Chapter 3 Cells & Tissues

All about CELLS
• Humans are made up of trillions of cells — the

basic unit of life on earth
• Robert Hook first discovered cells in 1665.
He gave them their name because they
resembled the cella (Latin for "small rooms")
where monks lived in monasteries.
• There are different types of cells
1. Stem cell
2. Bone cell
3. Blood cell
4. Muscle cell
5. Sperm cell
6. Egg cell
7. Fat cell
8. Nerve cell
The Nucleus
Control cell
Brain of the cell
the contains all
the genetic info
of the cell
Genetic material
or
deoxyribonucleic
acid
The Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
or nuclear
membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
chromatin
The Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
chromatin
Plasma Membrane
The Fluid Mosaic Model
• first proposed by S.J. Singer and Garth L.
Nicolson in 1972 to explain the structure of
the plasma membrane
• describes the structure of the plasma
membrane as a mosaic of components —
including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins,
and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane
a fluid character.
Plasma Membrane
• The principal components of the plasma
membrane are lipids ( phospholipids and
cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates.
• protects intracellular components from the
extracellular environment.
• mediates cellular processes by regulating the
materials that enter and exit the cell.
• carries markers that allow cells to recognize
one another and can transmit signals to
other cells via receptors.
Plasma Membrane
 The main fabric of the
membrane is composed of
amphiphilic or dual-loving,
phospholipid molecules.
 Polar heads : Hydrophilic
(water loving) -
 Tails: Hydrophobic (water
fearing) – makes it
impermeable to most water
molecules
 Proteins in the bilipid layer
are receptor to hormones or
other chemical messenger;
some are enzymes, carriers
 Cell surface is sugar coated “
glycocalyx”
Tight junctions perform vital
functions—such as holding cells
together—and form protective
and functional barriers.
Adherens junctions are involved

in a number of critical functions,
including providing additional
structural support. For example,
they hold cardiac muscle cells
tightly together as the heart
expands and contracts.
Gap junctions allow for

electrical communication
between cells, and also allow the
passage of small second
messengers.
Cytoplasm
• Cellular material outside the nucleus
• is around 80 percent water; it includes the
organelles and a jelly-like fluid called the
cytosol.
Organelles
• Some of the largest organelle
• Known as the power which generates ATP
mitochondria
Power house of the cell
generate the majority of our adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of
the cell.
Mitochondria convert chemical energy
from the food we eat into an energy form
that the cell can use. The process is called
oxidative phosphorylation.
also involved in other tasks, such as
signaling between cells and cell death,
otherwise known as apoptosis.
ribosomes
• Is the actual site of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
• is a network of membrane-enclosed sacs
in a cell that package and transport materials
for cellular growth and other functions.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum - involved in
the production of antibodies, insulin as well
as transportation of proteins into the
smooth ER.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - it lacks a
ribosome ; involved in the synthesis of lipids
(e.g. phospholipids) and carbohydrates that
are used to build the cell membrane.;
Transportation of vesicles
• Enzyme production in the liver
• Contraction of muscle cells in the muscles
• Synthesis of hormones in the brain cells
•
Golgi apparatus
• A major function is the
modifying, sorting and
packaging of proteins for
secretion.
• It is also involved in the
transport of lipids around the
cell, and the creation
of lysosomes
• receives proteins and lipids (fats)
from the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. It modifies some of
them and sorts, concentrates
and packs them into sealed
droplets called vesicles.
lysosomes
are like the garbage disposals of a cell. involved in digestion
and waste removal is the lysosome.
contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
digest various macro molecules
(e.g. lipids and nucleic acids)
in the cell.
The final destination for
proteins coming through the
Golgi
peroxisomes
• Detoxify a number of toxic substances such as
free radicals
• Involved in a lipid metabolism
• also catalyze the β-oxidation of fatty acids;
this pathway is essential for the catabolism of a
variety of substrates that are not oxidized by
mitochondria.
• A third important function is in cellular
respiration, involving the metabolism of H2O2,
(hyrogen peroxide: a pwoerful oxidizer: for which
the peroxisome is named.
cytoskeleton
• Acts as cells bones and
muscles
• This structure is
responsible for both cell
movement and stability.
• The major components
of the cytoskeleton are
microtubules,
intermediate filaments,
and microfilaments.
Cilia and flagella
• Cilia – whiplike
cellular extensions
that move substances
along the cell surface
• Human sperm is a
flagellated cell.
vacuole
• storage bubbles found in cells.
• store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might
need to survive.
• They can even store waste products so the rest
of the cell is protected from contamination.
Cell Diversity
Fibroblasts – found in connective tissues which help
protect, support and bind together other tissue types.
They have rough ER and Golgi apparatus to make and
secrete proteins needed for their fibers.
Erythrocytes – red blood cells which carry oxygen in the
bloodstream (no organelles so it has more room to carry oxygen)
Cell Diversity
Epithelial Cells – their shape allow cells to be packed
together like sheets which cover and line
body organs. Has long protein-fibers to resist
tearing when it gets rubbed or pulled.
Cell Diversity
Skeletal Muscle – elongated shape which allow cells to
shorten (contract) moving our skeleton. They
contain long protein fibers.
Smooth Muscle – elongated shape too which allow our
internal organs to change size
Cell Diversity
Fat cell – huge spherical shaped cell which is formed
because of the large fat droplet in its cytoplasm.
Stores nutrients along with fat.
Cell Diversity
Macrophage – this cell can change shape so it can crawl through
tissue to reach infection sites. They contain many lysosomes to
digest infectious microorganisms.
Cell Diversity
Nerve Cell (called neuron) – cell has long extensions that
receive and transmits messages to other body parts. Long
plasma membrane and a lot of rough ER to make proteins
needed for the membrane.
Cell Diversity
Oocyte (female) – the largest cell in the body. This cell has
twice as many organelles so it can distribute to new cells
through growth/division.
Sperm (male) – This cell is long and built for swimming.
Flagellum acts as a whip to move sperm forward.
Cell Physiology
Passive transport is the cellular process of
moving molecules and other substances
across membranes
does not involve any chemical energy. Rather,
passive transport relies on the innate
permeability of the cell membrane and its
component proteins and lipids.
4 main types of passive transport
Active Processes ( solute pumping)
1. Diffusion is the overall movement of material from
an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
2. Facilitated diffusion is the carrier-mediated
transport of large molecules through the cell
membrane using transport proteins embedded
within the cell membrane.
3. osmosis is the diffusion of water though a
membrane to a region with a lower concentration
of water.
4. Filtration is the movement of solute molecules and
water across a membrane by normal cardiovascular
pressure. The size of the membrane pores dictate
the molecules that may pass.
Sodium potassium pump
• Necessary for nomal transmission of nerve
impulse
• Carries Na ions out and potassium ions into
the cell
Cell Division: Mitosis
Protein Synthesis

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All about CELLS

• Humans are made up of trillions of cells — the

Adherens junctions are involved

Gap junctions allow for

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