Netzwerke I Grundlagen Und Entwurf Passiver Analogzweipole Gottfried Fritzsche Full Chapter Download PDF
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Wissenschaftliche Taschenbücher
Mathematik • Physik
Gottfried Fritzsche
Grundlagen
und Entwurf
passiver
Analogzweipole
Akademie-Verlag • Berlin
Wissenschaftliche Taschenbücher
Gottfried Fritzsche
M AKADEMIE-VERLAG • B E R L I N
Reihe M A T H E M A T I K U N D PHYSIK
Herausgeber:
P r o f . Dr. phil. habil. W. Holzmüller, Leipzig
Prof. Dr. phil. habil. A. Lösche, Leipzig
Prof. Dr. phil. habil. H . Reichardt, Berlin
Prof. Dr. rer. n a t . habil. H.-J. Treder, P o t s d a m
Verfasser:
Prof. Dr. Gottfried Fritzsche
Hochschule f ü r Verkehrswesen „Friedrich List"
Dresden
1979
Erschienen im Akademie -Verlag,
D D R - 108 Berlin, Leipziger Str. 3—4
Lektor: Dipl.-Phys. Gisela Lagowitz
© Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1979
Lizenznummer: 202 • 100/565/79
Gesamtherstellung: VEB Druckhaus „Maxim Gorki", 74 Altenburg
Bestellnummer: 7623715(7208) • LSV 3534
Printed in GDR
DDR 8 , - M
Vorwort
1. Grundlagen 20
1.1. Analoge Signale 20
1.1.1. Beschreibung im Zeitbereich 20
1.1.2. Beschreibung im Frequenzbereich 23
1.2. Analoge Systeme 25
1.2.1. Modellbildung und Systemeigenschaften 26
1.2.2. Beschreibung im Zeitbereich 33
1.2.3. Beschreibung im Frequenz- bzw. Bildbereich . . . 33
1.3. Normierung und Entnormierung 40
2. Netz werkanalyse 46
2.1. Netz Werkfunktionen 46
2.2. Berechnung von Netzwerkfunktionen 47
2.3. Zweipolanalyse 58
2.4. Vierpolanalyse 63
2.5. Darstellung durch Pole und Nullstellen 80
2.6. Berechnung von Netzwerkcharakteristiken aus PN-
Daten 85
2.7. Klassifizierung der Netzwerkfunktionen 92
2.8. Beziehungen zwischen Teil- und Gesamtfunktionen 96
2.9. Kurzer Rück- und Ausblick 108
a) b)
Schritten
— Aufstellung zulässiger Funktionen
— Approximation vorgeschriebener Systemeigenschaften
(vorzugsweise sind es reelle Teileigenschaften) durch
zulässige Netzwerkfunktionen
— Realisierung durch Auffindung zugehöriger Netzwerke
(Struktur, Bemessung, äquivalente Schaltungen)
vornimmt.
Grundsätzlich wird unterstellt, daß sowohl beim
Approximations- als auch beim Realisierungsschritt
nur Zusammenhänge interessieren, die mit geringstem
Grad bzw. Aufwand die Vorschriften befriedigen. Obwohl
der Entwurf das Hauptziel ist, sind Kenntnisse über
Analysemethoden unerläßlich.
Die Gesamtproblematik ist in Tafel 0.2. wiedergegeben.
Zugleich ist darin aufgeführt, wie der Stoff auf die vier
Bände verteilt ist. Ausdrücklich sei betont, daß ein
Vertrautsein mit den Grundlagen und dem Entwurf
passiver Analognetzwerke sehr wesentlich für das Ver-
ständnis moderner Resultate (Einsatz der Rechentechnik,
Ausführung als aktive analoge bzw. als diskrete Systeme)
ist.
Mitunter ist direkt ein Rückgriff auf die klassischen
LO-Formen als „Bezugsnetzwerk" [F 17] möglich und da-
mit ein besonders rationeller Weg gegeben.
Infolge der Kompliziertheit im einzelnen, können in
bestimmten Anwendungsfällen keine geschlossenen Lösun-
gen erbracht werden. Deshalb gewinnen auch spezielle
numerisch-iterative Lösungen u. a. als „gezieltes Pro-
bieren mit dem Rechner" an Bedeutung. Sie werden als
iterative Synthese oder rechnergestützter Entwurf bezeich-
net und können vereinfacht durch ein Ablauf Schema,
wie in Tafel 0.3 skizziert, charakterisiert werden. Trotz
bestimmter Erfolge hat dieser Lösungsweg noch keine
universelle Reife erreicht [F 4], [J 10].
Ergänzungsliteratur: [C 1], [D 1], [F 1], [F 2], [F 3], [F 4],
[K5], [U 1].
2 Fritzsche i
18 0. Einleitung und Einordnung
Netzwerke
(oder Subsysteme)
I
I
12 3 Analoge Netzwerke Diskrete Netzwerke')
t Systemeigenschaften
Systembeschreibung
Netzwerkanalyse
Systemeigenschaften
• Systembeschreibung
• Systemstrukturen
r Elementare Methoden Netzwerksynthese
" black-box-Methoden i.e.S. mit Virschriften
- Allgemeinere Methoden im Zeitbereich
(einschl. Toleranzanalyse) - nichtrekursiver Art
mit linearer Phase
- Netzwerksynthese (Entwurf) L
rekursiver Art mit
" Zweipolsynthese Vorschriften im
Frequenzbereich
Zulässige Funktionen Besonderheiten
- Approximationen realer Netzwerke
- Passive Realisierungen
L
2 3 Vierpolsynthese
2 Zulässige Funktionen
2 Approximationen
2 Realisierungen
2 Passive Realisierungen
2 - Reaktanz-Vierpole
2 - BC-Vierpole
2 - ECL-Vierpole
2 - Hochfrequenzband-
filter
L Aktive Realisierungen
basierend auf Kaskaden-
bausteinen 1 A Inhalt von Band 1
- basierend auf pass. ' 2 A Inhalt von Band 2
Bezugsnetzwerken 3 A Inhalt von Band 3
basierend auf FluB- 4 A Inhalt von Band 4
bildnachbildungen
Ing.-Arbeit
Aufgabe
(Vorschriften)
EDV-Anteil
I
Prinziplosung
777
VM'rttW'A
X
des
"Entwurfs"
vs/sssf/s/s/s/s/sx
T
negativ
positiv
77777/7777A
Musterbau ¿Geändertes'/
' Wodeil
Messung
Soll-Ist - Vergleich
negativ
positiv
Praktisches Resultat
(Produktion)
2*
20 1. Grundlagen
1. Grundlagen
') Das gilt auch, obwohl sich der Determinismus der klassischen Physik als
Trugbild herausgestellt hat. In der Informationstechnik kommt es darauf an,
mit welchen einlachen Mitteln brauchbare Resultate erzielt werden.
1.1. Analoge Signale 21
und
— ungerader Teil hjt) = — [h(t) — h{-t)] = U
(1.1b)
Das hat zur Folge, daß Fg{w) = &{hg{t)} oder
jFu(a>) = jr{hu{t)]
zur Beschreibung von
CT oo
h(t) Fg(oj) cos cot da> (a>) sin cot da>
-1/
(1.2)
genügt.
22 1. Grundlagen
1 . . . 1 . ,
jv(t) = — A rJ<P elm' + — A trVP e-l«">1
T, a>„ = 2n
m-Zeigerpaar-Modell ( A komplexe ^ - B e i h e )
OO 00
Allgem.
MO = £ Cn e f w = X /.(« + nT0)
periodische n=—oo n—oo
Schwingung
mit nm, = n-te Harmonische
1 TW
Allgemeine Grenzfall-Modell ('1\ -> oo, a>0 —> dto, na>0 > to
aperiodische c„T0 F(w)) A ^"-Integral
Funktion 1 )
oo
f°
' ) Die Einschränkung } 1/(01 d( = M < oo kann durch Einführung von ö-
—oo
Funktionen praktikabel überwunden werden.
To-*»
Frequenzbereich
1 komplexer 1 r ^
Bildwert
tp T
bei a> = io„ — u> I —u
Ut0 U0
1 komplexes
Bildwertpaar
re-Bildwertpaare
a Bildfolge
T
M
c n bei o> = noj0 "" T I I T " ' —• U
mit — oo ^ n ^ oo -3U0-2lj0-U0 UJ0 Ilüq Joj 0
und -3q; 0 ; -cjq ' ™ T Z(jn i
Unendlich dichte
Bildfolge a (kontin.) •IFMI
Bildfunktion
oo —^rrrrTfilf tfTlTm i»
F(m) = f f(t)e~i<»tüt
arc { F M } " i M '
1.2. Analoge Systeme 25
m = T\/,(<)} (i.6)
ansetzen.
Die /,(<) sind im Fall der elektrischen Netzwerke
Spannungen oder Ströme bei bestimmten Anschluß-
bedingungen.
Systemeigenschaften
Da die zu entwerfenden Subsysteme „Sonderfälle"
darstellen, sind die zum Aufbau einer praktikablen
Theorie notwendigen Einschränkungen von Anfang an
erfüllt. Das gilt insbesondere (zunächst in der analogen
Schreibweise) für die
Stabilität
\U{t)\^M bedingt |/2(<)| ^ N (1.7a)
mit M und N beliebige reelle endliche Konstanten,
die Linearität
Quellen
Ideale ? Ideale ? .
-unab- Spgs.-Quelle 1 Stromquelle A 0 1 '
hängige (fl, = û ) O U it) («/ = - ) M
£ « e ¡ O f " , Wt) W «
|Wt)==c
1:ü 1:Ü
• «-ftUi
Ti 2 T^tVwiii
O • -O 0 • o
(1.8)
(1.9)
-) Als sinnvolle Abkürzung sprechen wir von R-, L-, C-, fl-Elementeii bzw. von
beliebigen Kombinationen, z. B. von LC-, RC-, RLCü-Netzwerken. Wir
verstehen darunter Subsysteme, die aus solchen „idealen" Elementen auf-
gebaut sind. Die Praxis hat bewiesen, daß dadurch überschaubar wesent-
liche Resultate erzielt werden können. Wenn mit verfeinerten Eleniente-
modellen gerechnet wird, weisen wir explizit darauf hin. Als Beispiel sei
vorweg erwähnt, daß Hochfrequenz- oder HF-Schwingkreise realistisch durch
ein ÜXC'-Modell beschreibbar sind, bei dem die Ohmschen Verluste der (tech-
nischen) Spule und des (technischen) Kondensators durch einen Widerstand
summarisch erfaßt werden. (Einzelheiten s. Bd. 2).
30 1. Grundlagen
(1.10a)
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"How could she?"
"How couldn't she, you mean! Those tenements are not for living in—
there isn't room for that—they're just to eat in, when you've got enough, and
sleep in, when you can sleep, and die in, when you have to."
"On the doorsteps and the roofs when it was hot, and walking up and
down the street when it wasn't."
Violet remembered her own home, and reflected that her excuse was
less, because her surroundings had been better.
"It was bad, but it wasn't so bad as being indoors, my dear. That's what
most girls think about it anyway, and that's why they never go home before
ten or eleven. How else do the moving-picture shows keep running and how
else do the dance-halls make their cakes and ale?"
"Too much?"
"Chuck it, dearie, chuck it. Among all the wasters I've known, I've
never found one drunkard: they all called themselves moderate drinkers.
Well, this girlie played double for a bit, and then met a nice young man that
wanted to marry her next day. She woke up here."
"Did they drug you? They don't have to drug you: you know that. The
minute a girl tells me she was drugged, I say to myself: 'You're the kind that
walk in and won't take "No" for an answer.' No, you catch flies with syrup;
you don't shoot them with machine-guns. Narsty business, no?"
Violet was hearing for the first time how life made the net in which it
had taken her. She passed her hand across her burning eyes.
"That was all till, some two years later, the girl sent for her mother to
come to Bellevue to see her die. As soon as she was used up, they'd turned
her out without one of the pennies she had earned for them.—Narsty, eh?"
"I guess," said Violet, "there ain't much chance for you unless you're
good."
"My dear," answered the Englishwoman, "if you're good, you haven't a
chance at all. It's just a question of whether you have or haven't enough to
live on. The best guardian of a man's virtue is the worst enemy of a
woman's—and that's an empty pocketbook, my dear."
"They buy the girls and pay a percentage on their work, my dear, till the
debt's cleared. Sometimes they give their girls nothing but brass checks for
every job, but whether we get brass checks or real cash, it's all the same:
board and lodging and clothes are so high that we never get out of debt to
the madam. Trust her for that!"
She had a thorough knowledge of her subject, and she ran on as if her
only interest in it were economic. She talked of Denver, with its two-room
houses in which the front seemed one large window where the sole inmate
displayed her wares; of Chicago with the curtained doors through which
was thrust only a hand to receive the varying price of admission, even a
quarter of a dollar occasionally sufficing; of the same city's infamous club
maintained by politicians for their own debauches. She told of the
proprietresses making a specialty of "sending out" for girls that worked at
other and ill-paid tasks by day; of women conducting flats on a partnership
basis; of those who rented, for high prices, houses that would otherwise be
tenantless because of poor conditions or the opening of some street that
must soon be cut through the premises. She said that young girls unsoiled
would sometimes fetch their owners fifty dollars for their initial destruction,
but that, as a rule, the sums were relatively small.
"And Miss Rose has to pay the police," asked Violet; "don't she?"
"She does just, little innocent. And the police have to pay the officers
above them, and the officers above them have to pay the ward-bosses above
them—and there you are. It's all the worse since the bosses can't make any
money from gambling-houses, and it's all the worse since the business got
organized and meant votes for the gang at every election.—Oh," Evelyn
broke off—"I tell you it's the same in every city the world over, my dear,
and you and I haven't even the comfort of being exceptions."
"People don't want to know about it. People don't want to feel badly.
People say that it isn't true, and that, if it is true, it isn't fit to mention."
"I should say not," she answered. "Only a year ago I had that apartment
of my very own. An Africander took me out of the chorus at the 'Gaiety'
over home,—and a good job, too—and, when he died and I came here, one
of the best doctors in this town took care of me. He said he was going to
marry me," she ended with a short laugh, "but when his old wife died, he
forgot that, and forgot me, and married a society girl young enough to be
his grandchild. Of course he died himself after a few months, but that didn't
help me, my dear: I had to strike out, and now, from the best places I've
come down as far as this."
Violet was still too young to feel keenly for another while herself in
suffering, a fact that must have presented itself to Evelyn, because she
turned from her own story with an easy shrug.
"After all," she pursued, "the thing's at least better run now that it has
become a men's business. There are no jobs left at the top except the
running of the houses: the men get the girls, the rents, and most of the
profits."
"Well, rather. Most of the Dago ditch-diggers go home every winter, and
any one of them will bring a girl back with him as his wife if you'll pay him
a little over the price of the passage money. That's one way, but there are a
jolly lot more, not to mention the make-believe employment agencies that
catch the girls by regiments. The women are packed over here in the
steerage like cattle, my dear, and ticketed like low-class freight. All they
own goes into a small handbag and once they get here, they're herded ten in
a room till the agency-runners call for them. Around Houston Street you can
see streets full of those nifty little agencies: they ship the girls all over the
States."
"Of course you didn't. Nobody does, my dear—and that's one reason
they do happen. Not that the immigrants are unduly favored. All over the
East Side you can see families of the Chosen People going into real
mourning for cadet-caught girlies, just as if the poor things were really
dead. The other races suffer quite as much, too, though the Yankees are less
likely to get into the cheaper joints."
"That's where they give them the brass checks?" asked Violet.
Evelyn laughed.
"Right-oh!" she said. "The horrid truth is, my dear, that we and Rose are
hopelessly middle-class. I wish you could see the better, and as for the
worse, wait till you live in a plice where there are sliding panels in the wall,
and men are robbed every night."
"It's all rotten," she continued,—"all rotten because it has to be. Do you
fancy that, if Rose wasn't sure of us, she wouldn't have her ear at that
keyhole now? She can call in Angel half the time, and one cop or another's
never far around the corner. Three weeks ago Phil Beekman, one of her best
customers, tried to balance a lamp on his nose and broke it, and Riley was
there to arrest him for disorderly conduct before the boy could get to his
wallet. He had to pay twenty-five dollars—half went to Riley—for that
fifteen-dollar lamp that Rose had insured for eighteen. We're all that w'y;
we all have to be spies on the rest. I am, you soon will be, and that little
Wanda—well, of course, Rose makes too much fuss over her."
"I mean, my dear," she said, "that there are some things, you know, that
even I don't fancy discussing."
"Oh, yes," Evelyn acquiesced, with a yawn. Already her restless heart
was tiring of the conversation and her insistent thirst was crying for more
alcohol. "Wanda came over here to be a housemaid. She landed in
Philadelphia and went directly to an employment agency, like a good girlie.
They took her money for their commission in getting her a job, and then
they sold her right over here to a sailors' joint."
"For housework?"
"I wish——"
"Not another word, my dear. Talking is a dry game. After all, drinking is
the king of indoor sports. Come on down and rig a bit of fizz."
But Violet did not join in this predatory expedition. She forgot the plight
of the new captive whose cries she had heard; she forgot even the details of
Evelyn's just-related case; she remembered only so much of the general
situation, now made clear to her, as bore upon her own position, and she
came at last to a pitch of crafty courage that was far more promising of
success than any of the hysterical determinations that she had previously
experienced. Open revolt was futile; she would employ methods more
circuitous, and would use whatever weapons were at hand.
"Some. Said he wanted me to keep my ears wide for any news. Wanted
me to pump you."
"He deed?" The voice grew threatening. "Say, now, you tella me why he
knaw you knawa me?"
"He don't know that, Angel. Keep your hair on. He don't know nothin'
about it. If he did, do you think he'd stand for it, an' cough up all these here
straight tips to me?"
"He certainly wouldn't. He don't know nothin' about it. What he's afraid
of is that somebody might think he stood in too good here."
"Yep."
"Alla right. Now, you tella him when he comes again, O'Malley means
——"
The voice dropped to so low a whisper that Violet could hear no more,
and, before it was raised, the doorbell had sounded and she had heard
Celeste, upstairs, calling her. She tiptoed back to the upper hallway.
"Cassie say you' New York Central frien' ees askin' for you,"
volunteered the French girl as they met.
"All right," answered Violet. "I'll be right down. I was trying to swipe a
bottle. And say, Celeste, how does that Wesley Dyker come to have such a
pull with Miss Rose?"
"Oh-h! You don' know? That Wes' Dyk' 'e mabby be a magistrate nex'
'lection. 'E's one gran' man now for bail an' lawyer when trouble come.
—'Es's frien's with so many politicians, too. But Meess Rose, she know 'e
will be some more eef 'e be 'lected magistrate."
"Oh, I see. But doesn't she keep standing in, on the quiet, with the other
people who want the place, too?"
"But of a certainty," she said. "Meess Rose, she know 'er beezness.
Whoever get that 'lection, Meess Rose, she will 'ave been 'ees frien'."
Violet asked no more. She had learned enough to put into her hands the
best weapon just then available.
XII
ON STRIKE
If Katie was late, she was fined ten cents for each offense. She was
reprimanded if her portion of the counter was disordered after a mauling by
careless customers. She was fined for all mistakes she made in the matter of
prices and the additions on her sales-book; and she was fined if, having
asked the floor-walker for three or five minutes to leave the floor in order to
tidy her hair and hands, in constant need of attention through the rapidity of
her work and the handling of her dyed wares, she exceeded her time limit
by so much as a few seconds.
There were no seats behind the counters, and Katie, whatever her
physical condition, remained on her feet all day long unless she could
arrange for relief by a fellow-worker during that worker's luncheon time.
There was no place for rest save a damp, ill-lighted "Recreation Room" in
the basement, furnished with a piano that nobody had time to play,
magazines that nobody had time to read, and wicker chairs in which nobody
had time to sit. All that one might do was to serve the whims and accept the
scoldings of women customers who knew too ill, or too well, what they
wanted to buy; keep a tight rein upon one's indignation at strolling men who
did not intend to buy anything that the shop advertised; be servilely smiling
under the innuendoes of the high-collared floor-walkers, in order to escape
their wrath; maintain a sharp outlook for the "spotters," or paid spies of the
establishment; thwart, if possible, those pretending purchasers who were
scouts sent from other stores, and watch for shop-lifters on the one hand
and the firm's detectives on the other.
"An' don't never," concluded Cora, "don't never let 'em transfer you to
the exchange department. The people that exchange things all belong in the
psychopathic ward at Bellevue—them that don't belong in Sing Sing. Half
the goods they bring back have been used for days, an' when the store ties a
tag on a sent-on-approval opera cloak, the women wriggle the tag inside, an'
wear it to the theater with a scarf draped over the string. Thank God, I'm
goin' to be married!"
In these conditions Katie found many imperative duties, but none quite
so immediately imperative as the repression of Mr. Porter. She had not
made her first sale at the main women's hosiery counter on the first floor, to
which she had been assigned on her arrival—pretty girls always being
favored with first-floor positions—when that tall, gray-whiskered
gentleman, his duties in his underground office not at this hour holding him,
majestically approached her.
Katie became very busy with the stock that was new to her.
"I thought," said Mr. Porter, fixing her with his apparently emotionless
gaze, "that I would just come over and see if you were well taken care of."
"None better, Mr. Porter." Katie smiled sweetly as she said it, and still
more sweetly as she significantly added: "Them's always taken good care of
as are used to takin' good care of themselves."
Mr. Porter blinked, but his expression, or lack of expression, did not
alter.
"And I shall drop around now and then to see that all goes well."
"And, by the way, Miss Flanagan," he added as his Parthian shaft, "I
trust you won't worry over that little loan, you know; there's no hurry in the
world about repayment."
Katie met his vacant glance with the innocent eyes of a grateful child.
"That's kind you are, Mr. Porter," she answered, "and since you say it, I
shan't worry, sir."
But for all that, she did not by any means dismiss the man from her
thoughts. Her true schooling had been received from the textbook of life,
and she had readily observed in Porter's demeanor the tokens that
announced the beginning of a chase. To one class of hunters there is no
closed season, and Katie knew that this class considered her and her kind
fair game.
There had been occasions when she had debated seriously, sometimes
with herself and sometimes with a companion, whether it was worth while
to continue the flight, whether from three to six years of captivity, of toil
that must end in death, but that was at least assured of food, were not to be
preferred to the continuance of a precarious dodging through the industrial
forest with the possibility of starvation lurking behind every bush. But this
question she had always, thus far, answered in the negative, at first because
of her inherent disinclination to confess defeat in any struggle that engaged
her, and at last because of Hermann Hoffmann.
"Yes."
"Come on in."
Katie led the way and lit the lamp, which threw a kindly light over the
neat, bare room, with its stiff wooden chairs, its oilcloth-covered table, and
the lithograph of Our Lady of the Rosary tacked against the room door. A
gas-stove, a cot, a bureau, and a screened-off sink completed the
furnishings.
"I'm just gettin' a bite of supper," she said, before she asked the cause of
Carrie's visit. "You'd better have some."
"No, thank you," replied the caller, with her careful night-school
inflection. "I had mine early."
"Done what?"
"Gone out."
"Struck?"
Carrie nodded.
"You know how it was," she explained; "all the girls around here do.
We've had to work all day long from early morning till late night, Sundays
too, and five dollars for the seven days is counted pretty good wages."
"But somebody said the firms' books showed your pay was higher."
"Oh, the books did show it. You see, they carry only a few of us on their
salary list, and then each of the foremen hires helpers paid out of one girl's
wages. You know as well as I do that most of us live on oatmeal and
crackers, and rent one bed in somebody else's tenement."
"That's so," she granted; "only I thought them things were all ended
after the last row."
"Well, they weren't ended; they were only helped for a few months, and
now it's summer and most of us would have been laid off. It's the worst time
to strike—we know that—but things came to a point where we had to make
a fight, or there wouldn't have been any of us left to fight when a better time
did come."
"Yes, that's the real point. The bosses started a union of their own."
"Among themselves?"
"No—they've always had that. I mean they got the new girls into what
they called a beneficial association, with the bosses for officers. If you join
that, you get all sorts of favors, but you can't join unless you leave the old
union."
"Well?"
"Well, then, as soon as they get the beneficial association full enough,
they discharge the union girls and, little by little, withdraw the privileges
from the Association members, so that things go back to where they were
before."
The girl spoke quietly, but Katie remembered many of the evils that
Carrie had not mentioned. She recalled how each moment's pause in work
meant a deduction from the worker's pay; how the elaborate system of fines
taxed the girl whose fingers left her task to rearrange a straying lock of hair,
and how the tears forced by overstrained nerves or over-exerted muscles
cost the offender almost a fixed price apiece; how the girls that did
piecework received no money unless they brought the little check for every
article made, the firm thereby saving, through the inevitable loss of some of
these checks, a proportion of payment as well known to them and as certain
as the mortality rates of life insurance.
"Yes; they turned down our committee at three o'clock this afternoon,
and at three-fifteen we had all left the shops. Oh, it was great! But they've
got a lot of hands left, and they'll have some of their orders filled in
Newark. I don't know how it will end."
"Not an inch. The most they did was to get some of us aside, each away
from the rest, and offer us seven dollars a week apiece if we'd fix things up
so that our friends would go back to work without any more trouble."
Katie, who well knew what seven dollars a week must mean to this
calm, hardworking Lithuanian girl, who had come to America alone and
was saving to send her parents money enough to follow, shot a sidelong
glance at the speaker; but Carrie's tone had not changed; she seemed
unaware that she was narrating anything unusual.
"Last strike," said Carrie, "one of those union girls was sent out to sell
copies of a special edition of The Call for the benefit of the strikers. She
hadn't had anything to eat for three days. One man gave her a five-dollar
bill for a single paper. Nobody saw him give it; she didn't have to account
for it; and she was nearly starved; but she came back and turned in that
whole five dollars to the fund. That was one of the girls I was representing
this afternoon. Do you suppose I could go back on such girls? Do you
suppose I could help myself when I knew it was hurting the others?"
Katie did not immediately reply, but her blue eyes shone. Presently she
asked:
"I began it right away. I spoke to one scab as she came out—just asked
her wouldn't she join the union for her own good and ours—just laid my
hand on her wrist—but they had the cops ready and their own strong-arm
men, and had three of them beating me for my pains."
"Pinched?"
"Of course. The magistrate let me off with a lecture on the rights of
every girl to work for starvation-wages if she felt like doing it and like
making others starve.—But next time it will be a fine or the workhouse."
Katie had begun to busy herself with the preparations for her meal. She
had warmed some coffee on the gas-stove and taken from the cupboard a
roll and a few slices of dried beef.
"Look here," she said, stopping in the midst of this task; "how much
money have you got?"
"Maybe you are, but you might as well be better. Now, the while the
strike lasts, just you give up that room acrost the hall an' come over here
with me."
"You're the real goods," she said; "but I don't have to do that."
"Of course you don't have to, but I'd take it a real kindness. What's the
use o' keepin' a whole room to yourself when you'll be spendin' parts of the
time in jail?"
Carrie laughed.
"Sure I will."
"Then perhaps——"
"That's settled," ended Katie, and it was arranged that Carrie's few sticks
of furniture should be moved into the Irish girl's quarters the next morning.
The details had just been settled when Hermann entered, his cheerful
lips concluding the last bar of "Die Wacht Am Rhein."
"Hello!" said Katie, smiling. "Are you out of a job, too? Or are you just
goin' to be late the night?"
Hermann pulled his cap from his blonde curls and, with blushing
cheeks, grinned broadly.
"All right. Sit down an' ask it. You know Carrie. Don't mind her."
Carrie rose. She was aware of the pair's relations, and too firmly bound
by East Side etiquette to think it well to make of herself that third person
who constitutes a crowd.
"Aboud dot girl I dalked to you aboud on our vay to Coney. You see
now you have a tshob, it seemed like ve might do somesing for her."
"I'll tell you how it is, Hermann," she said, and she did tell him.
As soon as she had secured her place, she had determined to help. At
present much financial assistance was impossible, and employment there
was none. It would be dangerous, moreover, to all concerned—not least of
all to Violet—for the girl to make a dash for liberty in any manner that
would give to Rose a chance to secure vengeance through her friends the
police. But Katie was decided, and Carrie at once agreed, that, could the
escape be arranged, Violet might at least be sheltered in Katie's room until
some work should be found for her.
"Dot's chust vat I vanted fer to tell you aboud," said Hermann. "You
know Conrad Schultz. He's now got my route vith de brewery-vagon. De
stable's chust two doors round de corner. I've explained to him, und he'll
slip a note to Miss Violet the first dime he sees her."
"An' I'll hand it to him on my way to work in th' mornin'," added Katie.
"Now you run along or you'll be docked."
Hermann assented, smiling. He turned to the door, fumbled with the
knob, and dropped his cap. Katie, a steaming cup of coffee in one hand,
stooped to recover it just as Hermann himself bent forward. In the presence
of a third person, the German felt a sudden thrill of courage.
"Ach, but you're a goot girl, Katie!" he cried. "Und here's a liddle revard
fer it!"
He seized his cap, jerked her black head toward him, and imprinted a
resounding kiss on her pink cheek.
Katie laughed and broke free. She spilled some of the coffee, but she
administered a smart blow with her open palm on the offending mouth.
"To a dance," answered Katie. "Me feet have got that lazy walkin' after
a job that I'm afraid they'll forget all the dancin'-steps they ever knew,
unless I hurry an' get some practicin' again."
"I don't know," said Carrie, doubtfully, "I've got to get up early in the
morning."
"An' what about me? Besides, haven't I got me friend, the alarm-clock?"
"An' pay the same for half an hour's headache that we could get a whole
night's dancin' for?"