Rig Components

(rig sizing)
UTC Instructor
 Rig Components
The major rig components that need to be
reviewed for capability are:
– Hoisting system
– Rotating equipment
– Circulating system
– Tubular goods
– Pressure control
– Derrick capacity and substructure
– Power requirements
Hoisting system
 Hoisting System
The hoisting system consists of:
1. Drawworks
2. Crown block
3. Travelling block
4. Hook
5. Drilling line
 Hoisting System
Drawworks
• This is an assembly of a rotating drum, a series of
shafts, clutches, chains and gears for changing
speed and for reversing. It also contains the main
brake stopping the drilling line.
• The drilling line is wound a number of times around
the drum and passes to the crown and travelling
blocks.
 Hoisting System
Drawworks
 Hoisting System
Drum
 Hoisting System
Hoisting System
The drilling line is reeved around the crown block and travelling
blocks sheaves with one end going to an anchoring clamp called
DEAD LINE ANCHOR.

The line section connecting the drum with the crown block is
called the fastline,

Hence; during hoisting operations, if there are 10 lines between

the crown block and travelling block, the fastline travels 10 times
faster than the travelling block in order to spool or unspool drilling
line from the hoisting drum.
 Hoisting System
Crown Block
A block located at the top of derrick
1. It contains a number of sheaves on which the
drilling line is wound.
2. The crown block provides a means of taking the
drilling line from the hoisting drum to the traveling
block
3. The crown block is stationary and is firmly
fastened to the top of the derrick
4. Each sheave inside the crown block acts as an
individual pulley
 Hoisting System
Sheaves
 Hoisting System
Travelling Block
• A diamond-shaped block
containing a number of
sheaves which is always less
than those in the crown
block.
Hook and Bails
• The hook and bails hang
below the TB to facilitate
drilling with the swivel and
running pipe.
 Hoisting System
Hook
• Connects the Kelly or Top
Drive with the travelling
Block.
• The hook carries the entire
drilling load
 Hoisting System
Swivel
 Hoisting System
Wire Rope
 Hoisting System
Wire rope differs in the number of strands and pattern of
wires in the strand. Most wire rope constructions are
grouped into four standard classifications, based on the
number of strands and wires per strand.
 Hoisting System
Strands and Construction
1. Single layer – Like its name implies it has only one layer
wrapped around a single wire center. The figure below shows
the most common type of single layer configuration.

Seven Wire, 1-6,

Single Layer Strand
 Hoisting System
2. Filler Wire – Two layers of
same size wire wrapped around
a center wire. Inner layer has
half the number of wires as
outer layer and small filler wires
laid in valleys of inner layer.

25 Wire, 1-6-6f-12,
Filler Wire Strand
 Hoisting System
3. Seale – Two layers around a
center wire with same number
of wires in each layer. Wires of
outer layer are bigger than
those in inner layer and they
rest on valleys between inner
wires.

19 Wire, 1-9-9,
Seale Strand
 Hoisting System
4. Warrington – Two layers
with outer layer having two
sizes of wires alternating
large and small. The larger
outer wires lay on the valleys
of the inner layer and the
smaller wires rest on the
crowns of the inner layer.

19 Wire, 1-6-(6+6),
Warrington Strand
 Hoisting System
5. Combined Patterns

49 Wire, 1-8-8-(8+8)-16,
Combined Strand
 Hoisting System
Normally strands are preformed to give them the helical
shape they will take when they are placed on the wire. This is
referred to as preformed strands ( PRF )

Patterns used in drilling line:

1) Filler Wire-
2) Seale -
3) Combined -
 Hoisting System
Lay
The strands can be placed in a right or left direction and the
wires in the strand can be placed such that they appear to be
parallel to the rope axis ( Regular ) or to the axis of the
strands ( Lang ).
 Hoisting System
Wire Rope
The primary purpose of the core in wire rope is to provide
foundation or support the strands.

There are three common core types:

1. Fiber Core ( FC ) Usually man made fiber such as
polypropylene.
2. Independent Wire Rope Core – ( IWRC )
3. Strand Core – A strand made up of wires.

The strands provide all the tensile strength of a fiber core rope
but in rope with IWRC, the core contributes to the nominal
strength. For example in a 6 strand rope with IWRC, 7.5% of
the nominal strength is attributed to the core.

Wire rope used for Drilling Lines has IWRC.

 Hoisting System
Wire Rope Grades
Virtually all rotary drilling lines are of one of the following two
grades:

1. Improved Plow Steel ( IPS )

2. Extra Improved Plow Steel ( EIP )

A standard 6 strand EIP rope within the same classification

have a nominal strength 15 % higher than IPS ropes.
 Hoisting System
Drilling Line
The size of the drilling line varies from 1/2” to 2”

Measuring Rope Diameter

The correct diameter of a wire rope is the diameter of a
circumscribed circle that will enclose all the strands. It is the
largest cross-sectional measurement. You should make the
measurement carefully with callipers.
 Rig Hoisting System Calculations
Formula for drill line calculations.
IADC recommended safety factor on drill line,for normal
calculation is >3.0 and for running casing is >2.0.
First find the drill line max tension rating form the charts.
Then calculate the drill string tension and SF using…
Tdl  ( n *Wdsn
)
98.

Tdl - drill line tension

Wds - drill string tension (inc block wt)
n - number of lines
To calculate the SF- max tension rating / Tdl
 Hoisting System
Block and Tackle
The drilling line is wound continuously on the Crown and
Traveling Blocks, with two outside ends being wound on the
hoisting drum and attached to the deadline anchor
respectively.

The block and tackle is a term used to refer to the

arrangement of crown block – drilling line and traveling block.
 Hoisting System
Fast Line
 Hoisting System
Deadline Anchor
1. Anchors the last line coming
from the crown block and
allows new line to be fed from
the reel in which it is stored.
New lengths of line can be fed
into the system. The used line
is cut off at the drum side.

2. Slip & Cut Practice; Slipping

the line, then cutting it off
helps to increase the lifetime
of the drilling line.
 Hoisting System
Design Considerations

1. Determine the deepest hole to be drilled

2. Determine the maximum drilling loads or casing loads
3. Use these values and compare to the derrick capacities on
available rigs
Rig Hoisting System Calculations
Formula to calculate Hook HP .

Hhp  (
W * Hs ( fpm)
33000
)
Hhp - Hook HP

Hs - Hoist speed in ft/min

W - maximum hookload
Rig Hoisting System Calculations
Formula to calculate Draw works HP .

Dhp 
Hhp
.98
n( )
Dhp - Draw work HP

Hhp - Hook HP

.98 - 98% efficiency

n - number of lines
 Power requirements
• Generated Hp to drive the Drawworks

Dhp
Power 
efficiency

• Efficiency is
• 0.98 for a mechanical rig
• 0.65 for an electric rig
Rotating equipment
 RT/TDS HP Calculations
Formula to calculate RT/TDS hp.

 N T 
Rhp   
 5252
• Rhp – Rotary hp
• N – RPM
• T – Torque (maximum or MUT of DP)
Shaft efficiency .98 for mechanical and .65 for electrical
 Power requirements
• Generated Hp to drive the Rotary

Rhp
Power 
efficiency

• Efficiency is
• 0.98 for a mechanical rig
• 0.65 for an electric rig
Top Drives
Circulating system
Circulating System
Supports the rotating system by
providing the equipment,
material and working areas to
prepare and maintain the drilling
fluid or “mud”.
 Circulating System
1. The heart of the circulating system is the mud pumps,
2. There are two types of pumps used in the oil industry: Duplex
and Triplex,
3. A basic pump consists of a piston ( the liner) reciprocating
inside a cylinder.
4. A pump is described as single if it pumps fluid on the forward
strokes (triplex pumps) and double-acting if it pumps fluid on
both the forward and backward strokes(duplex),
5. Pump Liners fit inside the pump cavity, These affect the
pressure rating and flowrate from the pump.
 Circulating System
Triplex Pump
 Circulating System
Triplex Pump
 Circulating System
1. For a given pump, different size liners have the same OD but
different ID.
2. The smaller liner (small ID) is used in the deeper part of the
well where low flowrate is required but much higher operating
pressure,
3. The horsepower requirements of the pumps depends on
flowrate and the pressure.
4. The operating pressure depends on flowrate, depth and size
of hole, size of drillpipe and drillcollars, mud properties and
size of nozzle used
 Circulating System
Volumetric Efficiency:
1. Drilling mud usually contain little air and is slightly
compressible. Hence the piston moves through a shorter
stroke than theoretically possible before reaching discharge
pressure,
2. As a result, the volumetric efficiency is always less than one;
typically 95% for triplex and 90% for duplex.
3. In addition, due to power losses in drives, the mechanical
efficiency of most pumps is about 85%.
 Circulating System
Centrifugal Pumps:
This type uses an impeller for the movement of fluid rather a
piston reciprocating inside a cylinder. Centrifugal pumps are
used to surcharge mud pumps and providing fluid to solids
control equipment and mud mixing equipment.
Mud Handling Equipment:
Rig sizing must incorporate mud handling equipment which
comprises all the surface equipment to handle mud at the
surface.
 Circulating System
Mud Handling Equipment:
The equipment includes:
1. Shale Shakers: size, type.
2. Mud Pits: Number and size is determined by the
size and the depth of hole. Also by the size of the rig
and space available, especially on offshore rigs.
Size of a pit usually 8-12 ft wide, 20-40 ft long and
6-12 ft high
3. Degasser,
4. Centrifuges and mud cleaners,
5. Desanders and desilters.
 Mud Pump HP Calculations
Formula to calculate mud pump HP.
P *Q
Php 
1714
Php - mud pump HP

P - total anticipated press

Q - pump rate in gpm

 Power requirements
• Generated Hp to drive the Pump

Php
Power 
efficiency

• Efficiency is
• 0.98 for a mechanical rig
• 0.65 for an electric rig
Tubular goods
Pressure control
 Pressure Control Equipment
Required:
• Gas Detection Equipment
• BOP Stack and Diverter
• Kick Detection Equipment
• Trip Tank
• Flowshow
Required as per Good Oilfield Practice :
• Choke manifold, Choke and Kill lines
• Accumulator and BOP Control System (Koomey Unit)
• Rotating heads if air drilling or UBD
• A fluids system with enough storage for all hole sections +100%
Derrick capacity and
substructure
 Derrick and Substructure
1. The derrick must support hookloads, pipe setback and wind
loads.
2. The derrick provides the necessary height and support to lift
loads in and out of the well
3. The derrick must be strong enough to support the hook load,
deadline and fastline
 Derrick and Substructure
There are two types of derricks:
Standard Derrick is a bolted structure that must be
assembled part by part, usually used on offshore platforms.

• Derrick installed on floating rigs are designed to withstand extra

dynamic stresses due to rolling, pitching, heaving and stresses
from wind,
• The space available between the rig floor and the crown block
must be higher to handle the wave-induced vertical movement of
the floating support.
 Derrick and Substructure
Mast or Portable Derrick:
• This type is pivoted at its base
and is lowered to the
horizontal by the use of
drawworks after completing
the well and the rig is ready to
move to another location,
• The mast is dismantled into a
number of pinjointed sections,
each of which is usually a truck
load.
 Derrick Capacity and Substructure
The derrick sits on a substructure on which drilling equipment is
mounted. The substructure must be rated to hold pipe setback
plus the load of the heaviest casing run.

The height of the substructure above the ground varies

according to the size of the rig. It varies from 10 to 35 ft.
 Hoisting System
Elements for Calculation

1. Static Derrick Loading

2. Efficiency Factor
3. Dynamic Crown Load
 Static Derrick Loading
Calculate the Line Tension and Derrick Load Under Static
Conditions:
Derrick Load = ?
Line Tension = ?

Where: W = hookload and n = number of lines

 Static Derrick Loading
Line Tension and Derrick Load Under Static Conditions:

Line Tension = Derrick Load =

 Efficiency Factor
• Efficiency Factor (EF) of the Hoisting System
(API-RP9B)

K 1 n
EF  s
K  n (K  1)
• K is friction factor for roller bearings (1.04)
• n is lines strung
• s is number of sheaves moving (watch this because the
deadline sheave does not move)
 Hoisting System
• For dynamic conditions friction between the
line and sheaves has to be accounted for:

• Friction factor for roller bearings which are

the normal type of bearings in a block &
tackle system is 1.04.
 Table of EF
Example of Efficiency Factor
• The following table can be derived for roller
bearing type block and tackle configurations:
Number of Line strung Efficiency Factor
6 0.874
8 0.842
10 0.810
12 0.782
 Dynamic Crown Load
• Line Tension and Derrick Load Under dynamic
conditions must allow for sheave friction
Fdt  W  Fdl  Ffl

n
 1
W W  
Ffl  Fdl  k 
ef  n ef  n
Power requirements
 Total Power Requirements
The total power requirements of a rig is the sum of the power
requirement of:
1. Drawworks
2. Rotary table or top drive
3. Mud pumps
4. Mud handling system.
5. Auxiliary power requirements for lighting etc,
6. Life support system.
 Total Power Requirements
1. The actual power required will depend on the operation
being carried out

2. The maximum power used is during hoisting and circulation

3. The least power used is during wireline operations

 Total Power Requirements
1. The power on modern rigs is most commonly generated by
diesel-electric power units,

2. The power produced is AC current which is then is converted

to DC current by the use of SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier),

3. The current is delivered by cables to electric motors attached

directly to the equipment involved such as mud pumps, rotary
table,drawworks etc.
Offshore floating rigs
 Why Use Compensators
• In the past bumper subs and telescopic down- hole tools were
used to compensate.
• Other drilling and completion operations could not be executed
efficiently, without efficient compensation.
• Running of Sub-sea equipment and completions demanded the
use of a compensation system.
• This also brought about the redesign of the Riser tensioner
system.
 Types of Compensators
• Two basic designs

 Crown Compensators

 Drill-String compensators
 Heave Compensators
Passive and active are the two main types of compensators
available.
The passive heave compensator attempts to hold a constant set
weight using a pre-selected amount of compressed air
introduced into a cylinder arrangement.
The active heave compensator uses a similar cylinder
arrangement, but is usually fed a real-time signal from an
accelerometer, pressure sensor or similar device to actively
inform the cylinder to either increase or decrease the pressure to
maintain a constant weight on bit. These types of
compensators are usually in line with the derrick and are
connected above the top drive.

On new 5th and 6th generation rigs this active heave compensation
can be managed directly with the drawworks – on a auto-feed
principle in addition to the feed needed for drilling progress
Crown Compensators
Crown Compensators
 Heave Compensators
Crown Mounted Compensators
Crown Compensator Principal
Crown Compensator Ratings
Drill-String Compensator
How does it work….
Figure 7-9
Vetco dual
piston Heave
Compensator

L.P. hydraulic
fluid throttled
for damping

Piston
balancing
may be
problem
 Western Gear
Heave
Compensator

Split travelling block

Hydraulically
Single operated pistons can
Piston Rod
be locked in any
position with
remotely operated
Figure valves.
7-10
Air operated units must be mechanically locked in position because of compressible fluid in cylinders.
Drill String Compensator Rating
Riser Tensioners
Riser Tensioners