AWP Chapter 1 Part2

“Shri Bhagyavanthi Krupa”
THIN LINEAR WIRE

ANTENNAS
By
Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar
4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 1

Introduction
• Wire antennas, linear or curved, are some of the oldest,
simplest, cheapest & in many cases versatile for many
applications.
• Lets begin our analysis of antenna by considering some of
oldest, simplest and most basic configuration.
• Initially we will try to minimize the complexity of the antenna
structure & geometry to keep the mathematical details to a
minimum.
• Dipole Antenna is an example of thin linear wire antenna.

• Dipole antenna can be grouped as
– Alternating Current Element or Hertzian Dipole or
Infinitesimal Dipole or Short Dipole or Small
Dipole
– Finite Length Dipole
• Half Wave Dipole
• Quarter Wave Monopole

• Hertzian Dipole: It is a short linear antenna in which
current along its length is assumed to be constant.
• Half Wave Dipole:
– It is a linear antenna whose length is ʎ/2
– Current distribution is assumed to sinusiodal.
– It is centre fed.
• Quarter Wave Dipole:
– It is a linear antenna whose length is ʎ/4
– Current distribution is assumed to sinusiodal.
– It is at one end wrt to other.
Retarded Potential
There are two types
• Retarded Scalar potential
• Retarded Vector Potential

Retarded Scalar Potential
• The scalar electric potential V at a point ‘P’ which is at distance ‘r’ from the origin
is given by (time varying potential)
❑
1 𝜌𝑙 (𝑟 )
𝑉• ( 𝑟 )= ∫
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑙 𝑟
𝑑𝑙 due to line charge distribution
The time varying scalar potential is given by

❑
1 𝜌𝑙 (𝑟 ,𝑡)
•𝑉 ( 𝑟 ,𝑡 ) = ∫
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 ❑𝑙 𝑟
𝑑𝑙 due to line charge distribution
1 𝜌 𝑠 (𝑟 ,𝑡)
•𝑉 ( 𝑟 ,𝑡 ) = ∫
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑠 𝑟
𝑑𝑠 due to surface charge distribution P
r
❑
1 𝜌𝑣 (𝑟 ,𝑡)
𝑉• ( 𝑟 ,𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑣 𝑟  due to volume charge distribution
• The equation do not take care of propagation delay.
• To obtain far field expression, this propagation delay has to be considered or taken
into account.
• Retarded Scalar potential: It is defined as potential in which a
time delay or retarded time is taken into account/considered.
• It is expressed as
𝑟
𝜌 (𝑟 , 𝑡 − )
( )
❑ 𝑣
𝑟 1 𝑐
𝑉 𝑟 ,𝑡 − =
𝑐
∫
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑣 𝑟
𝑑𝑣
• t-r/c  Retarded time td

• [ ] Represents retarded quantity
❑
1 [𝜌¿¿𝑣]
[𝑉 ]= ∫
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑣 𝑟
𝑑𝑣 ¿

• Retarded Vector Potential: Consider a differential element dl
carrying current I, then according to Biot-Savarts Law, the vector
potential ‘A’ at a distance ‘r’ from the differential element is given by
𝜇𝑜 ❑ 𝐼 𝒅𝒍(𝑟)
𝑨(𝑟 )= ∫
4𝜋 𝑙 𝑟
• The time varying potential is given by

❑
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝒅𝒍(𝑟 ,𝑡)
𝑨 ( 𝑟 ,𝑡 ) = ∫
• 4𝜋 𝑙 𝑟  Due differential Current element Idl
𝜇𝑜 ❑ 𝑲(𝑟 ,𝑡)
•
𝑨 ( 𝑟 ,𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑠
4𝜋 𝑠 𝑟  Due differential Surface element Kds
•
• Due to differential
• volume current density
• Then Retarded Vector Potential is given by

The Short Electric Dipole
• Since any linear antenna may be considered as consisting of large
numbers of very short conductor connected in series.
• Hence, it is of interest to examine first the radiation properties of
short conductor.
• From the knowledge of the properties of short conductor, we can
then proceed to study of long linear conductors, which are used
commonly in practice.
• A short linear (straight) conductor if often called as a short dipole.
• The length of short dipole is dl.
• If the dipole is vanishingly short, it is called infintesimal dipole.
• For short & infinitesimal dipole the current through them is constant
because of very small length.
• Diameter d of such anttena is very very small compared to its length
dl
General procedure to Find the radiation from
dipole antenna
• Define the current flowing through the antenna.
• From above current, find retarded vector potential A.
• From the retarded vector potential A, find magnetic field intensity H or
Magnetic flux density B suing below equation
• Find electric field intensity E by using following Maxwells Eqn

=
After finding E & H, find average power density using
=
Then find power radiated from S by using below equation
From radiated power , find rdiation resistance

Radiation from a Small Current Element or
Short Dipole or Hertzian Dipole or Oscillating
Dipole
• Lets us consider the short dipole of elemental length dl, carrying
current I is placed at the origin of spherical coordinate system.
• The length is so short such that current is assumed to be constant
along the length dl
• The current flowing short
dipole is I=Imcos(wt)
Retarted Potentails is
Az=

• Magneti field intensity is
• Electric Field Intensity are

• Radiation Rasistance

Radition Pattern of Half Wvae Dipole
• The radiation pattern polar diagram for a half wave dipole
antenna shows that the direction of maximum radiation or
sensitivity is at right angles to the axis of the RF antenna. The
radiation falls to zero along the axis of the RF antenna as
might be expected.

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“Shri Bhagyavanthi Krupa”

THIN LINEAR WIRE

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 1

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 2

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 3

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 5

The time varying scalar potential is given by

• t-r/c  Retarded time td

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 7

• The time varying potential is given by

• Then Retarded Vector Potential is given by

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 9

• Find electric field intensity E by using following Maxwells Eqn

From radiated power , find rdiation resistance

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 11

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 12

• Electric Field Intensity are

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 13

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 14

4/22/2021 AWP-Dr. Rajkumar L. Biradar 15

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