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    Fire Streams: Essentials 4 Christine Berry

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    BigMike497
    This document discusses fire streams and the factors that influence them. It defines a fire stream and explains that velocity, gravity, wind, and friction affect fire streams. It also discusses that water extinguishes fire primarily through cooling, smothering, and expansion when converted to steam. Pressure loss and gain are influenced by friction loss and elevation changes. The document outlines different types of nozzle patterns and fire stream discharges and provides guidance on operating nozzles and valves safely.

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    Fire Streams: Essentials 4 Christine Berry

    Uploaded by

    BigMike497
    32 views29 pages
    This document discusses fire streams and the factors that influence them. It defines a fire stream and explains that velocity, gravity, wind, and friction affect fire streams. It also discusses that water extinguishes fire primarily through cooling, smothering, and expansion when converted to steam. Pressure loss and gain are influenced by friction loss and elevation changes. The document outlines different types of nozzle patterns and fire stream discharges and provides guidance on operating nozzles and valves safely.

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    Fire Streams

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    This document discusses fire streams and the factors that influence them. It defines a fire stream and explains that velocity, gravity, wind, and friction affect fire streams. It also discusses that water extinguishes fire primarily through cooling, smothering, and expansion when converted to steam. Pressure loss and gain are influenced by friction loss and elevation changes. The document outlines different types of nozzle patterns and fire stream discharges and provides guidance on operating nozzles and valves safely.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    32 views29 pages

    Fire Streams: Essentials 4 Christine Berry

    Uploaded by

    BigMike497
    This document discusses fire streams and the factors that influence them. It defines a fire stream and explains that velocity, gravity, wind, and friction affect fire streams. It also discusses that water extinguishes fire primarily through cooling, smothering, and expansion when converted to steam. Pressure loss and gain are influenced by friction loss and elevation changes. The document outlines different types of nozzle patterns and fire stream discharges and provides guidance on operating nozzles and valves safely.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    Fire Streams

    Essentials 4
    Chapter 13
    Christine Berry
    Definition
    • A Fire stream is defined as a stream of
    water or other extinguishing agent after it
    leaves a fire hose and nozzle until it
    reaches its desired point
    What influences a fire stream?
    • Velocity
    • Gravity
    • Wind
    • Friction with air
    Water extinguishes fire in several
    ways
    • Primary way is cooling
    • Smothering
    • Expansion capability when converted to
    steam
    Pressure Loss/Gain
    • Two important factors that effect pressure
    loss and gain in fire streams are Friction
    loss and elevation
    – Friction loss is the part of the total pressure
    lost while forcing water through pipes, fittings,
    fire hose, and adapters
    – Elevation pressure refers to the loss or gain in
    pressure caused by a change in elevation
    What is the friction loss
    calculation?
    How do we figure out
    elevation?
    Water Hammer
    When the flow of water through fire hose or
    pipe is suddenly stopped, the resulting
    surge is referred to as a water hammer
    Operate nozzles, hydrants, and valves
    slowly to prevent water hammer
    Catastrophic Water Hammer
    • Thermal water
    hammer 2007 in New
    York.
    • 1 died 2 injuried
    Water Hammer
    Discharge rates and Volumes
    • Low volume stream: discharges less than
    40gpms
    • Handline stream: discharges 40 gpm to
    349 gpm
    • Master stream: discharges 350 gpm or
    more
    Fire stream pattern
    • Solid Stream: produced from a fixed orifice
    smoothbore nozzle. The solid stream is compact
    as possible with little shower or spray. Solid
    streams have greater reach and minimize
    chance of steam burns to fire fighters
    • Fog Stream: composed of very fine water
    droplets. Absorbs heat. Fogs produce three
    streams
    – Wide angle
    – Narrow angle
    – Straight
    Smoothbore Handline
    SmoothBore Tips
    Fog Pattern
    Wide Angle Fog
    Narrow angle fog
    Factors that effect the reach of a
    fog stream
    • Gravity
    • Water velocity
    • Fire stream pattern selection
    • Water droplet friction with air
    • Wind
    Water Flow Adjustments
    • Manually adjustable nozzle: The rate of
    discharge from manually adjustable fog
    nozzle is adjusted by rotation the selector
    ring ( usually located behind the nozzle tip)
    to a specific gpm setting. Flow rates are
    10 gpm to 250 gpm for a handline and 300
    gpm to 2500 gpm for master streams
    Manual Adjustable Nozzle
    Automatic (Constant pressure)
    Nozzles
    • Automatically vary the flow rate to
    maintain an effective nozzle pressure. The
    nozzle operator can change the flow rate
    by opening or shutting the shut off valve.
    Automatic Nozzle
    Broken stream
    • Is defined as a stream of water that has
    been broken into coarsely divided drops
    • A broken stream absorbs more heat per
    gallon than a solid stream and has greater
    reach and penetration than a fog so it is
    more effective in certain areas.
    Broken Stream Nozzle
    Broken Stream Nozzles
    Nozzle Control Valves
    • Control valves enable the operator to start,
    stop and reduce the flow of water.
    • There are three types of control valves
    – Ball
    – Slide
    – Rotary
    Ball Valve
    Maintenance
    • Inspect nozzles periodically and after each use
    to make sure it is in proper working condition
    – Inspection includes
    • Checking the swivel gasket for wear, damage or missing
    gasket
    • Look for external and internal damage
    • Check for ease of operation. Clean and lube any moving
    parts
    • When needed clean with water, soap and a soft bristle brush
    • Make sure pistol grip is secure (if you are a puss and need it)

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