OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – VALENZUELA

120 McArthur Highway, Valenzuela city

Investigating the Effectiveness of Clean Energy

Technologies in Enhancing the Ship Operation from Wind
Power to Electric Propulsion.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Software Application and Network
Systems Used in Seagoing ships in College Department

Submitted by:
Leader:
Member:

Submitted to: Dr. Londren Velasco

 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – VALENZUELA
120 McArthur Highway, Valenzuela city

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Maritime sector, a fundamental backbone of world trade and interaction, is going through
an important stage, where an increased attention to its environmental implications is felt. The
world is moving towards sustainability as it puts pressure on traditional shipping practices
dependent on fossil fuels. This study intends to examine the efficiency of clean energy
technology in changing the mode of operations from a ship perspective, focusing on the
transformative role of wind and electric drive. The maritime industry is one of the most important
sectors that sustain the global trading and transport system, Nevertheless, the environmental
damage caused by traditional shipping, based on combustion, has led to rethinking the
industry’s viability. As questions about climate change and pollution mount up, the search for
more efficient and cleaner technologies becomes inevitable. The purpose of this study is to
scrutinize the changing facets of maritime energy systems with particular attention to clean
energies and their ability to improve ship operations.
Switching from old, dirty fossil fuel-driven propulsion to clean technologies like wind or
electric power for ships is a paradigm change in the shipping industry. The purpose for this shift,
however, is motivated by both environmental pressures and regulations on emissions and
pollution. However, wind power is an area worth giving more attention to because of its
utilization of advanced sails and auxiliary wind propulsion system. However, the development of
renewable power based electric propulsion systems represents an innovative solution to push
forward ships towards less energy consuming and environmentally friendly ship operations. This
is one area where the use of clean energy technology has come as a potential direction for
reducing marine activities’ environmental footprint. As such, wind power is coming back after
developments in sail technologies and a new wind-assist propulsion system. In parallel, electric
propulsion supported by enhancements in battery technology and incorporation of renewable
energy sources offers another green and cleaner shipping approach.
According to Minyang Huang et. al (2021) Many of the businesses today require more
energy than ever to meet their expanding needs, using non-renewable energy has a negative
impact on the environment. In addition to causing an inevitable resource deficit in the future, the
widespread use of non-renewable energy also fuels a few global disputes and issues. For the
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sake of all future generations, it is imperative that we aggressively increase the use of
renewable energy sources to lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. As more and more attempts are
made to create and use renewable energy, nations all over the world are becoming more and
more aware of this issue. As of IRENA's date, we currently have 622GW of installed wind power
and over 584GW of installed solar power. The amount of research and application of renewable
energy is increasing. Since renewable energy is less expensive to build and operate on land,
most renewable energy projects are either on land or offshore. On the other hand, since the
oceans cover more than 70% of the planet, there is a vast amount of unrealized potential for the
development of renewable resources like wind and solar power. notwithstanding this, non-
renewable energy is the primary source of power for marine engineering platforms like ships
and offshore platforms, notwithstanding the benefits of the water. These days, the use of
renewable energy technologies like fuel cells, solar energy, and offshore wind power is growing
quickly. As a result, marine renewable energy is being promoted and applied more and more,
notably on ships.
Evaluating the feasibility of switching from wind to electric power is an important
undertaking for the maritime sector because of the possible effects on economy and practicality.
The initial outlay needed for such a change is one important factor to consider. Understanding
the up-front costs involved in purchasing and installing electric propulsion systems, including
motors and batteries, is crucial because the maritime industry often operates on a limited
budget. The assessment ought to balance the upfront costs with the possible long-term
advantages to ascertain whether adopting electric propulsion is financially feasible. An
additional important component of this assessment is operational costs. In comparison to
conventional wind-based alternatives, the economic feasibility of electric propulsion systems is
largely dependent on ongoing maintenance, fuel, and electricity costs. Through a life cycle
analysis of both systems, stakeholders can make well-informed decisions about which
technology best fits their budgetary and sustainability objectives. Furthermore, to guarantee
continuous operations, it is essential to comprehend the maintenance needs and dependability
of electric propulsion systems in a maritime environment. As stated by Onur Yildirim (2023), one
important consideration impacting the viability of switching to electric propulsion is energy
efficiency. It is critical to evaluate how well each system transforms energy into propulsion while
taking power losses and energy storage into account. Although electric propulsion systems
have the potential to use energy more cleanly and effectively, a careful analysis of their viability
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in practical maritime operations is necessary. Furthermore, the success of electric propulsion

systems depends heavily on developments in battery technology and the ability to store and
produce energy, so continuous technological advancements are an important factor to consider
during the assessment process, the impact of the transition on the environment is a major
concern that goes beyond financial considerations. Making the transition to electric propulsion
can help lower emissions and increase the sustainability of the sector. This considers the
increasing emphasis on ecologically friendly practices and regulatory frameworks designed to
reduce pollution in maritime activities on a global scale. Thus, to make well-informed decisions
that strike a balance between ecological and economic concerns, a thorough assessment of the
environmental benefits and consequences associated with the switch from wind to electric
propulsion is essential. To sum up, assessing the feasibility and economic viability of switching
to electric propulsion in the maritime sector requires a thorough examination of startup and
running costs, energy efficiency, technological developments, and environmental effects.
According to Jan Emblemsvåg (2023), the complexity of the related factors, estimating
the environmental benefits of switching from conventional wind power to electric propulsion
systems in the maritime industry is a significant challenge. Measuring the reductions in carbon
emissions accurately is one of the main challenges. Even though electric propulsion systems
are typically thought to be cleaner, both technologies' complete life cycles—including
production, installation, use, and disposal—must be considered. Assessing the environmental
impact that goes beyond carbon emissions is a challenge, especially when it comes to air
pollution. Many people praise conventional wind power for being a clean energy source that
produces few air pollutants. Nonetheless, there may still be some environmental impact from
the wind turbine manufacturing and maintenance procedures. One of the Sustainable
Development Goals is to guarantee that everyone has access to modern, affordable,
dependable, and sustainable energy. As a result, some nations have made large investments in
wind energy, but emissions—a common indicator of sustainability in this context—have not
decreased noticeably. 20% to 40% reductions are the norm. Therefore, we test the hypothesis
that, when life-cycle emissions are considered, wind energy reduces emissions when compared
to using gas turbines. Because of the record-high wind penetration in Ireland, the grid is being
studied. With the help of 828 Life-Cycle Assessment cases and high-resolution grid data
spanning four years, the model can analyze demand, supply, and life-cycle emissions in detail,
as well as how these factors change because of increased gas turbine ramping and increased
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grid reserves needed to maintain grid reliability when wind power is deployed. There is some
inclusion of indirect effects. Using Monte Carlo simulations, 10,000 samples are taken from the
model. The hypothesis is supported by the results, which indicate a 10–20% reduction in
emissions. But with wind penetration averaging 34% in 2019, well above the 65% limit for non-
synchronous generation set by the system operator to ensure grid reliability, such moderate
reductions logically suggest that, given current emissions, costs, and technology, it is not
feasible to achieve an affordable, low-carbon grid using wind in conjunction with fossil energy
balancing. This important discovery can be applied to other grids where fossil energy balancing
is necessary, and wind has a significant penetration rate. Therefore, when fossil fuel generators
are used to balance wind energy, it is not sustainable.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The primary goal of this research is to provide a thorough understanding of the potential
transition in ship operations. First and foremost, the study aims to thoroughly evaluate whether
switching from traditional wind power to electric propulsion by means of cutting-edge clean
energy technologies is feasible. The research endeavors to ascertain the feasibility and
practicability of the proposed transition by means of a comprehensive analysis, thereby
illuminating the associated opportunities and challenges.

An essential component of the research is assessing the financial and environmental

advantages of ship adoption of electric propulsion systems. Through an analysis of these two
pivotal dimensions, the study aims to measure and characterize the beneficial effects on the
ecological sustainability of maritime operations as well as the associated economic factors. This
evaluation will offer insightful information about the wider effects of the marine industry
implementing cleaner propulsion technologies.

Moreover, the research is dedicated to a thorough investigation of the technical

difficulties involved in putting clean energy technologies into practice for ship propulsion. This
entails a proactive search for viable solutions in addition to a thorough analysis of the potential
roadblocks that could appear during the integration process. The research intends to assist in
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the creation of practical solutions for resolving obstacles related to the adoption of cutting-edge
propulsion technologies by recognizing and addressing these technical issues. In the end, the
study aims to convert its conclusions into useful suggestions. These suggestions aim to advise
and educate stakeholders in the maritime transportation industry about the most effective
means of incorporating clean energy technologies. The study aims to help realize a more
environmentally conscious and sustainable future for maritime transportation by providing
concrete recommendations for best practices, policy considerations, and industry standards.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Give a thorough understanding of the possible transition in ship operations, with a

particular focus on the use of cutting-edge clean energy technologies to convert traditional wind
power to electric propulsion. Through a thorough analysis, the study seeks to determine
whether this transition is feasible and practicable, highlighting the advantages and
disadvantages of doing so. Furthermore, the study aims to evaluate the economic and
ecological benefits of implementing electric propulsion systems in ships. This entails quantifying
and describing the benefits that come with adopting cleaner propulsion technologies in terms of
both the financial implications and the ecological sustainability of maritime operations.

Focusing on examining the technical challenges involved in using clean energy

technologies for ship propulsion. This involves proactively seeking solutions and conducting a
comprehensive analysis of potential barriers to provide useful insights to address challenges
pertaining to the integration of advanced propulsion technologies. The study's goal is to turn its
conclusions into recommendations that can be put into practice. These suggestions aim to
direct industry participants in the maritime transportation sector toward the most efficient means
of integrating clean energy technologies, thereby advancing the realization of a more
sustainable and ecologically aware future for maritime transportation.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

The specific objectives of this research are:

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1. Performing a thorough assessment of the viability and practicality of switching ship

operations from conventional wind power to electric propulsion with the use of state-of-
the-art clean energy technologies.
2. Calculating and characterizing the benefits—financial and environmental—of switching
to electric propulsion systems for ships, offering information about the ecological viability
and financial aspects of maritime operations.
3. Examine the technical difficulties involved in integrating clean energy technologies for
ship propulsion. Seek workable solutions and remove any obstacles to enable the
integration of advanced propulsion technologies in real-world applications.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research's scope includes a thorough examination of the efficiency of clean energy
technologies in the maritime sector, with a particular emphasis on the switch from conventional
wind power to electric propulsion in ship operations. The research will encompass a
comprehensive analysis of diverse clean energy technologies and their possible uses,
evaluating their influence on augmenting the effectiveness, durability, and general functioning of
vessels. Furthermore, the study will investigate technological developments and innovations
that facilitate the effective application of electric propulsion systems. To guarantee a
comprehensive grasp of the worldwide ramifications of implementing clean energy technologies
in ship operations, the geographical scope will encompass pertinent maritime regions.

It is important to recognize certain limitations while aiming for comprehensiveness. The

effectiveness of clean energy technologies in the context of ship operations will be the focus of
the research, with a focus on the switch from wind power to electric propulsion. It might not
address every nuance of every available clean energy technology. Furthermore, due to
confidentiality concerns, the study may not be able to access proprietary information from
industry stakeholders. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of technological advancements in the
maritime industry and the accessibility of current data may pose constraints to the research. The
information and data available up to the cutoff date will be the basis for the study's conclusions
and recommendations; any later developments might not be considered.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

LOCAL LITERATURE

According to Marinetime News (2023) A shift is taking place in the maritime shipping
sector as it works toward decarbonization. Even though it's the most effective way to move
goods around the world, maritime shipping nevertheless contributes significantly to greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions. As a result, the industry will have a difficult time achieving its target of
having ships' GHG emissions fall to less than 50% by 2050. The shipping industry has adopted
several energy-saving measures to meet climate targets. These include coatings on hulls that
reduce friction, reducing vessel speed, and investigating cutting-edge carbon-cutting and
renewable energy solutions. Wind power is one such alternative energy source that is being
investigated. Wind energy is viewed as an essential addition to other energy sources because it
is essentially limitless. This article goes into more detail on wind energy and how it can assist
the maritime sector in meeting its climate targets.

In accordance with Sinay (2022), The Offshore wind farms are constructed offshore,
away from populated areas and natural landscapes. The amount of electricity produced per
installed capacity can be increased more significantly offshore due to wind speeds that are
faster than on land. Because the wind speed is steadier offshore, this energy source is also
more dependable. Finally, neither billions of gallons of water nor greenhouse gases are used by
OWF. Offshore wind farms (OWFs), which have been in use since 1991, are composed of
multiple wind turbines erected in one area. With its larger capacity and ability to pool resources,
this power plant creates economies of scale for planning, building, and maintenance. The idea
is that wind energy can be converted into electrical power by using turbines as generators. After
that, the electricity is sent to an offshore substation, where its voltage is stabilized, via a cable
buried beneath the ocean floor. Exporting the electricity to an onshore substation, where it is
integrated into the main electrical grid, is the last stage.

According to Pascual (2022) Most offshore wind farms have bottom-fixed locations with
water depths of less than 50 meters. In many countries with steep continental shelves, the only
practical option for developing offshore wind farms is to use floating platforms, which are
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economically feasible for deeper waters. One option is to use Floating Production and Storage
(FPS) sailing ships, which use wind force to navigate the ocean and use some of the harvested
wind power to produce and store fuel. This is particularly useful if wind energy is being
harvested far offshore in deep waters (more than 200 m depth and hundreds of km from the
coast). The term "energy ship" refers to these vessels.)

FOREIGN LITERATURE

It is thought that the electricity produced by wind power can aid in lowering CO2
emissions and fuel oil consumption. For the case study, an oil tanker has been chosen. The
study route entails a round-trip from Singapore to Taichung and Jeddah. Based on the wind
data that is available along the routes, wind power generation is computed. To determine
whether investing in this project is feasible, an economic assessment has been done. The result
of using the simple payback method indicates that the investment cost will be recovered in ten
years. Additionally, a 10% internal rate of return over a 16-year investment period is indicated
by Net Present Value, which is positive. Fuel oil consumption and CO2 emissions are
significantly reduced after the system is installed onboard. For vessels operating in normal sea
conditions along the chosen study routes, a yearly savings of 38.69% can be realized, based on
the studies of Yaakob Omar (2016).

According to Kosmas Vasileios (2021) Since wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP)

uses wind to replace some of the propulsive power produced from fossil fuels, it appears to be a
promising solution for speeding up the shipping industry's decarbonization efforts. Using a
secondary data review analysis, this article addresses the current state of WASP technological
growth in the maritime transport industry, outlines potential fuel-saving implications, and
identifies critical factors that influence the technology's operational efficiency. Three important
points are highlighted by the analysis. First off, there's a positive trend of technology diffusion in
the industry, even with the current small number of WASP installations. Second, depending on
the technology in place, businesses can save different amounts of fuel. Thirdly, decision makers
face both opportunities and challenges because of the environmental, on-board, and
commercial factors influencing these bunker savings.
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LOCAL STUDIES

As explained by Danao et.al (2021) The advancement and implementation of emerging

renewable energy technologies, particularly offshore wind energy, depend heavily on the
technical and economic evaluations conducted on them. These evaluations form a major part of
the foundation for the development of offshore wind farms, which would help nations like the
Philippines that are preparing for a sustainable future. The technical and financial feasibility of
offshore wind farms in the Philippines is discussed in this study. The application of exclusion
criteria, technical analysis, economic assessment, and sensitivity analysis comprised the four
stages of the analysis. The study's findings were spatially visualized using Arc GIS 10.5. To
reduce the number of possible locations for offshore wind farms, the following exclusion criteria
were used: active submerged cables, nearby ferry routes, marine protected areas, reefs, areas
used for oil and gas extraction, bathymetry, distance to grid, typhoons, and earthquakes. The
turbines SWT-3.6-120 and 6.2 M126 Senvion were taken into consideration in the technical
analysis. Using a power law, the offshore wind speed data were extrapolated from 80 m to 90 m
and 95 m. From the extrapolated wind speed, the wind power density, wind power, and annual
energy production were computed. Technically viable areas were those in the Philippines
having a capacity factor higher than 30% and a performance higher than 10%. The economic
evaluation considered the historical data of offshore wind farms that were built between 2008
and 2018. The cost of building offshore wind farms, including the costs of the turbine,
foundation, electricity, and operation and maintenance (i.e., investment cost), was modeled
using multiple linear regression. Lastly, to evaluate the offshore wind farms' economic feasibility,
the break-even selling price and levelized cost of electricity were computed. The sensitivity of
the LCOE and electricity price to the shape parameter, mean wind speed, capacity factor,
investment cost, and discount rate was examined through sensitivity analysis. Several locations
were found to be viable after exclusion criteria were applied, with Cagayan's north having the
highest capacity factor. For SWT-3.6-120 and 6.2M126 turbines, the computed capacity factor
varies from approximately 42% to 50% and 38.56% to 48%, respectively. The minimum sea
depth and plant capacity were included as predictor variables in the final regression model,
which had investment cost as the dependent variable. The adjusted R2 for the regression model
was 90.43%. With a mean absolute percentage error of 11.33%, the regression model was
verified using offshore wind farms that are currently in operation. A 25.0372 km2 offshore area's
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computed LCOE ranges from USD 157.66/MWh to USD 154.1/MWh. In the Philippines, the
breakeven price of electricity for an offshore wind farm is between PHP 8.028 and PHP 8.306
per kWh.

For what will be the nation's first offshore wind projects to be entirely owned by a foreign
entity, the Philippines Department of Energy inked contracts with Copenhagen Infrastructure
New Markets Fund, a subsidiary of Danish fund manager Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners.
According to the contracts, the Danish company will build three wind farms with a combined
capacity of 2,000 MW and operate them under 25-year operating licenses. The county does not
yet have an offshore project underway, but it does have onshore wind power. Restrictions on
foreign ownership of renewable energy development were recently lifted by the Philippines. It is
a component of the President Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. program to hasten the nation's transition to
renewable energy sources. The lifting of foreign ownership restrictions on renewable energy
projects in the Philippines in 2022, according to Niels Holst, Partner in CIP, and head of CINMF,
was a significant development for his company as it signaled to them that they could begin
making investments in the nation.

FOREIGN STUDIES

One unnoticed but significant factor in global climate change is global shipping. The
shipping sector is responsible for 3.5% to 4% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Large
cargo ships need a lot of fuel to travel great distances, and this fuel is particularly dirty. Some
transportation companies are returning to their sailing roots to save fuel costs and enhance their
brand. Wind energy is starting to reappear in the shipping sector. As stated by Comer (2020)
The industry is implementing energy-saving tactics, such as lowering speed, coating hulls with
low friction materials, and creating aerodynamic hull designs, in order to stay ahead of climate
targets. Additional innovations include new low- and non-carbon energy sources like hydrogen
as well as the investigation and application of more aggressive carbon-cutting technologies.The
wind is one alternative power source that is being investigated. Almost boundless, wind is
associated with the maritime past and is regarded as a vital adjunct to alternative energy
sources. Adding sails to current cargo and passenger ships can reduce fuel consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions by 1% to 47%, depending on the number of sails, wind speed, and
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wind direction.1 The International Windship Association, a non-profit organization of

international companies focused on the benefits of direct wind propulsion as an auxiliary and
potential alternative power, states that purpose-built wind-assisted ships could reduce fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 50% on average and some designs could even
be powered entirely by the wind. According to a study cited in the UK government's 2019 Clean
Maritime Plan, the global market for wind propulsion systems could reach a valuation of $3.5
billion by 2050.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

A thorough examination of the many facets of clean energy technologies and how they
affect ship operations, with a particular emphasis on the transition from traditional wind power to
electric propulsion. The results emphasized the transformative potential of implementing electric
propulsion systems, stressing their benefits for sustainability and operational efficiency in the
maritime industry. One important finding demonstrated the significant gains in overall
performance that ships could make by incorporating electric propulsion. This showed a real
commitment to lessening the environmental impact of maritime operations in addition to
translating into increased operational efficiency. The study placed a strong emphasis on how
electric propulsion systems can help reduce the negative effects of industry on environmental
degradation and climate change. A detailed analysis of the financial and economic aspects
showed that the use of electric propulsion systems could result in a more economical and
sustainable future for maritime operations. The research elucidated the financial benefits linked
to decreased fuel consumption and maintenance expenses, indicating that the initial financial
investments made in clean energy technologies may result in long-term financial gains.

Notwithstanding the encouraging results, the study recognized and tackled the technical
obstacles that come with applying these cutting-edge technologies. To navigate and overcome
these obstacles, workable solutions were put forth, giving stakeholders a road map for
successfully integrating electric propulsion systems into current ship operations. The results
showed that clean energy technologies have the potential to completely transform the maritime
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sector, especially the switch from wind power to electric propulsion. To move ship operations in
the direction of greater efficiency, environmental responsibility, and sustainability, the study
recommends the strategic adoption of these technologies.

CONCLUSION

In nutshell, a thorough grasp of the revolutionary potential within the maritime sector is
provided by research into how well clean energy technologies can improve ship operations,
especially the switch from wind power to electric propulsion. The results highlight the major
advantages of switching to electric propulsion systems, showing increases in economic
feasibility, environmental sustainability, and operational efficiency. The data indicates that
adopting clean energy technologies is a workable and realistic way to address the issues the
maritime industry is facing, not just a theoretical ideal. The industry is under increasing pressure
to shift towards cleaner and more sustainable practices due to the positive outcomes observed
in terms of reduced environmental impact, increased operational efficiency, and potential cost
savings.

Although the study recognizes the technical difficulties in implementing these cutting-
edge technologies, the suggested solutions provide stakeholders with a useful roadmap for
navigating and overcoming these obstacles. This demonstrates how flexible and resilient the
marine sector is when it comes to implementing cutting-edge solutions for a more sustainable
and environmentally friendly future. The conclusions and suggestions of the study support a
paradigm change in ship operations by promoting the thoughtful integration of electric
propulsion systems as a competitive substitute for conventional wind power. This conclusion
highlights how crucial it is to match industry standards with current environmental requirements
in order to encourage a more conscientious and sustainable approach to marine operations. In
the end, the investigation's findings provide insightful information to the continuing conversation
about cleaner energy technologies in the maritime sector, pointing industry participants in the
direction of a more efficient and environmentally conscious future.

RECOMMENDATION OF THE STUDY

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These are the following recommendations that the researchers can give for related.
research from this study:

1. Adoption of Electric Propulsion Systems Strategically: As a workable and revolutionary

replacement for conventional wind power, industry stakeholders are advised to
strategically adopt electric propulsion systems. This tactical change ought to be in line
with long-term sustainability objectives and consider any possible financial gains from
lower fuel and maintenance expenses.
2. Training and Skill Development: To give maritime workers the know-how to operate and
maintain electric propulsion systems, invest in training programs and skill development
initiatives. This will guarantee a seamless transition and improve the industry's ability to
successfully adopt clean energy technologies.
3. Awareness Campaigns: Hold awareness campaigns to enlighten and educate industry
participants about the advantages and best practices related to the use of electric
propulsion systems, such as shipowners, operators, and crew members. Raising
awareness is essential to encouraging the maritime community's shared commitment to
sustainability.

Industry leaders must carefully consider the strategic adoption of electric propulsion
systems, realizing their revolutionary potential as a substitute for conventional wind power, if
they are to steer the maritime sector towards a more sustainable future. This strategic change
will be crucial in guiding the industry toward a cleaner and more financially sustainable
operating paradigm since it is in line with long-term sustainability goals and takes potential cost
savings from lower fuel and maintenance costs into account. In addition, it is critical to fund
extensive training courses and skill-building projects for marine industry workers to facilitate a
seamless transition and develop the skills required for managing and maintaining electric
propulsion systems. In order to promote a shared commitment to sustainability within the
maritime industry, it is also essential to organize awareness campaigns that inform all relevant
parties—shipowners, operators, and crew members—about the numerous advantages and best
practices linked with the adoption of electric propulsion systems.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

FORMAT BOOKS

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Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy in the Philippines (mdpi.com)
L. Guanzhoung, S. Zhang, G. Ma et.al (2023) Path Planning of Unmanned Surface Vehicle
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O. Yaakob (2016, October 25) Adaptation of Wind Power for Ship Essential Service System
Onboard. Research Gate. (PDF) Adaptation of Wind Power for Ship Essential Service System
Onboard (researchgate.net)
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Water. Advanced Polymer Coating. Marine Propulsion Systems: More Than Moving Ships
Through the Water (adv-polymer.com)