CHAPTER 3

-Balancing-

Lectured By : Puan Nurmina Abdullah

Phone Number : 011-25291192
Room Number : 2.A1.2.021
3.1 3.2 3.3
Balancing for Dynamic forces of 3.3 Balancing for
rotating masses, bearing. reciprocating body
increasing and
decreasing of mass.
 Balancing is the process of
eliminating or at least reducing
the ground forces and moments.
Itis achieved by changing the
location of the mass centers of
links. Balancing of rotating
parts is a well-known problem.
INTRODUCTION

 The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid shaking forces and shaking
moments (vibrations).

 In heavy industrial machines such as steam turbines and electric generators,

vibration could cause catastrophic failure.

 Vibrations are noisy and uncomfortable and when a car wheel is out of balance, the
ride is quite unpleasant.
NEED FOR BALANCING

 These off-axis vibration forces may exceed the design limits of individual machine
elements, reducing the service life of these parts. For instance, a bearing may be
subjected to perpendicular torsion forces that would not occur in a nominally
balanced system.

 Such excessive forces will cause failure in bearings in short time periods. Shafts with
unbalanced masses can be bent by the forces and experience fatigue failure.

 Under conditions where rotating speed is very high even though the mass is low, as
in gas turbines or jet engines, or under conditions where rotating speed is low but
the mass is high, as in ship propellers, balance of the rotating system should be
highly considered, because it may generate large vibrations and cause failure of the
whole system.
TYPES OF BALANCING

1. Static Balance :
• occurs when there is no resultant centrifugal force and the center of gravity is on
the axis of rotation.

• Example: squatting or standing on one leg, the center of a bicycle wheel

2. Dynamic Balance :
• occurs when there is no resulting turning moment along the axis.

• Example: walking in parallel bars, stair climbing, and stepping over obstacles
STATIC BALANCING
 Applies to things in motion even though the word ‘static’ is used.

 Also known as single-plane balancing.

 Applied to rotating masses that are in, or nearly in the same plane (2D problem).

 Common feature : Objects that are in short in the axial direction compared to the radial.

 Masses almost line in a single plane.

STATIC BALANCING
Requirement for static balancing :
∑ 𝐹=0
Problem Solution
Two mass and causing unbalance Add with value equal to resultant mass
and direction opposite to resultant direction.

𝐹1
𝐹2

∑𝐹

∑𝐹
𝑚3
DYNAMIC BALANCING

 Also known as two-plane balancing

 Applied to rotating objects that are relatively longer in the axial direction compared to the radial direction

9
DYNAMIC BALANCING
Setup no. 1 Setup no. 2

Initial Condition Add 2 correction planes Add balancing weight at

separated by some distance each of the plane
( Plane A and B ) ( and )
Requirement for dynamic balancing :

1. Set up requirements :
a. Requires 2 correction planes separated by some distance ( Plane A and B )

b. Requires balancing weight at each of the plane ( and )

𝐿4
2. Theory 𝐿3
Y 𝐿2
𝐿1
a. 𝑚1 𝑚2
b. at plane = 0 Z
Plane A
c. at plane = 0 𝑚3 Plane B

𝑚𝐵 𝑚𝐵
Y
X
𝑚𝐴 𝑚2 𝑚𝐵
𝜃
Z
𝛽 Z

𝑚1 𝑚3 𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐴
PRINCIPLE OF D’ALEMBERT
 Method of converting or reducing a dynamics problem into a ‘statics’
problem.

 Replace ‘a’ with a force equal to ‘ma’ acting in the opposite direction of
‘a’.

 The principle states that the resultant force

acting on the body together with the reversed
affective force or inertia force are in equilibrium.
3.1 BALANCING FOR ROTATING MASSES
 Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some centrifugal force,
whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it.

 In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite
side of the shaft, at such a position so as to balance the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass.

 This is done in such a way that the centrifugal forces of both the masses are made to be equal and
opposite.

 The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal
force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.

 The following cases are important from the subject point of view:
1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.
3. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.
1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane

Consider r1 be the radius of rotation of the mass m1 attached to a shaft rotating at 𝜔 rad/s .
The centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 on the shaft,
FC1 = m1 r1 𝜔2

This centrifugal force acts radially outwards and thus produces bending moment on the shaft.
In order to counteract the effect of this force, a balancing mass (m2) may be attached in the
same plane of rotation as that of disturbing mass (m1) such that the centrifugal forces due to
the two masses are equal and opposite.
r2 = Radius of rotation of the balancing mass m2
Centrifugal force due to mass m2, FC2 = m2r2 𝜔2
m1 r1 =m2r2 𝜔2
m1 r1 =m2r2 𝜔2
(A) Analytical Method
EXAMPLE 1

Given:

1.2 kg 1.8 kg 1.135 m @ 113.4 ͦ 0.822 m @ 48.8 ͦ

Determine the location of the added material

 SOLUTION
❸ Resultant centrifugal force,
❶ ΣH = m1 ⋅ r1 cosθ1 + m2 ⋅ r2 cosθ2
Fc =
= (1.2)(1.135) cos 113.4° + (1.8)(0.822) cos 48.8°
=
= -0.541 + 0.975
= 2.403 kg.m
= 0.434 kg.m

tan θ’ = Let r3 = 1 m,
❷ ΣV = m1 ⋅ r1 sinθ1 + m2 ⋅ r2 sinθ2
= tan-1
= (1.2)(1.135) sin 113.4° + (1.8)(0.822) sin 48.8° Fc = m3 x r3
θ’ = 79.6°
= 1.25 + 1.113 θ = 180 + 79.6 2.403 = m3 x 1
= 259.6°
= 2.363 kg.m
m3 = 2.403 kg
EXAMPLE 2

𝛼 𝜃
𝛽

Given:
1.2 kg 1.135 m @ 113.4 ͦ
1.8 kg Where is the location of the fourth mass to balance the system ?
0.822 m @ 48.8 ͦ
1.5 kg 0.750 m @ 220 ͦ
 SOLUTION
❶ ΣH = m1 ⋅ r1 cosθ1 + m2 ⋅ r2 cosθ2 + m3 ⋅ r3 cosθ3 ❸ Resultant centrifugal force,

= (1.2)(1.135) cos 113.4° + (1.8)(0.822) cos 48.8° + (1.5)(0.75) cos 220° Fc =

= -0.541 + 0.975 – 0.862 =

= -0.428 kg.m = 1.695 kg.m

tan θ = Let r3 = 1 m,
❷ ΣV = m1 ⋅ r1 sinθ1 + m2 ⋅ r2 sinθ2 + m3 ⋅ r3 sinθ3
= tan-1 Fc = m3 x r3
= (1.2)(1.135) sin 113.4° + (1.8)(0.822) sin 48.8° + (1.5)(0.75) sin 220°
θ = -75.37°
= 1.25 + 1.113 – 0.723 1.695 = m3 x 1
= 180 -75.37
= 104.63°
= 1.64 kg.m m3 = 1.695 kg
2. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.

A disturbing mass m lying in a plane A to be balanced by two rotating masses m1 and m2 lying
in two different planes Q and P . Let r, r1 and r2 be the radii of rotation of the masses in planes
R, Q and P respectively.

l1 = Distance between the planes R and Q,

l2 = Distance between the planes R and P, and
l = Distance between the planes Q and P
2. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.

l1 = Distance between the planes R and Q,

l2 = Distance between the planes R and P, and
l = Distance between the planes Q and P

The centrifugal force exerted by the mass To dynamic balancing, take moments
m on the shaft, about Q and P,
FC = m
Similarly for mass m1 and mass m1: FC1 x l =FC x l2
Fc1 = m1 r1 𝜔2 and Fc2 = m2 r2 𝜔2 m1 r1 l =mr l2
Fc =Fc1 =Fc2 Similarly,
mr 𝜔2 =m1 r1 𝜔2 + m2 r2 𝜔2
FC2 x l =FC x l1

m2 r2 l =m r l1
3. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.

Consider any number of masses of magnitude A, B, C and D at distances of r1, r2, r3 and r4 from the axis of the

rotating shaft. Let 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 , 𝜃3 and 𝜃4 be the angles of these masses with the horizontal line. The magnitude and
position of the balancing mass may be found out graphically:
Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg
respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and
0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive masses are 45°, 75° and
135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its
radius of rotation is 0.2 m.

Mass,m (kg) Radius, r (m) Resultant force, Angle, θ (°)

m x r (kg.m)
A 200 0.2 40 0
B 300 0.15 45 45
C 240 0.25 60 120
D 260 0.3 78 255
SOLUTION (analytical)

❶ ΣH = m1 ⋅ r1 cosθ1 + m2 ⋅ r2 cosθ2 ........

= (40) cos 0° + (45) cos 45° + (60) cos 120° + (78) cos 255°

= 40 + 31.81 – 30 – 20.188

= 21.622 kg.m

❷ ΣV = m1 ⋅ r1 sinθ1 + m2 ⋅ r2 sinθ2 ........

= (40) sin 0° + (45) sin 45° + (60) sin 120° + (78) sin 255°

= 0 + 31.82 + 51.96 – 75.34

= 8.44 kg.m
 SOLUTION (analytical)

tan θ’ =
❸ Resultant centrifugal force, Given r5 = 0.2 m,
= tan-1
Fc = Fc = m5 x r5
θ’ = 21.323°
= θ = 180 + 21.323 23.211 = m5 x 0.2
= 201.323°
= 23.211 kg.m
m5 = 116.055 kg
SOLUTION (graphical)
1. First of all, draw the space diagram showing the positions of all the given masses.

mC

rC mB
rB
120°

45°
rA
mA
255°

rD

mD

Figure 1: Space diagram

SOLUTION (graphical)
2. Draw resultant force table.

Resultant force,
Mass,m (kg) Radius, r (m) Angle, θ (°)
m x r (kg.m)
A 200 0.2 40 0
B 300 0.15 45 45
C 240 0.25 60 120
D 260 0.3 78 255
 SOLUTION (graphical)
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the above values, to some suitable scale. The closing
side of the polygon ae represents the resultant force. By measurement we find the length ae
= 2.5 cm. d

255° mC

rC mB
rB
60 120°

45°
Using scale 10 kg.m : 1 cm
78 202° rA
mA
120°

c
255°

rD
45

202° e mD
25
45°

a 40 b
SOLUTION (graphical)
4. The balancing force is equal to the resultant force, but opposite in direction as shown in
Fig. 2. Since the balancing force is proportional to m.r, therefore

m × 0.2 = vector ea
= 2.5 cm x 10
= 25 kg.m

m = 25/0.2 = 125 kg Ans.

By measurement we also find that the angle of inclination of the balancing mass (m) from
the horizontal mass of 200 kg,

θ = 202° Ans
EXAMPLE 3

A shaft is rotating at a uniform speed with four masses m1,m2,m3 and m4 of magnitudes 300kg, 450kg,
360kg and 390kg respectively. The masses are rotating in the same plane. The corresponding radii of
rotation are 200mm, 150mm, 250mm and 300mm. The angles made by these masses with respect to
horizontal are 0°, 45°, 120° and 255° respectively. Find the magnitude and position of balance mass if its
radius of rotation is 200mm.
SOLUTION

mr = od = 38 kg-m

m =38/0.2 = 190 kg

Balancing mass 190 kg at 201° .

EXAMPLE 4

Four masses A, B, C and D are to be completely balanced at radius 120 mm, 150 mm and 180mm and
210mm respectively. Mass B, C and D are 20 kg, 15 kg and 5 kg. The planes which the mass revolve are
spaced 100 cm apart. Find the required mass A and the angular settings relative to a plane so that the
shaft is in complete balance.

Plane Mass, m Radius, r Length, l mr mrl Angle, θ

(kg) (m) (m) (kg.m) (kg.m2) (°)
A MA 0.12 0 0.12MA 0 θA
B 20 0.15 1.0 3.0 3.0 0
C 15 0.18 2.0 2.7 5.4 θB
D 5 0.21 3.0 1.05 3.15 θC
SOLUTION
mrl diagram (using scale 1 kg.m2: 1cm) mr diagram (using scale 1 kg.m: 2cm)

From mr diagram;
Vector od = 0.12 MA
Length od = 2.7 cm 0.12 MA = 1.35
MA = 11.25 kg
= (scale) ⍬A = 203°
= 1.35
SOLUTION

From mr diagram;

Vector od = 0.12 MA
Length od = 2.7 cm 0.12 MA = 1.35
MA = 11.25 kg
= (scale)
⍬A = 203°
= 1.35 kg.m

Mass, m Radius, r Length, l mr mrl Angle, θ

Plane (kg) (m) (m) (kg.m) (kg.m2) (°)
A 11.25 0.12 0 0.12MA 0 203
B 20 0.15 1.0 3.0 3.0 0
C 15 0.18 2.0 2.7 5.4 149
D 5 0.21 3.0 1.05 3.15 298
EXERCISES 1

Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 are 100 kg, 200 kg, 300 kg and 310 kg respectively. The corresponding
radii of rotation are 0.4 m, 0.2 m, 0.32 m and 0.39 m respectively and the angles between successive
masses are 45°, 75° and 135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its
radius of rotation is 0.4 m.
EXERCISES 2

Three masses A, B and C are placed on a balanced disc as shown at radius of 120 mm, 100mm and
80mm respectively. The masses are 1.5 kg, 1 kg and 0.8 kg respectively. Find the 4th mass which should
be added at a radius of 60 mm in order to statically balance the system.

mC

rC mB
rB
100 °
30°
rA
mA
EXERCISES 3

Four masses A, B, C and D are attached to a shaft and revolve in the same plane. The masses are 12 kg,
10 kg, 18 kg and 15 kg respectively and their radii of rotations are 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm and 30 mm.
The angular position of the masses B, C and D are 60°, 135° and 270° from the mass A. Find the
magnitude and position of the balancing mass at a radius of 100 mm.
EXERCISES 4

A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A, B, C and D in this order along its length. The masses at B
and C are 18 kg and 12.5 kg respectively, and each has an eccentricity of 60 mm. The masses at A and D
have an eccentricity of 80 mm. The angle between the masses at B and C is 100° and that between the
masses at B and A is 190°, both being measured in the same direction. The axial distance between the
planes A and B is 100 mm and that between B and C is 200 mm. If the shaft is in complete dynamic
balance, determine :
1. the magnitude of the masses at A and D ;
2. the distance between planes A and D ; and
3. the angular position of the mass at D.
Terima kasih