CH 5
CH 5
CH 5
Chapter 5
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere
2
3
Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
NO2 gas 4
Force
Pressure = Area
Units of Pressure
5
10 miles 0.2 atm
6
Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures
closed-tube open-tube
7
Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between
Pressure and Volume of a Gas
8
As P (h) increases V decreases
Boyle’s Law
P 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
9
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in
mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154
mL?
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL
As T increases V increases 11
Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature
at Constant Pressure
Charles’ &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law
V1 /T1 = V2 /T2
V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K
V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
13
Avogadro’s Law
V number of moles (n) Constant temperature
Constant pressure
V = constant x n
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
14
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and water
vapor. How many volumes of NO are obtained from one volume
of ammonia at the same temperature and pressure?
At constant T and P
15
Summary of Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
16
Charles Law
17
Avogadro’s Law
18
Ideal Gas Equation
1
Boyle’s law: P (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’ law: V T(at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V n(at constant P and T)
nT
V
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT
19
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 mol•K
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm
V = 30.7 L
21
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb containing argon
at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to 85 0C at constant volume.
What is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?
dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P
23
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and 27.0
0
C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L
g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 mol•K
x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm
M = 54.5 g/mol
24
25
Given that 3.50 moles of NH3 occupy 5.20 L at 47°C, calculate
the pressure of the gas (in atm) using the ideal gas equation
26
Gas Stoichiometry
L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm 27
Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the complete
combustion of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2) measured at the same
temperature and pressure.
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
28
Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some automobile air bags. The
impact of a collision triggers the decomposition of NaN3 as
follows:
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
The nitrogen gas produced quickly inflates the bag between the
driver and the windshield and dashboard. Calculate the volume of
N2 generated at 80°C and 823 mmHg by the
decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3 .
29
The equation for the metabolic breakdown of glucose
(C6H12O6) is the same as the equation for the combustion of
glucose in air:
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at 37°C and 1.00 atm
when 5.60 g of glucose is used up in the reaction.
30
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
V and T are constant
P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
31
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB n A + nB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT
32
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4, 0.421
moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the total pressure of
the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of propane
(C3H8)?
Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm
0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
33
A mixture of gases contains 0.31 mol CH4 , 0.25 mol
C2H6, and 0.29 mol C3H8. The total pressure is 1.50 atm.
Calculate the partial pressures of the gases.
34
A 2.5-L flask at 15°C contains a mixture of N2, He,
and Ne at partial pressures of 0.32 atm for N2 , 0.15 atm
for He, and 0.42 atm for Ne.
(a) Calculate the total pressure of the mixture.
(b) Calculate the volume in liters at STP occupied by He and Ne
if the N2 is removed selectively.
35
Collecting a Gas over Water
38
Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Depth (ft) Pressure
(atm)
0 1
33 2
66 3
P V
39
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions
among molecules are perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy
KE = ½ mu2
40
Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Compressibility of Gases
• Boyle’s Law
P collision rate with wall
Collision rate number density
Number density 1/V
P 1/V
• Charles’ Law
P collision rate with wall
Collision rate average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy T
PT
41
Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Avogadro’s Law
P collision rate with wall
Collision rate number density
Number density n
Pn
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
Ptotal = Pi
42
Apparatus for Studying Molecular Speed Distributiona
43
The distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature
urms = 3RT
M
44
Chemistry in Action: Super Cold Atoms
r1 M2
=
r2 M1
molecular path
NH4Cl
NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
46
Gas effusion is the is the process by which gas under
pressure escapes from one compartment of a container to
another by passing through a small opening.
r1 t2 M2
= =
r2 t1 M1
48
Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.
49
Van der Waals equation
nonideal gas
an
( P + V2 ) (V – nb) = nRT
2
}
}
corrected corrected
pressure volume
50