The Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi

Department of Computer Science

2022

Project Preparation Guideline for

Department of Computer Science

October 2022
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 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROJECT FOR THE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF SCEINCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BAUCHI

1.0 PREAMBLE
In the final-year project course, COM 429, student work under the supervision of a
lecturer on a selected topic for two semesters. The project's major goal is to
introduce the student to a significant issue whose resolution requires both
collaborative effort and well-structured thought. The project course offers students
the possibility to familiarize themselves with a topic in computer science that
interests them and the chance to get work-related experience. The production of
this guide has been necessitated by the observation in recent times that students of
the department are no longer following any standard guideline in the preparation
of their projects. The department, therefore, advises students to adhere strictly to
these guidelines in order to raise the quality of projects conducted in the
department.

2.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this manual is to standardize projects produced by the Department
of Computer Science and to direct the department's students through appropriate
guidelines so they can create projects that are acceptable for the Higher National
Diploma (HND) in Computer Science awarded by the Federal Polytechnic,
Bauchi.

3.0 ORGANISATIONAL SEQUENCE OF PROJECTS

Every project needs to follow the following organizational structure:
a) Cover page
b) Title page
c) Approval page
d) Declaration
e) Dedication
f) Acknowledgement
g) Abstract
h) Table of content
i) List of Figures (If there is any)
j) List of Tables (If there is any)
k) List of Appendices
l) Chapter one: Introduction
m) Chapter two: Literature review
n) Chapter three: Research Methodology
o) Chapter four: Implementation and Documentation
p) Chapter five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
q) References
r) Appendices
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3.1 THE PROJECT WRITE-UP
The following is a recommended format for a project write-up. Sometimes the
project's nature may require a different format. You should speak with your
supervisor if this is the case. It is should be noted that students must adhere to the
stipulated format.

3.1.1 Cover Page

The project topic, student name and registration number, department, school,
institution name, and submission date must all be included on the cover page. The
cover page must be in uppercase letters and bold style (see appendix 1).

3.1.2 Title Page

The title page should include the institution's logo, the project's topic, the student's
name and registration number, and the report's purpose (that is, “THE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, BAUCHI, IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE HIGHER
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER SCIENCE”). Then the date is added (see
appendix 2).

3.1.3 Approval Page

A statement indicating the approval of the project supervisor, project coordinator,
head of department, and external supervisor. They should all endorse the project
by appending their signature and date (see appendix 3).

3.1.4 Declaration
The student must affirm that the entire project including the concepts, structure,
and outcome was entirely his own original creation, under the supervision of his or
her supervisor. The student is expected to include his study topic when making the
declaration (see appendix 4).

3.1.5 Dedication
Here, the researcher honors a few select persons with a project dedication. This is
distinct from acknowledgment (see appendix 5).

3.1.6 Acknowledgements
An acknowledgement section of a project is merely a place where the author
thanks and recognizes everyone who has contributed (technical, financial, moral,
and otherwise) to the accomplishment of the project. Typically, a page is set aside

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for this purpose (see appendix 6). Examples of people you ought to acknowledge
in your paper include:
 The project's principal supervisor.
 The supportive academic staff in your department.
 The technical or support workers in your department.
 You may bring up other academic personnel from different disciplines.
organizations, establishments, or businesses.
 Fellow students or classmates who participated in the project.
 Family and friends

3.1.8 Abstract
An abstract is a 150 – 250 words single paragraph that gives readers a brief
summary of your entire project. It should summarize your main arguments and
ideas as well as any ramifications or practical uses of the research you describe in
the paper. Your abstract should consist of problem statement, technology used,
software development life cycle, tools used, result and limitation of the project.
The abstract needs to be italicized, and single line spacing. Keep in mind that the
abstract page should be written last (see appendix 7).

3.1.9 Table of Content

The chapters and significant sections of your project should be listed in the table
of contents together with their page numbers. It is crucial to have a table of
contents that is clear and well-formatted since it shows your reader that the paper
that follows will be of high quality. The table of contents accomplishes two things:
It provides users with a summary of the contents and structure of the document. It
enables readers to jump right to a certain area of the project. The following pages
should be paginated using Roman numerals: the approval page, dedication,
acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, list of
appendices, and definition of words. The remainder of the pages should be in
Arabic numerals. The table of content should be autogenerated to have a more
organized report (see appendix 8).

3.1.7 List of Figures/Tables/Appendices

Students are required to list a l l figures / t a b l e s / A p p e n d i x
used in their project. The list help to located where the figure or table is in the
project write up (see appendix 9 for sample).

3.1.10 Definition of Terms

This should provide a thorough list of all technical terminology and acronyms
along with their definitions. Free-hand definitions are discouraged, and students
are advised to rely on dictionaries or definitions from encyclopedias and other
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 knowledge base.
3.1.11 Chapter One
Typically, the first chapter is the introduction. Without assuming any prior
knowledge or presenting any extra information that can obfuscate the overview, a
good introduction should explain what the project is all about. It must anticipate
and incorporate the key ideas that are covered in detail throughout the rest of the
project report. The reason for doing the study should be sufficiently explained by
the researcher. It should be concluded with a linking paragraph that states the
objectives, constraints, and limitations. The project first chapter needs to be
written as contained below:

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.5 Justification of the Study
1.6 Organization of the Project

Background of Study
A study's background creates the backdrop for the research and is usually the first
portion of the report. It includes the justification, the thesis statement, and a
synopsis of the research topics covered in the body of the work. Because it clearly
and logically conveys the research and its significance to an uninformed audience,
the background serves as the study's central argument. All key aspect that makes
up the project topic should be clearly discussed. At times, the backdrop may even
examine whether the study supports or contradicts the results of earlier research.
Any relevant background knowledge that readers would benefit from having
before reading the paper should be made available to them. This should take a
page or a page and half.

Problem Statement
The problem or problems that you seek to solve should be identified in the
problem statement. You might need to provide some evidence for why you believe
the problems are serious and in need of resolution. If required, this should only
take a few sentences. Any observed problem shall either have primary evidences
proving its existence or secondary evidences from other researchers; this is to
ensure students are not working on an imaginary problem that will be difficult to
provide solution for it.

Aim and objectives

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The aim, in its simplest form, is a global statement that captures the major
objectives of the investigation. The aim of the project shall be a statement that
embodies general and overall solution to the observed problems. True to the
name, research aims usually start with the wording “this research aims to…”,
“this research seeks to…”, and so on.
The project objectives take the research aims and enhance their applicability and
effectiveness. Alternatively said, the study objectives outline the measures the
researcher will take to accomplish the research aim. The list of the objectives can
be introduced with the following words:
 The following are the objectives:
 The objectives are as follows:
 The objectives included the following:
 The objectives of the project can be stated as:
 The objectives of this project are as stated bellow:

 Below are the objectives: e t c.

It is important to properly list the objectives. Beginning with the following

phrases:
 To determine ....
 To find out .....
 To examine ....
 To ascertain the etc.

Scope and Limitation of Study

Any topic you choose will typically cover a large area, therefore you will need to
scale it back to a reasonable level or size because the resources (time, money,
computing resources, etc.) at your disposal are limited. Hence, students are
expected to limit the scope of their projects to a level they c a n conveniently
handle. The coverage of the study is in terms of:
i. General purpose
ii. Population or sample
iii. Time or duration
iv. Subject matters and topics discussed
v. Area or locality

Limitations
Limitations, also referred to as boundaries, are influences that the researcher is
helpless to change. They are the flaws, circumstances or effects over which the
researcher has no control. They outline the boundaries you have set for the study.
In essence, this is the place to explain:
 What you are not doing and your reason for not doing it.
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  The population you will not studying and why.
 The methodological techniques you won’t employ and your thought for
doing so.

Justification of Study
The justification for the study essentially explains why a certain research project
was carried out. What issue was it that led a student to want to do this project?
Here, you will also state the rationale behind the methodology's selection.
Justification should be able to answer such questions as:
i. Of what benefit is the project?
ii. What is the significance of the project?
iii. What is the usefulness of the project?
iv. How can the end product of this project benefit humanity?
v. What are the academic gaps this project filled?
vi. What positive changes the project brought to the case study?

Organization of the Project

This section gives an outline of the whole project that is, what is going to be
covered in each of the chapters. A very brief structure should be used to show how
you intend to carry out the entire project.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review involves the arrangement of a well-structured, articulated and
organized reports of the research done topics which are similar to the topic of the
current research. Literature review is basically meant to show your readers that
you have read and have a good understanding of the main published work
concerning a particular topic in your field of study.
Literature review involves collecting, evaluating, and analyzing publications such
as books, journal articles and internet materials that relates to your project work.
The works reviewed should be properly cited using “APA (American
Psychological Association) standard or format, internet materials should also be
cited by including their URL, for example http://www.microsoft,com, proper
citation done. 90% of the reviewed papers should be within the last 5 years.
Review of Related Work should come last followed by the Research Gap. The
related work should have a sample table as illustrated below:

S/N Authors Problem Methodology Result Limitation Proposed

identified solution

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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
select, process, and analyze information about a topic. The research methodology
is another significant part of a project. The overall plan and logic of your research
effort are referred to as the methodology. In order to create a strategy that meets
your goals, it entails researching the ideas and concepts underlying the approaches
employed in your discipline. Here you are required to state the research method
you wish to adopt and procedures and strategies you will employ in the study as
stated below:

3.1 Introduction
3.2 SDLC
3.3 Feasibility Study
3.4 Methods of Data Collection
3.4.1 Questionnaire/ interview
3.4.2 Analysis of the questionnaire/ interview
3.5 System Analysis
3.5.1 Analysis of the existing system
3.5.2 Proposed System
3.6 System Design
3.6.1 Output design
3.6.2 Input design
3.6.3 Database design
3.7 Algorithm
3.8 Adopted Programming Language
3.9 System Requirement
3.9.1 Recommended Requirement
3.9.2 Minimum requirement

Introduction
Chapter introductions perform a similar orientation purpose by introducing the
reader to the motivations, aims, procedure and argument of each specific chapter,
and giving the reader any additional information for that chapter that is required.

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

System Development Life Cycle is an iterative, multi-stage process that is
organized methodically where each stage affects the actions in subsequent ones and
provides clear information for future stages. In other words, it defines the core
stages that are important to develop a certain project from the idea or concept to
the actual deployment and further maintenance. Students should select an
appropriate life cycle that conform to their project and justification for selecting a
life cycle should also be clearly stated.
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Feasibility study
A feasibility study is merely an evaluation of the practicality of the proposed
project idea or method. This is accomplished by analyzing technical, economic,
legal, operational and time feasibility factors. As implied by the name, you are
simply asking, “Is this feasible?” For example, can you create the technology to
do what you propose? Do you have the people, tools and the resources necessary?
And, will the project get you the ROI you expect?

Methods of Data Collection

Data collection is the process of gathering information from all pertinent sources
in order to identify answers to the problem under study, assess the results,
and forecast trends and probabilities. Data can be commonly classified as primary
or secondary data. Primary data are data collected from first hand source and is yet
to be published coupled with it reliability, authenticity and objectivity. Primary
data could be quantitative and qualitative and could be collected using numerous
methods such as:
 Questionnaires
 Interviews
 Focus Group Interviews
 Observation
 Survey
 Case-studies
 Diaries
 Activity Sampling Technique
 Process Analysis
 Experimental Method
 Statistical Method etc.

Questionnaire: The purpose of a questionnaire is to collect information from

respondents about their attitudes, experiences, and opinions. You can gather both
quantitative and/or qualitative data with questionnaires.

Interview: Interview is a qualitative research method that entails asking questions

and receiving responses from the study participants. There are many different
types of interviews, including individual, face-to-face, and face-to-face group
interviews. Telephone or other technological devices can be used for asking
questions.

Analysis of the questionnaire/ interview

This is the process of analyzing the collected data from the questionnaire or
interview to get more insights.

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System Analysis
System analysis entails the gathering and analysis of data, the detection of issues,
and the breakdown of a system into its constituent parts. Existing system is used to
represent something that is currently in existence, available, or in operation,
particularly when you are comparing it with something which is planned for the
future. The proposed system outlines the goals of your current project as well as
any novel aspects of it that go beyond what is already there.

System Design
The system design specifies how a system will look and function, as well as its
components, modules, interface, and data. The design process requires a number
of different steps to be taken. The user can get a thorough grasp of how the
system works thanks to the design of the system. Unified Modelling Language
(UML) (To describe software both structurally and behaviourally with graphical
notation) and Flowchart (A schematic or stepwise representation of an
algorithm). System design comprises the Output design (Output Design should
include output forms and reports and shall be provided for projects having
software constituting end products. The forms and reports in this chapter shall be
sketches done in word processing or graphics software and NOT screenshot from
the proposed software), Input design (Input Design should include forms for
receiving inputs from users or system and shall be provided for projects having
software constituting end products. The forms in this chapter shall be sketches
done in word processing or graphics software and NOT screenshot from the
proposed software) and Database Design (should include the schema,
relationship diagram/entity diagram and any normalizing done on tables)

Algorithm
This describes the algorithm to be used in your project.

Adopted Programming Language

Here, you are required to state clearly the programming language(s) you intend to
use in your project.

System Requirement
System requirements are the configurations needed for a system to function
properly and effectively so that hardware or software applications can be used.
The system requirement is further divided into:

 Recommended Requirement
The recommended system requirement is the recommended technical
standards that must be met for the following components: computer
hardware, peripherals, commercial off-the-shelf software,

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 telecommunications and/or network connections, security firewalls, etc.

 Minimum requirement
This is the minimum tools either hardware or software needed to operate the
proposed project.

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCUMENTATION

This involves making the new system available to the user who is intended to use
the system by simply ensuring the system is operational and meets the required
quality standard. The documentation, that is, training manual and operational
manual should be prepared. The output of the system and implementation should
be discussed here. Issues such as the sequence diagram, result, test cases,
discussion of result and system testing should be properly highlighted. Chapter
four should be arranged as below:

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Implementation
4.3 Result
4.3.1 Testcase 1
4.3.2 Testcase 2
4.3.3 Testcase 3
4.4 Discussion of Result
4.5 System Testing
4.6 Conversion
4.7 Documentation
4.8 System maintenance

Introduction
Chapter introductions perform a similar orientation purpose by introducing the
reader to the motivations, aims, procedure and argument of each specific chapter,
and giving the reader any additional information for that chapter that is required.

Implementation
Students should show how they implemented their system using any
implementation UML diagram of their choice. Tools such as sequence diagram,
component diagram, deployment diagram etc. can be used. Projects on expert
system should include the inference engine (show how it is organized) and
knowledge base (show how the system is considered expert and how it applies
logical rule by making deduction about the knowledge base assets).

Result

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The results section basically and objectively reports what you found, without
speculating on why you found these results.

Testcase
This is where a sample test data is tested on the result.

Discussion of Result
Before the Conclusion and Recommendations section, the Discussion of result
comes after the Results section. The authors highlight the significance of their
findings here. The discussion explains the significance of the results, interprets the
results and places them in their proper context.

System testing
System testing entails evaluating the entire system. The system's functionality is
tested by integrating all of the modules and components to see if it performs as
intended. That is testing to validates the complete and fully integrated system.
Students should create a table (see sample table below) to show the test case, test
activity and test result.

s/n Test case Test activity Test result

1 User name and PW Test for a valid username and password Log in successful

Conversion
Conversion process entails gradually and steadily replacing the old system with
the new one. It contains a description of all the procedures that must be followed
to bring the new system into action. The major conversion approaches are Direct
Conversion, Parallel conversion, Pilot Conversion and Phase-In Conversion.

Documentation
Documentation is any material that is used to describe, explain or instruct
concerning some attributes of an object, system or procedure, such as its parts,
assembly, installation, maintenance and use. That is, a user manual is required
which is a guidebook that is given to a user to assist in effectively using a specific
system, product, or service.

System maintenance
System maintenance entails maintaining, preserving, and upgrading a functional
information system over time. Thus, maintenance modifies the existing system,
enhancement adds features to the existing system, and development replaces the
existing system.

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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This is the final chapter that presents the summary, conclusion and
recommendations that resulted from this research. Students should give a summary
of their work and conclusion. If the student has some recommendations to make,
this is the appropriate place to do so, otherwise, it should be expunged from the
title. The conclusion should clearly state whether aim of the project has been
achieved or not, if not state reasons mitigating as hindrance to achieving the aim.
The chapter is arranged as below:

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations

Summary
The purpose of the summary is to refresh the reader's memory of the findings from
chapter 4. Don't explain in detail; just emphasize the essential points. Write a
summary that is concise and to the point. This section should be written in the past
tense.

Conclusion
In your conclusion, you must connect the project questions and objectives to the
existing knowledge and the significance of the study. You are free to express your
personal opinion regarding the gathered data and results obtained.

Recommendation
The recommendation(s) can either be for future study or change or both. The
recommendations should be based on your findings and could include practical or
real-world suggestions.

References
Referencing enables you to acknowledge other authors and researchers for their
contributions to your work. References play a significant role in academic writing.
It contextualizes your work, exemplifies the range and depth of your study, and
acknowledges the contributions of others. Several examples are shown below. In
the references section and within the body, students are advised to use the
“American Psychological Association” (APA) format. The examples below
illustrate how literatures are to be referenced under reference and in project
contents.
a. Book with Single Author:
Musa, A. (2006). An inconvenient truth: The planetary emergency of global
warming and what we can do about it. Emmaus, PA: Rodale.
In-text reference: ……… (Musa, 2006). Or Musa (2006) stated that
………..
b. Book with Two Authors:
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Usman, P. J., & Abdulrahman, R. C., Jr. (2000). The satanic gases: Clearing the
air about global warming. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.

In-text reference: ………. (Usman & Abdulrahman, 2000) Or Usman &

Abdulrahman (2000) stated that ……………………………

c. Book with Editor as Author:

Bala. K. E. (Ed.). (2004). Global climate change and wildlife in North
America. Bethesda,
MD: Wildlife Society.
In-text reference: ……….(Bala, 2004). Or Bala (2004) stated
that …………
d. Brochure or Pamphlet:
New York State Department of Health. (2002). After a sexual assault.
[Brochure]. Albany, NY:
In-text reference: ………….(New York, 2002). Or According to New York
(2002) ………………
e. An Anonymous Book:
Environmental resource handbook. (2001). Millerton, NY: Grey House.

In-text reference: ……………….(Environmental Resource Handbook,

2001) Or According to Environmental Resource Handbook (2001) …………
f. Articles in Reference Books (unsigned and signed):
Greenhouse effect. (2005). American heritage science dictionary. Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin. Schneider, S. H. (2000). Greenhouse effect. World book
encyclopaedia (Millennium ed. Vol. 8, pp. 382-383). Chicago, IL: World Book.

In-text references: …………….(Greenhouse effect, 2005)

(Schneider, 2000) Or According Greenhouse (2005) Schneider (200)

g. Magazine Articles:
Ikenna, L. (2004, August). Will Tuvalu disappear beneath the sea? Global
warming threatens to swamp a small island nation. Smithsonian, 35(5), 44-52.

Amatullah, S., & Zainab, A. (2007, July 2). Which of these is not causing global
warming? A. Sport utility vehicles; B. Rice fields; C. Increased solar output.
Newsweek, 150(2), 48-50.

In-text references: …………(Ikenna, 2004) (Amatullah & Zainab,

2007) Or
According to Ikenna (2004) Amatullah & Zainab (2007)

h. Newspaper Articles (unsigned and signed):

College officials agree to cut greenhouse gases. (2007, June 13). Albany Times
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 Union, p. A4.

Ishaq, M. (2007, June 2). Bush’s Greenhouse Gas Plan Throws Europe Off
Guard. New York Times, p. A7.
In-text references: ................... (“College Officials”, 2007) (Ishaq,
2007) Or According to College Officials (2007) Ishaq (2007)

i. Journal Article with Continuous Paging:

Turaki, A. J., Lawan, R. B., Aisha, D., & Mansur, S. (2006). Photographs and
herbarium specimens as tools to document phonological changes in response to
global warming. American Journal of Botany, 93, 1667- 1674.

In-text reference: …………………(Turaki, et al. , 2006) Or Turaki et al.

(2006) stated that ……………………………………………..
j. Journal Article when each issue begins with p.1:
Dantata, S., & Usman, J. (2007). The regional greenhouse gas initiative: Taking
action in Maine. Environment, 49(2), 9-16.

In-text reference: ……………..(Dantata & Usman, 2007) Or

Dantata & Usman (2007) stated that …………………………………

k. Journal Article from a Library Subscription Service Database with a

DOI (digital object identifier):
Zubairu, C., & Maryam, M. F. (2006). Effect of the rate of temperature
increase of the dynamic method on the heat tolerance of fishes. Journal of
Thermal Biology, 31, 337-341. doi: 10.101b/jtherbio.2006.01.055

In-text reference: ……….(Zubairu & Maryam, 2006) Or Zubairu &

Maryam (2006) stated that ………………………………………………………

l. Website:
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2007, May 4). Climate
Change. Retrieved from the Environmental Protection Agency website:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange

In-text reference: ...................................... (United States Environmental, 2007)

Or
According to United States Environmental (2007)…………………………….

Zakka, R. (2007). The Heat Is Online. Lake Oswego, OR: Green House
Network. Retrieved from The Heat Is Online website:
http://www.heatisonline.org

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 In-text reference: ……………..(Zakka, 2007) Or Zakka (2007) stated
that …………………

The Turning Page Bookshop. (2000). Business profile. Retrieved from

http://www.theturningpagebookshop.com.au

In Text reference: ……….(The turning page bookshop, 2000)/ or The

turning page bookshop (2000) explains …………

Developing an argument. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from

http://web.princeton.edu/sites/writing/Writing_Center/WCWriting
Resources.htm

In text reference: ……..(Developing an argument, n.d.) or

Developing an argument (n.d.) explains that …………………..

m. Video from the internet

Atika, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch
[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Vja83KLQXZs

In text reference: ………(Atika, 2006) or Atika (2006) showed

that …………………………..

n. Video recording, television broadcast or episode in a series

Fatima, B. (Writer), & Joy, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game
[Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I’ll fly away. New York, NY:
New York Broadcasting Company.

In text reference: …………….(Fatima & Joy, 1991). Or

Fatima & Joy (1991) examined the rules …………………………………………….

o. Thesis

Hassan, K. H. (2015). The legal regulation of assisted reproductive technology in

Iraq: Lessons from the Australian approach (PhD thesis). Retrieved from
http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/uws:32383

In text reference: …………..(Hassan, 2015). Or Hassan (2015) showed

that ………………………………………

p. Podcast from the internet

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 Idris, M. (Reporter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui forest disputed turf [Audio
podcast]. The Hack Half Hour. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hack/notes/

In text reference: ………..(Idris, 2008). Or Idris (2008) found that …………

q. Lecture notes (Unpublished) Personal Communication

Hamza, A. (January 10th, 2017). (Personal Communication). Leaving system with

no antivirus is dangerous.

In text reference: ……. Found that in these cases “leaving system with no
antivirus is dangerous” (Hamza, personal communication, January 10th ,2017).
Or Hamza discussed ............. (Personal Communication, January 10th, 2017)

r. Audio recording (offline)

Muhammed, K., & Matinja, Z.I. (2006). Programming. using Kotlin and Java
[CD]. Bauchi, Nigeria: Gwani Software Media Lab.

In text reference: …….. (Muhammed & Matinja, 2006). Or

Muhammed & Matinja (2006) track entitled “Programming” ………….

s. Proceedings of meeting, symposium and conference paper

Khalil, J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer expenditure. In S. C.

Ludvigson (Chair), Housing and consumer behaviour. Symposium conducted at
the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, WY.

In text reference: ………….(Khalil, 2007) or Khalil (2007)

stated that ……………………..

Appendices
The items in the appendices should include all or some of the following:
 Flowcharts
 Program source code
 Program screenshots
 Snapshot of hardware
 Plates etc.
All items in appendices shall be referred to in chapters of the project, any appendix
that is not referred from chapter(s) is disjoint and not part of the work.
LEXIS AND STRUCTURE
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  Citations
All citations made within the body of the project should follow the APA format
as illustrated in this guide. The citations, may be prefixed with more words apart
from the illustrations given earlier, for instance:

 According to Usman (2014) ...

 Madu and Usman (2012) postulated that ....
 Yamusa et al. (1988) spotlighted the ...
 Ejiyeme (2011) remarked that ...
 Maidorawa and Kadi (2013) stated that ...
 Initial tests of the project shows that ... a range of 10 to 64
processor, Zakka(2001).

Sectioning
All chapters should be arranged in sections and subsections. First tier e.g. 1.0,
2.0 etc, are to be capitalized and bold and shall be the chapter title ONLY. In this
case, they are suffixed to the chapter e.g., CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.
Second tier in any chapter e.g., 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 etc. shall be bold and important word
capitalized. Third tier e.g., 1.1.1, 2.3.4, 4.3.1 etc., shall be bold, important words
capitalized and italic. Fourth tier e.g., 1.2.3.1, 4.3.6.10 etc. having the same rule
with third tier.

Line Spacing
The project should be typed in double line spacing all through with the exception
of the Abstract.

Font Setting
The project content should be typed with TimesNew Roman 12 points font size.

Paper Size
The paper size should be A4, portrait (except pages where landscape is required).

Binding
The project should be hard bound and with a blue cover for ND and green for
HND. Only the heading should be written in all caps, sub section should be
written in sentence case.

List
All lists should follow the rule of Arabic, Roman and Alphabetical orders. NO
bullet should be used to form any list. The illustration below shows how the order
should be followed:

a. White
18
 i. Pure White
ii. Mixture With other colours
1. Mixture with One colour
A. Mixture with Black
I. Equal proportion
II. More Black
B. Mixture with Brown
2. Mixture with more than one colour
b. Red
c. Blue

19
APPENDICES

20
APPENDIX 1

21
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED CAR PLATE NUMBER
RECOGNITION SYSTEM

BY

ADAMU SAMBO UMAR

FPTB/CS/HND/20/13377

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BAUCHI

OCTOBER, 2022

22
APPENDIX 2

23
 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED CAR PLATE NUMBER
RECOGNITION SYSTEM

BY

ADAMU SAMBO UMAR

FPTB/CS/HND/20/13377

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, BAUCHI, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

OCTOBER, 2022
24
APPENDIX 3

25
 Approval

This project has been read and approved by the understanding on behalf of the
Department of Computer Science, School of Science and Technology, Bauchi as
having met the requirement for the Award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in
Computer Science.

........................................................... .............................................. ...........................

Project Supervisor Signature Date

.......................................................... ............................................... ...........................

Project Coordinator Signature Date

......................................................... ............................................... ...........................

HOD Signature Date

........................................................ .............................................. .........................

External Supervisor Signature Date

26
APPENDIX 4

27
 Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED CAR PLATE NUMBER
RECOGNITION SYSTEM” submitted to the Department of Computer
Science, The Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, is a record of an original work done
by me under the guidance of Ahmad Maidorawa, HOD Department of
Computer science, The Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.

..................................... Date................................
Student’s name

28
APPENDIX 5

29
 DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to my dear father, who has been nicely my
supporter until my research was fully finished, and my beloved mother who, for
months past, has encouraged me attentively with her fullest and truest attention
to accomplish my work with truthful s elf-confidence.

30
APPENDIX 6

31
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Almighty God for bestowing upon me the power, wisdom, and
insight necessary to finish this project. He has provided me with more than enough
affection to keep and support me.

I want to publicly thank a number of people and organizations for their help during
my graduate studies. First, I want to sincerely thank Malam Aliyu Umar, my
supervisor, for all of his excitement, patience, insightful remarks, helpful
information, wise counsel, and never-ending ideas, all of which have been
incredibly helpful to me during the course of my project. His vast knowledge,
extensive experience, and professional competence in Image processing has made
it possible for me to effectively complete this project. I would not have been able
to complete this project without his assistance and direction. I could not have
asked for a finer study supervisor.

I would also like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my lecturers in the

department who have occasionally taught me. May God keep you all in his
protection, blessing, and direction.

I also like to thank Mrs. Joy John, my lecturer during my first year at the
polytechnic, for her invaluable guidance and assistance. Malam Bala Lawal
deserves praise as well for his on-the-spot counsel during the course of my project
work.

I also want to thank the Polytechnic for allowing me to enroll in the HND
program. Additionally, I owe a great deal of gratitude to Chevron for providing me
with a scholarship. I was able to successfully complete my HND studies because
of this financial support.

In addition, I want to thank my parents and siblings for their unwavering support,
which has motivated me to pursue my academic goals. God bless you all.

I won't stop thanking my buddies Ruth, Umar, Ahmed, and Femi for their
assistance. God bless you too.

32
APPENDIX 7

33
 ABSTRACT
This study addresses the generic problem of navigating a robot between obstacles.
The experimental case tested here is driving through doorways, which can be seen
as a special case of a junction between corridors. The robot used was the MICA
wheelchair. On-board there is a scanning laser tilted downwards, a fiber optic
gyro and odometric encoders. From the laser scan walls and the door are found
using the Hough/Radon transform. The results with the control law used gave a
standard deviation of 1.4 cm for the lateral error and 2.2 degrees in angle. This
can be improved by tuning of control law. The programming was mainly done in
Java. Java methods can be integrated in a MATLAB script. MATLAB and Java
together were found to be an excellent test-bed for designing and testing
algorithms. All computations were done in real-time. A long-term goal in robotics
is to fuse together many sensors into one platform and make a multipurpose
vehicle.

34
APPENDIX 8

35
 Table of Contents
Title page…………………………….…………………………………………………………………i
Approval page………………………………………………………………………………………..ii
Declaration………………………...…………………………………………………………………iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………v
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Table of content……………………………………………………………………………………...vii
List of Figures… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . viii
List of Tables… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study..………………………………………………………………………..3
1.2 Problem Statement..……………………………………………………………………………...4
1.3 Aim and Objectives……….……………………………………………………………………...5
1.4 Scope and Limitation.…………………………………………………………………………....5
1.5 Justification…………..………………………………………………………………………......6
1.6 Organization of the Project.……………………………………………………………………...7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction……….……………………………………………………………………………...8
Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………13
Participants………………………………………………………………………………….14
Population…………………………………………………………………………..15
Sampling……………………………………………………………………………16
Materials…………………………………………………………………………………….18
Interview Questions…...……………………………………………………………19
Survey Questions…...………………………………………………………………21
Data Collection……………………………………………………………………………...23
Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..25
Testing of Assumptions…………………………………………………………….26
Results……………………………………………………………………………………………….28
Research Question 1………………………………………………………………………...29
Research Question 2………………………………………………………………………...31
Research Question 3………………………………………………………………………...33
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………...34
Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………....35
Interpretation of Results……………………………………………………………………..36
Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………..38
Avenues for Future Research………………………………………………………………..39
Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………………....41
Reference List………………………………………………………………………………………..43
Appendix A. Protocols…………………………………………………………………………….....46
Appendix B. Interview Transcripts…………………………………………………………………..49
Appendix C. Calculations…………………………………………………………………………....52
Appendix D. Informed Consent……………………………………………………………………...54

36
APPENDIX 9

37
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Random Forest Simplified……………………………………………………………7

Figure 2: KNN 3 nearest neighbor classification……………………………………………….9
Figure 3: Proposed system………………………………………………………………………17
Figure 4: Training and test dataset………………………………………………………………19
Figure 5: Feature importance variable…………………………………………………………..20
Figure 6: RF confusion matrix…………………………………………………………………..20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Confusion matrix………………………………………………………………………18

Table 2: Prediction Score………………………………………………………………………..28
Table 3: Boosting accuracy……………………………………………………………………...29

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Protocols…………………………………………………………………………………...46
Appendix B. Interview Transcripts…………………………………………………………………..…..49
Appendix C. Calculations……………………………………………………………………………......52
Appendix D. Informed Consent……………………………………………………………………….....54

38