PRESENTATION ON

TURBINE
GOVERNING SYSTEM

Prepared by: DILIP KUMAR

SR. ENGINEER
(C&I)

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INTRODUCTION OF GOVERNING SYSTEM
 Hydraulic Governor is basically a speed controller which is used to
perform all the functions of turbine control, via speeding up to rated
speed, loading the machine to full load, governing action of loading
or unloading during grid frequency variations.
 Governor is a heart component of the turbine which controls the
turbine during steady state and transient conditions.
 The governor does this function by controlling the steam flow
through the turbine by adjusting the control valve.
 The governor is a control component with advanced protections for
the turbine which ensure safe operation of the turbine.
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METHOD OF GOVERNING
 Nozzle Governing:-

 Throttle Governing:-

NOZZLE GOVERNING:-

 In this method the steam flow is regulated by opening or closing some

set of nozzles of the turbine. These nozzles are actuated by

independent control mechanisms. Depending upon the load demand

some nos. of nozzles will be put in service and some put in out of

service.

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 For example if the turbine
consists of 4 nozzles for full
load(100%). If the load
demand comes to 75 %
then out of 4 nozzles, 1
nozzle can be closed to
provide 75% load with out
delay

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 THROTTLE GOVERNING
Throttle governing is supplied at our station by BHEL Haridwar.
In this governing mechanism, the mass flow rate is controlled
by throttling the steam by means of control valve. The control
valve position will be adjusted to allow the required steam for
turbine operation.
For example if the plant is operating at full load
and it needs to be operated at 60 % according to the load
demand. Then the controller checks the demand with the
existing load gives a adjustment signal to control valve. The
control valve will slowly throttle to reduce the steam flow for
acquiring the load demand.

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Turbine Governing Accessories:-
Electro-hydraulic actuator and its assembly is supplied by
Bosch Rexroth , Germany which includes :
Hydraulic Power Supply Unit(HPSU): -
The HPSU supplies the necessary operating pressure
(160 Kg/cm2) to operate Control valves & Stop valves.
HPSU is equipped with all necessary components like:
Control fluid pump – 02 nos.
Re-circulation pump - 02 nos.
Cooling fans - 02 nos.

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HP STOP VALVE:- 2 nos.
HP CONTROL VALVE:- 2 nos. (Valve travel limit 0
to 70mm.)
IP STOP VALVE:- 2 nos.
IP CONTROL VALVE:- -2 nos. (Valve travel limit 0
to 130mm)
Each control valve & Emergency stop valve(ESV)
are associated with two nos. of trip solenoid
valve(TSV) which operates on 24v dc.
TSV Energizes condition – Turbine healthy
TSV De-energizes condition – Turbine trip

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CONTROL VALVE COMPONENTS

TSV-2

CMD signal TSV-1

from
governing card

PFT-1

PFT-2
Local
indication
Control Oil
supply line
Servo-
Directional
valve Control oil
drain line8
Operating principle of Control Valve :
 Control valves actuator controls the position in closed
loop.

 Assuming HPSU unit in service. Closed-loop

controlling is performed by means of the servo-
directional valve which is controlled by the reference
demand provided by the Position controller card. The
actual position is continuously verified with the help
of the position feedback transducer. The controller
compares the reference value & actual value and
produces an error output. On the basis of this error the
Control valves responds in open OR close direction.
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GOVERNING PANELS:-
 In EHTC-TMR there are three EHTC panels EHTC-1
(CJJ21), EHTC-2 (CJJ22) & EHTC-3 (CJJ23) and one
EHTC- interface panel CJJ24.
 At a time only one EHTC Panel controls the turbine. If
any fault occurs in active EHTC, the controlling will be
shifts to next healthy EHTC. EHTC controlling, Faulty
& Healthy indication will be indicated in OWS.
 EHTC-Interface panel CJJ24 contain all the non-max
cards. In one rack total 8 non-max card are there.
 Total 32 numbers card are installed in governing
panels. For each high pressure control valve 8 numbers
of cards are defined.

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 REDUNDANT EHTC PANELS

CJJ-21 CJJ-22 CJJ-23

FAULT REASON:-
EHTC-1 EHTC-2 EHTC-3 Power supply fail
PANEL PANEL PANEL DPU communication
fail

ACTIVE
EHTC STAND BY STAND BY

CJJ24

EHTC INTERFACE
CJJ- 24
(GOVERNING PANEL)
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Arrangement of electronic cards in Governing panels
CARD NAME:-
ASBAA: (ED901A)Median selection voting card-2 nos.
ARYAA: (ED920A) 1 out of 3 I/P selection & max. selection card-2 nos.
APMAA: (ED910A)Position measurement card-2 nos.
APCAA: (ED914A)Position controller card-2 nos.

HPCV-1

HPCV-2

IPCV-1

IPCV-2
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 ANALOG VOTING CARD
4 to 20mA  This card is used for 1 out of 3 analog signal
from EHTC selection and gives a median output.
 This card monitors the reference signals from
EHTC EHTC 1, 2 & 3 and produces a three fault
fault contacts respectively, if there is any
deviation/fault. These fault contacts are used to
RESET
transferring the concerned EHTC controlling to
next healthy EHTC.
LED Indication:-
GREEN LED(L1) indicates card healthy condition.
RED LED(L2) indicates card faulty condition.
RED LED (L3) will be ON, EHTC-1 fault.
RED LED (L4) will be ON, EHTC-2 fault.
RED LED (L5) will be ON, EHTC-3 fault.

GREEN  POWER SUPPLY: 24 v power supply.

LED ON
healthy

RED
LED ON
fault 13
14
 1 OUT 3 INPUT AND MAXIMUM SELECTION CARD

 This is a 1 of 3 input selection and maximum

value selection card. The input of this card is 03
Nos. position reference signals from three EHTC
TMRs in terms of 4-20 mA and 02 position
Relay
indication feedback signals from position measurement
module in terms of 0-10 V. it selects one
reference signal as per the active EHTC TMR &
maximum position feedback signal and directs
the selected signals to position controller
module.
 LED Indication:-
 Relay K1 will be ON ,EHTC-1 Controlling.
 Relay K2 will be ON ,EHTC-2 Controlling.
 Relay K1 &K2 will be OFF .EHTC-3 Controlling.
 Relay K3 will be ON , PFT-1 healthy.
GREEN LED  Relay K4 will be ON , PFT-2 healthy
ON Healthy
 POWER SUPPLY:-24 v power supply
RED LED
ON FAULTY 15
16
 POSITION MEASUREMENT CARD

The position of control valve is continuously

measured by two position feedback transmitters.
This card gives 24V dc excitation supply to the
field mounted position transmitters and receive
4-20mA position signal.

LED INDICATION:-
 GREEN LED ON, card healthy
FUSE
 RED LED ON, excitation power supply fault.
 YELLOW LED ON, excitation power supply
healthy.

YELLOW LED
 Power supply:-24vpower supply.
ON Excitation
power supply
OK FAULT REASON:-
GREEN LED 1. Excitation power supply fail.
ON HEALTHY
2. Position feedback transducer fault.
RED LED
ON FAULT 17
18
 POSITION CONTROLLER CARD
4 T0 20mA
FROM Active
EHTC
 This is the position controller card it takes 4-20mA
reference signal from ARYAA card and converts to 0-
-30mA to +30mA 10 V, after comparison with position feedback, it
CMD produces a command signal for servo-directional
valve in terms of±30mA .
 Positive supply (0 to 30 mA) from the governing card
in servo-directional valve to open direction, negative
power (-30 to 0 mA) supply in servo-directional valve
to closing direction.

LED INDICATION
 GREEN LED ON – Card is healthy.

 RED LED ON - Card fault.

 Power supply:-24v power supply.

FAULT REASON:-
1. Power supply fail.
Green led
on healthy 2. Output current is not o.k.
Red led
on faulty 19
20
GOVERNING CARDS OPERATION

Voting analog card

21
Voting analog card

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TSLLE (Turbine Start-up & Load Limiting Element )
 TSLLE ensures the sequence of opening the Stop Valves before
the Control Valves during start-up.
 During shutdown, closing the Control Valves before the Stop
Valve.
 Hydraulic pressure of 160 Bar is supplied by HPSU. Initially the
pilot valve will be in energized condition.
At >12.5% of TSLLE , Turbine reset.
 At >22.5% of TSLLE all the trip solenoids of HPSV & IPSV gets
energized
 At >32.5% of TSLLE all the trip solenoids of HPCV & IPCV gets
energized
 At >42.5% of TSLLE the pilot valve solenoids of all the HPSV &
IPSV gets de-energized. This will opens all the stops valves.
 Then Increase the TSLLE to > 42.5% to 100 %as per operational
practice and increase the speed reference up to soaking speed
and synchronisation .
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EHTC(Electro- Hydraulic turbine controller)

Electro- Hydraulic turbine controller operates in

Three mode:-

1. Speed control mode

2. Load control mode

3. Pressure control mode

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1.Speed control mode
The speed controller operates in following
conditions:-
 Start up and shut down of the turbine

 Synchronization of the generator

 Provides a minimum load operation

 House load operation(Islanding Mode)

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SPEED CONTROL

TSE margin
ACTUAL
SPEED

Control
Valves
600 Speed Speed Speed
RPM reference limiter controller M
(Desk A
engineer) X

Load
controller

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 Speed control loop consist of a speed reference, speed
reference limiter and speed controller.
 The speed reference value can be set from the operator
work station which is generated by the speed reference
limiter block.
 The speed controller essentially compares the speed
reference generated by the Desk Engineer and the actual
speed of the turbine taken from the 6 nos. speed sensors
and accordingly provides an output signal depending upon
the error for the control valves to operates in open /close
direction.
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2.Load control mode
Load control loop consists of the following components:-
 Load Reference Limiter
 RGMO
 Load Controller
The load controller receives the reference load signal from
the load reference limiter and also from the frequency
support loop depending upon the frequency of the
grid(RGMO). These two signals are summed to form the
final load reference signal which is compared to the actual
load and the deviation is fed to the load controller and
control valves to operates in open /close direction.

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 Load Control Block Diagram
Speed
Controller

TSE
RGMO Control
Margin Load Valves
Control
ON M
A
150 MW M Load X
Load Load
(Desk ∑ I Controller
Reference limiter
Engineer) N

Limit MW Actual
Pressure Limiter Load
RGMO(Restricted governing mode of operation)
Main objective of RGMO is to stable the grid frequency
under the guideline of CERC (Central electrical regulating
commission). There are two band are working:-
1. For frequency band between 49.90 Hz to 50.05Hz.
There is no change in the unit load.
2. Frequency below 49.90 Hz and above 50.05Hz.
Frequency below 49.90 Hz:-
loading MW +5% =12.5MW at full load
Frequency above 50.05 Hz:-
Unloading MW -10% =25MW at full load

At our station loading and unloading MW is +/- 4MW

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3.Pressure control mode
The pressure controller control the turbine inlet
pressure with respect to the main steam pressure as
per remote set point from CMC.

Pressure controller functions in two modes of

operation

1. Limit pressure control

2. Initial Pressure control

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Limit Pressure control:-
L.P mode is automatically active when
Unit load >12.5 MW
AND
Load controller mode is in service
AND
L.P Mode and CMC ON selected by operator from EHTC-HMI

In L.P mode the governor runs in load control mode as

long as deviation between set point throttle pressure and
actual throttle pressure is less than 12kg/cm2 & variable
bias delta pressure is added to the load control. If deviation
is above 12kg/cm2 the governor switches to initial pressure
mode. After controlling the throttle pressure its switches
back to load control mode.
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Initial Pressure control:-
In Initial pressure mode the governor runs in
pressure control mode and try to maintain throttle
pressure at the turbine inlet as close to the set
point. In this mode throttle pressure is controlled
but there is no control in load.

Pressure control mode is not in service at our

station.

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Advantage of HP governing:
 Fast response, exact load frequency droop with high
sensitivity
 Reliable operation in any case & excellent response
 Low transients & low steady-state speed deviation
under all operation
 Less maintenance require.

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TROUBLESHOOTING & MAINTENANCE
 During shutdown we simulate the logics & check the operation
of Control valve and Emergency stop valve.
 We perform zero (0%) and span(100%) calibration on governing
control valves .In case of deviation in position feedback with
respect to command.
 We check the healthiness of all DCS governing cards during
running and shutdown.
 Turbine protection check during shutdown.
 Preventive maintenance of Governing panels during shutdown.

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