ⋅ k θ + 360 ⋅ k z = r ⋅ cos + i ⋅ sin n n 2π k Note that there will be n such roots One each for k = 0, k = 1, … k = n – 1
28 29 Example 4.6 −1 + i ⋅ 3 2 6 Find the two square roots of 2 +i⋅ 2 Represent as z = r cis θ What is r? Roots will be equally spaced 2 What is θ? around a circle with radius r1/2
2 6 Solutions: − 2 −i⋅ 2
−1 + i ⋅ 3 ( 2 ( cos120 + i ⋅ sin120 ) ) 1/2
120 120 120 + 360 120 + 360
= 2 ⋅ cos + i ⋅ sin and 2 ⋅ cos + i ⋅ sin 2 2 2 2
30 Graphical Interpretation of Roots : Consider cube root of 27 3 3 3
