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    Basics of Bioenergetics: Medical Chemistry

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    Виталий Нечипорук
    1. Thermodynamics studies energy transformations in systems that can exchange heat and work with surroundings. 2. Thermodynamic systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange mass and energy with surroundings. 3. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and heat transferred increases internal energy or causes work. 4. The second law states that entropy increases in isolated systems and it is impossible to convert all heat into work or transfer heat from cold to hot without work.

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    Basics of Bioenergetics: Medical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Виталий Нечипорук
    48 views35 pages
    1. Thermodynamics studies energy transformations in systems that can exchange heat and work with surroundings. 2. Thermodynamic systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange mass and energy with surroundings. 3. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and heat transferred increases internal energy or causes work. 4. The second law states that entropy increases in isolated systems and it is impossible to convert all heat into work or transfer heat from cold to hot without work.

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    Basics of bioenergetics

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    1. Thermodynamics studies energy transformations in systems that can exchange heat and work with surroundings. 2. Thermodynamic systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange mass and energy with surroundings. 3. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and heat transferred increases internal energy or causes work. 4. The second law states that entropy increases in isolated systems and it is impossible to convert all heat into work or transfer heat from cold to hot without work.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    48 views35 pages

    Basics of Bioenergetics: Medical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Виталий Нечипорук
    1. Thermodynamics studies energy transformations in systems that can exchange heat and work with surroundings. 2. Thermodynamic systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange mass and energy with surroundings. 3. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and heat transferred increases internal energy or causes work. 4. The second law states that entropy increases in isolated systems and it is impossible to convert all heat into work or transfer heat from cold to hot without work.

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    Basics of bioenergetics

    Medical Chemistry
    Definitions
    Thermodynamics studies
    transformations of …

    Thermodynamic system is … that is


    separated from … with a …
    Homogeneous and
    heterogeneous
    thermodynamic systems
    Homogeneous systems consist of …
    They do not have …
    Example:
    Homogeneous and
    heterogeneous
    thermodynamic systems
    Heterogeneous systems consist of
    … They have … Example:
    Open, closed and isolated
    thermodynamic systems
    Open, closed and isolated
    thermodynamic systems
    Open systems exchange … with the
    surroundings
    Example:
    Open, closed and isolated
    thermodynamic systems
    Closed systems exchange … and do not
    exchange …
    Example:
    Open, closed and isolated
    thermodynamic systems
    Isolated systems …
    Example:
    Thermodynamic potentials

    Internal energy, U
    Enthalpy, H
    Entropy, S
    Gibbs energy, G
    Internal energy, U
    Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic
    energy of … and potential energy of …
    Internal energy, U
    Internal energy excludes ….

    Internal energy cannot be ….,


    but its change ΔU can be ….
    Enthalpy, H
    Enthalpy is the total ….

    Enthalpy is the sum of ….:

    H = U + pV
    Enthalpy cannot be …,
    but its change ΔH can be …
    Enthalpy, H
    ΔH is … of a reaction.
    ΔH < 0: heat is released,
    the reaction is …

    ΔH > 0: heat is absorbed,


    the reaction is …
    Standard enthalpy of
    formation
    Standard enthalpy of formation is the
    heat effect of … from … at standard
    conditions.

    Standard enthalpy of formation of … is


    equal to … at standard conditions.
    Examples of simple substances:
    Standard enthalpy of
    combustion
    Standard enthalpy of combustion is the
    heat effect of … that produces ….
    Hess’ Law
    The heat effect of a reaction is
    independent of … and only depends on
    …
    Hess’ Law
    Hess law is a definition of the First Law
    of Thermodynamics.
    It allows ΔH for a reaction to be … even
    when it cannot be ….
    Application:
    find energy values of food
    First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 1:
    Law of Conservation of Energy

    Energy cannot be … or …, it only can be


    …
    First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 2:
    In an … system the sum of all … is a
    constant value
    First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 3:
    Heat transferred to a system is used to …
    and …

    Q = ΔU + A
    Q is …;
    ΔU is …;
    A is …
    First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 4:
    The perpetuum motion machines of the
    first kind are …

    No Energy = No Work
    Entropy, S
    Definition 1:
    Entropy is the measure of …
    Entropy, S
    Definition 2:
    Entropy is the energy that cannot be …
    Entropy, S
    Definition 3:
    Entropy is the … energy
    Entropy, S
    Entropy increases from … to … to …

    Entropy increases with an increase in …


    Entropy, S
    Entropy of a system and its surroundings
    increases in …. processes
    Entropy increases with ….
    Entropy, S
    A change of entropy ΔS is the measure
    of … of a process
    Second Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 1:
    It is impossible to create a machine that
    can transform all …. into …
    Second Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 2:
    All energy tends to transform into …, and
    … tends to dissipate
    Second Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 3:
    It is impossible to transfer heat from a …
    to … without ….
    Second Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 4:
    In an isolated system, entropy … and
    reaches its … at equilibrium
    i.e.
    No … is done at equilibrium
    and
    Living organisms are non-equilibrium
    systems
    Second Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Definition 5:
    Entropy is the arrow of …
    Gibbs energy, G
    1. Gibbs energy is …. energy
    2. Gibbs energy is …. work

    G = H – TS
    H is …
    T is
    … S
    is …
    Gibbs energy change, ΔG
    ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
    ΔG is the only criterion of spontaneous
    processes
    ΔG < 0: the process is spontaneous
    (exergonic)
    ΔG > 0: the process is not spontaneous
    (endergonic)
    ΔG = 0: the process is in equilibrium
    Endergonic and exergonic
    processes in the
    organism
    Exergonic processes:
    glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, ATP
    hydrolysis
    Endergonic processes:
    synthesis of glucose, fatty acids,
    proteins, ATP
    Exergonic and endergonic processes are
    conjugated, i.e. …

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