CHAPTER 14:

ABNORMAL EVENTS AND

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
 • CHAPTER 14 CONTENT:

1. Inspections following lightning strikes and HIRF penetration

2. Inspection following abnormal events such as heavy landings and flight through
turbulence
3. Maintenance planning
4. Modification procedures
5. Stores procedures
6. Certification/release procedures
7. Interface with aircraft operation
8. Maintenance inspection / Quality Control / Quality Assurance
9. Additional maintenance procedures
10.Control of life limited components.
14.1 INSPECTIONS FOLLOWING LIGHTNING
STRIKES AND HIRF PENETRATION
INSPECTIONS FOLLOWING LIGHTNING STRIKES
AND HIRF PENETRATION.

There are 2 categories of lightning strike damage:

 Strike damage – Where lightning discharge enters

the aircraft.
 Static discharge damage - Where static electricity
discharge has occurred subsequent to the strike.
 Aircraft area prone to strike damage :
 
 Primary and secondary control surfaces, which
includes the leading and trailing edges.
 Engines and engine cowlings
 Fuselage, skin and rivets
 Functional check must be carried out in
accordance with relevant aircraft maintenance
manual.
 Adhered to all procedures if lightning strike is
evident.
HIRF( High Intensity Radiated Field) is result from
high power radio frequency transmitter such as
radar, satellite uplink transmitter , etc. and can
effected the performance of aircraft electronics.
14.2 INSPECTIONS FOLLOWING ABNORMAL
EVENTS SUCH AS HEAVY LANDINGS AND
FLIGHT THROUGH TURBULENCE
a)Effects on aircraft after heavy landings

 Damage to landing gears and support structures

Wing and tail-plane attachment damage
 Damage to engine mountings
b)Effects on aircraft that flight through turbulence

 Aircraft is violently tossed about and is impossible to

control(extreme turbulence).
 Large, abrupt changes in altitude/attitude.
Large variation in indicated airspeed. Aircraft
may be temporarily out of control(severe
turbulence).
 Slight, rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without
noticeable changes in altitude or attitude(light
turbulence).
c)Inspections for damage are required on

 Landing gears for damages

 Main planes or wings for wrinkles, rivets damage and sign of
fuel tank leak
 Fuselage for skin wrinkles, structural attachment points and
distortion
14.3 MAINTENANCE PLANNING
 Preventive maintenance

That maintenance which is performed at defined

intervals to retain an item in a serviceable condition by
systematic inspection, detection, replacement of
wearing parts, adjustment, calibration, cleaning, etc.
Equivalent terms are scheduled or routine maintenance.
 
 
Corrective maintenance

That maintenance which is performed to restore an

item to a satisfactory condition by providing correction
of a known or suspected malfunction and / or defect.
Equivalent terms are unscheduled or non-routine
maintenance.
14.4 MODIFICATION PROCEDURES;
STORES PROCEDURES
 Modification Procedures
 
Aircraft modification/alteration are classified as
major or minor, depending on the effect they may
have on the airframe, power plant, propeller or
other appliances.
In general, the aircraft modification/alteration procedures
are as follows;
• Identify and be familiar with the regulations intent,
either F.A.R, J.A.R, or national aviation regulations.
• Ensure the aircraft is issued with an approved type
certificate. The operator must retained the aircraft
configuration to maintain its certification
• Only the major modification data change is to be
summated to the national aviation authority department of
engineering.
• The major modification is done by the sources of
approved authorities such as repair station, manufacturer
of the product and A & P with an IA type rating.
• When approved, the national aviation authority will sent
an Airworthiness Directive.
• The authorized sources, which perform major modification,
will ensure the aircraft modification will conform to it.
• Inspection and test are carried out by either A & P with an
IA rating, repair station, the manufacturer or inspector of
the national aviation authority.
• Aircraft maintenance record and the FAA form 337
entries must be made by the sources of approved
authorities and must be updated.
• The sources of approved authorities and the inspector of
the national aviation authority will release the aircraft to
service
Stores Procedures
Refer to JAR-145 Approved Maintenance Organization (AMO)
Section 2. Acceptable Means of Compliance.
The AMO stores system must meet all requirements of
products covered in airworthiness certification / its
organization scope of approval. All parts and materials must
be originated from approved source acceptable to the JAR
or applicable National Aviation Authority.
 On receipt, all parts are place in quarantine store to verify its
documentation (s) & serviceability inspection.
 
The applicable storage temperature & humidity condition
must be in accordance with manufacturer range
specification to minimize the effect of condensation.
Stores personnel must be trained to manage and handle of
all supply matters such as rubber based product, aircraft
batteries, parts, components, POL, steel based materials,
pyrotechnics, survival equipments, glass & acrylic materials
and supply administration matters.
Authorized Release Certificate Airworthiness Approval Tag
(JAA Form 1) is required to be issued for newly manufactured
or assembled aircraft part other than standard parts with an
authorized signatory subjected to relevant national aviation
authority approval.
14.5 CERTIFICATION/RELEASE PROCEDURES
The person and agencies, which will fully observed and
adhered to the legal regulation of JAR, or National
Aviation Regulation, are certifying maintenance personnel
as specified in JAR-145, Inspector of National Aviation
Authority, approved Maintenance Organization and
Aircraft's Manufacturer.
An "A" category mechanic which is based on JAR-66,
permits the holder to issue certificates of release to
service of minor scheduled line maintenance and simple
defect rectification, as specified in JAR-145 or National
Aviation Regulation.
Category "B1" certifying mechanical technician permits the
holder to issue line maintenance certificates of release to
service of aircraft structure, power plants, mechanical and
electrical systems and limited major repair and major
modification.

Category "B2" certifying avionic technician permits the

holder to issue line maintenance certificate of release on
avionic and electrical systems.
A category “C" base maintenance engineer permits the
holder to issue certificate of release on all base
maintenance inspection, perform and inspect major repair
and modification, as well as supervising maintenance
programmed.
The authorization is valid for the aircraft in its entirety,
including all systems. JAR-145 specifies the B1 and B2
personnel required to support category C certifying
engineer in base maintenance. All categories mentioned
were applicable to one or more type rating as specified in
JAR- 145 certification authorization and appropriate
paragraph of JAR-66.
 The maintenance release is to be delivered to the owner
or operator and must have the following information:
 
 Aircraft description part, model, serial number of
airframe, engine, propeller and appliances.
 FAA Form 337 (if any) and Aircraft Use and Inspection
report.
 Up-dated aircraft records and aircraft type certificate data
sheet.
 Inspection reminder.
 Signing of legal document.
14.6 INTERFACE WITH AIRCRAFT OPERATION
Correlation of maintenance to aircraft operation is by
comparing the tasks of Maintenance Steering
Group-2 (MSG-2), Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM),
and Maintenance steering Group-3 (MSG-3).
 The MSG-2 (Maintenance Steering Group-2 ) emphasized on;
 
 Preventive maintenance of "Hard Time " & " On Condition
" process.

 Corrective maintenance of " Condition Monitoring "

process.
RCM (Reliability Centred Maintenance) is controlled by two
tasks, namely;
 Condition Monitoring Task
 Servicing Tasks
The MSG-3 (Maintenance steering Group-3) consists of;

 Scheduled Task
 Non-Scheduled Task
The MSG-3 maintenance tasks correspond to the 4 basic
maintenance tasks of RCM, which separates the On
Condition tasks into those, which are accomplished by
inspection / functional checks.
MSG-3 has combination tasks (i.e. group of tasks
consisting of more than one individual task), which may
apply to safety orientated items. It is easier to work with the
MSG-3 descriptions.
14.7 MAINTENANCE INSPECTION / QUALITY
CONTROL / QUALITY ASSURANCE
Maintenance Inspection
The time intervals for the periodic maintenance inspections vary
with the models and types of aircraft operations/roles based on
JAR, FAR or National Aviation Authority. Typical types of
periodic inspection are pre- flight walk around inspection,
transit and stay-over check, periodic maintenance inspection
and special maintenance program inspection. The owner or
the operator is primarily responsible for maintaining the
aircraft in an airworthy condition and an updated
maintenance record.
Pre flight walk around inspection, solely depend on the pilot
of the aircraft in ensuring the aircraft safe condition for flight.
The Transit and Stay-Over Check is carried out by category
„A‟, line maintenance certifying mechanic through both
relevant aircraft check and certification forms sheet and are
divided into four tasks section.
Category „C‟ authorization certifying engineer, who hold
category B1 and B2 (mechanical and avionic technician type
rating) may perform both roles and will conduct scope and
detailed periodic maintenance inspection and will list any
discrepancies found during inspection and sent 1 copy to
national aviation authority and a copy to the owner for action
to be taken and affixes an Inspection Reminder to the aircraft
during aircraft release.
A certified B1 certifying staff permit the holder to issue
certificates of release to service after correcting any
discrepancies written by category
„C‟ authorization during periodic maintenance inspection and
also release to service to any tasks being carried-out during
special maintenance program check.
 As guidelines, the work scope of an inspection is as follows;
 
 Identify the types of paper work.
 Obtain aircraft maintenance information.
 Secure aircraft maintenance records.
 Inspection requirement.
 As guidelines, the work scope of an inspection is as follows;
 
 Identify the types of paper work.
 Obtain aircraft maintenance information.
 Secure aircraft maintenance records.
 Inspection requirement.