Unit 5-1

The skeletal system
We sure have lots of bones!

We sure have lots of bones!
A newborn baby has more bones

than an adult. A baby is born with
300 bones. An adult only has 206.
Your hand has 27 bones.
Your face has 14 bones.
Smallest and The Longest:
• The longest bone in your body is your thigh
bone, the femur it is about 1/4 of your height.
• The smallest bone in your body is the stirrup
bone in your ear which can measure only 1/10 of
an inch.
One fourth of your bones
are located in your feet.
Your backbone is really
thirty-three bones that
run down the middle of
your body.
The jawbone is the hardest in
the human body.
· Parts of the skeletal system
· Bones (skeleton)
· Joints
· Cartilages
· Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
 Each bone is considered w an organ because composed of different tissue types
Examples of tissues
 Bone(osseous)
 Cartilage
 dense CTP
 Adipose
 Blood
 nrvous
Functions of bones:
 1. Support body and helping move: bones hold up body stability, keep
from collapsing to the ground, movement and body posture.
 2. Protecting the internal organs: bones keep organs to be safe from

hard impacts, punctures, and other forms of injury (ribs protect the heart
and lungs, and the skull protects the brain).
 3. Producing blood cells: certain types of bones make platelets, red blood
cells, and white blood cells inside bones.
 4. Storing and releasing fat: certain bones store fat and release when
body needs energy.
 5. Storing and releasing minerals: bones store necessary minerals when

the levels are too high in the blood and release minerals when the body
needs them (calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D).
Producing blood cells:
Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
In red bone marrow
N.B. yellow bone marrow
adipocytes– store TG
 Humans are born with over 300 bones, but many of the bones fuse
between birth and the end of maturity and remain with the average
number of 206 bones in an adult skeleton.
 The general structure of bones is a combination of a protein
called collagen and a molecule called calcium phosphate that
weave together to form a strong and lightweight structure.
Structure of bone
 Gross anatomy of long bone(example: Humerus)
 Diaphysis shaft or body of bone
 Epiphysis distal and proximal ends
 Metaphysis joins diaphysis and epiphysis; epiphyseal
(growth) plate in children
Growing bones add length(interstitial growth)
hyaline cartilage
 Epiphysial line in adults
cartilage converted in to bone
 Articular cartilage(hyaline)
Covers the epiphysis at the joint(articulation)
Reduces friction and absorbs shock
 Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of bone formation called
ossification.
 Bone tissue forms as osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits.
 When the osteoblasts become surrounded by
bone tissue, they mature into osteocytes.
Periosteum
 Covers bone surface
Where ligaments and tendons are attached
 Protects and nourishes bone
 Outer layer: dense connective tissue
 Inner layer: Osteogenic (produces osteoblasts
Promotes appositional bone growth/repair
Medullary cavity
 Hollow space that contains fatty yellow bne marrow
 Vascular
Endosteum
 Thin membrane that lines medullary cavity
 Layer of osteogenic cells and connective tissue
 Bone hardness due to crystalized inorganic mineral salts such as calcium
phosphate, calcium carbonate
 If these mineral salts are removed from bone, it becomes rubbery
 Calcification process of mineralization or crystallization of mineral salts within
collagen fibers of ECM; initiated by osteoblasts(bone building cells
 Bone's flexibility (tensile strength) depends up on its protein collagen fibers
Bone (Osseous) tissue is type of connective tissue with cells and matrix
Bones are composed of four types of cells. These are:
 Osteoblasts involve in new bone formation.
 Osteocytes are mature bone cells that help to mature bones of newborns.
 Osteoclasts break down bones and help them to form into correct shapes.
· Osteoprogenitor are important in repair of fracture.
· Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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The skeletal system

We sure have lots of bones!

A newborn baby has more bones

 2. Protecting the internal organs: bones keep organs to be safe from

 5. Storing and releasing minerals: bones store necessary minerals when

· Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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