2 - 3 Flat Roofs

Section 2.
3
Flat Roofs
Warm deck single ply

membrane
Product: Rocksilk Krimpact Flat
Roof Slab
Fl01
Warm deck single ply

membrane
Product: Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard
Fl02
Warm deck built-up felt/

mastic asphalt
Product: Rocksilk Krimpact Flat
Roof Slab
Fl03
Protected membrane
Products: Polyfoam ECO Roofboard
and Polyfoam Slimline membrane
Fl04
Warm deck car park roof

Product: Polyfoam ECO Roofboard
Super
Fl05
Cut-to-falls
Product: Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-ToFalls system
Fl06
Cut-to-falls
Product: Polyfoam ECO Cut-ToFalls system
Fl07
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Flat roof design
Condensation
Warm and cold roofs
Thermal insulation and the flow of heat and

water vapour through a construction are
inextricably linked. The position of thermal
insulation, vapour control layer and the need for
ventilation must all be considered together.
The likelihood of condensation occurring will
depend on the position of the insulation in the
roof construction, the U-value of the roof, the
relative humidity and temperature of the internal
environment and whether an effective vapour
control layer has been provided. To prevent
surface condensation, the roof must be kept
above the dew point of the internal air with an
appropriate thickness of insulation, correctly
located. To prevent interstitial condensation,
an effective vapour control layer must be installed
on the warm side of the insulation.
The position of the thermal insulation in relation

to the structural roof deck has created two basic
categories of roof design:
continuous ventilated airspace to disperse the

water vapour to atmosphere before it reaches the
cold deck and condenses.
Warm roofs
This section only considers warm roofs

as follows:
Cold roofs
A warm roof has the insulation above the
structural deck, which is thus kept warm.
The waterproof layer is above the insulation and
a vapour control layer is placed below the
insulation.
An inverted/protected membrane roof is a form
of warm roof in which the insulation is placed
above the waterproof covering (which also acts
as a vapour control layer).
A cold roof has the insulation placed below the
structural deck, which thus remains cold. This
construction relies on a vapour control layer
working effectively, and in tandem with a
The three types of warm deck considered in this section

1. Warm deck built-up roof
Built-up roof
Insulation
Vapour control layer
Timber deck
2. Warm deck single ply membrane

Single ply membrane
Insulation
Metal deck
3. Inverted/protected membrane/green roof mastic asphalt waterproofing

Gravel ballast
Filtration water shedding layer
Insulation
Non-woven polyester fleece
Mastic asphalt waterproofing
Isolating layer (Type 4a Felt)
Screed to falls
Concrete deck
92
Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk
Warm roof with built-up felt or mastic

asphalt roof covering
Warm roof with single ply membrane
Inverted/protected membrane/green roof
Roof loadings
The roof structure must be capable of supporting
all of the associated loadings. In addition, the
wind pressure acting on the roof should be
assessed in accordance with BS EN 1991-14:2005+A1:2010.
Drainage
Guidance on the number and size of rainwater
outlets can be obtained from BS EN12056Part 3: 2000. The drainage and edge details
should be installed as per the waterproofing
membrane manufacturers instructions.
Flat Roofs
2.3
Flat roofs
2.3
Flat roof design
Built-up felt/mastic asphalt

Concrete, timber and metal deck flat roofs can all
be designed as warm roofs with a built-up felt or
mastic asphalt roof covering. Installation of the
roof covering should be in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions with due consideration
being taken of fixing methods and wind uplift.
An integral part of a warm deck flat roofing
system is the installation of the vapour control
layer on the warm side of the insulation.
Single ply
Concrete, metal and timber deck flat roofs can all
be designed as flat roofs with a single ply roof
covering. Installation of the roof covering should
be in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions with due consideration being taken of
fixing methods and wind uplift.
An integral part of a warm deck flat roofing
system is the installation of the vapour control
layer on the warm side of the insulation.
When insulation is placed over the deck,
an insulant with a low rate of thermal expansion
should be selected with adequate mechanical
strength to resist the compressive and tensile
loads during installation and in service.
Differential movement can be avoided by laying
a single ply waterproof membrane and
mechanically fixing it through the insulation to the
deck, using an approved fully bonded system or
leaving the membrane loose and covering with
ballast.
Refer to the Single Ply Roofing Association (SPRA)
Design Guide for Single Ply Roofing for advice on
alternative fixing methods.
Fixing of insulation/single
membrane
Where the insulation is mechanically fixed rather
than bonded to the roof deck, the wind uplift
capability of the roof finish depends entirely on
the mechanical fixings.
When mechanically fixed, the roof membrane
may be temporarily lifted by wind suction.
It is advisable with mechanically fixed
membranes to ensure that all insulation slabs or
boards are fixed to the structural deck to avoid
them moving out of position during windy
periods.
When mechanically fixing or fully bonding the
membrane the systems should be designed to
withstand the wind loadings calculated in
accordance with BS EN 1991-14:2005+A1:2010.
Suitable mechanical fixings and adhesives are
readily available for use with all types of deck.
PVC single ply membranes

Where extruded polystyrene insulation boards
are used with a PVCmembrane, a separating
layer must be placed between the PVC membrane
and the insulation to prevent plasticiser migrating
out of the membrane. This may take the form of a
glass fibre or polyester fleece with a minimum
density of 100 g/m2, or a foil facing to the
insulation board. An alternative is to use a
membrane with an integrally bonded fleece
backing. EPDMand polyolefin membranes do not
require a separating layer.
Vapour control layers

The vapour control layer may take the form of
a bitumen bonded felt, a nailed felt layer or
a reinforced polyethylene sheeting. If in doubt
please contact our Technical Advice and Support
Centre on 01744 766666.
Protection of insulation
during installation
To prevent moisture entrapment on or in the
insulation boards it is essential to protect them
during laying and before the application of the
roof waterproofing, or to lay the roof covering at
the same time as the board.
Standards
BS 6229:2003 is the code of practice for flat
roofs with continuously supported coverings.
It recommends that they are inspected at least
twice a year in spring and autumn as a minimum
and also after events which may have had a
detrimental effect on the roof covering, such as
violent storms. Workmanship on flat roofs is
covered by BS 8000: Part 4: 1989.
93
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Flat roof design
Inverted/protected membrane
roofs
With insulation placed above the waterproof
membrane the latter is protected from extremes of
temperature and thus shielded from excessive
thermal stress, this will normally result in an
extended life. An inverted/protected membrane
roof places additional requirements on the
thermal insulation which needs to have the
following properties:
Low water absorption in service (including
freeze/thaw cycles)
High compressive strength to withstand ballast
load and support surface traffic
BS 6229 : 2003 recommends a minimum
finished fall of 1:60 or 1:80 dependent on the
waterproofing covering. In the absence of
detailed analysis a fall equal to twice that of the
minimum finished fall should be assumed for
design purposes.
For roofs with slopes below 1:80 the asphalt
waterproofing must be tanking grade and a
separating membrane placed between the
waterproofing and the insulation.
Where the filter membrane above the insulation
also forms a water resistant layer, as in the
Polyfoam Slimline system, there is an increase
in surface water run-off above the insulation,
ensure that the capacity and location of gulleys
and outlets is sufficient to cope with this. Further
details can be found in BS 12056: Part 3 : 2000.
Roof loadings
Filter layer
Inverted/protected membrane roofs can be

constructed on concrete, timber or metal decks.
The structure must be capable of supporting the
weight of the loading layer to the satisfaction of
the structural engineer.
A filter layer should be placed between the

insulation and ballast layer to prevent fine grit
being washed down to the waterproof
membrane. The incorporation of the Polyfoam
Slimline membrane layer improves the
performance of the roofing system by restricting
the flow of water below the insulation. This
improves the thermal performance of the roof
and has the added benefit of reducing the
potential for insulation flotation which allows the
thickness of the ballast layer to be reduced, thus
reducing the overall weight of the roof.
The loading layer can be provided by washed,

graded and rounded gravel of nominal diameter
20-40mm (free from fines) or by dense concrete
paving slabs or by a green/garden roof system.
A loading layer is necessary to prevent the
insulation boards being lifted by high winds or
floatation as water drains from the roof. It also
protects the insulation from the effects of UV light
and contributes towards the roofs fire rating. For
heavily trafficked areas, concrete paving slabs
should be used to form the loading layer.
Where gravel ballast is used paving slabs are
required at exposed edges (i.e. edges without
upstands or abutments) to negate the risk of wind
uplift or wind scour (as shown in the design
details overleaf).
Ballast depths can vary according to the
insulation used in some systems. Table 14 sets out
typical loadings for roofs insulated with the
Polyfoam Slimline system.
For further details on dead and imposed loads
refer to BS EN 1991-1-3 : 2006. For wind loads
refer to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1: 2010.
Control of condensation in protected membrane roofs

Because the roof structure and membrane are
both kept warm in an inverted/protected
membrane roof, the risk of condensation is
virtually eliminated. Nevertheless, condensation
might occur on the underside of the deck if the
deck is thin and has been cooled by water
run-off during heavy and continuous rain or
melting snow. This condensation will disperse
when the heating system overcomes the
temperature difference.
94
To help prevent the condensation from occurring

ensure that the deck has a minimum R-value of
0.15 m2K/W. If the deck has a high thermal
capacity it will not be rapidly cooled by
rainwater. The proposed design should be
assessed for condensation risk using the
methods and information given in BS 6229:
2003 and BS 5250: 2011.
The Polyfoam Slimline system will shed the rainwater to the
gutters before it can penetrate through the insulation layer to
the waterproofed deck, therefore the condensation risk is
considerably reduced if this system is adopted.
Roof maintenance
As with all other types of roof the inverted/
protected membrane roof will benefit from a
regular schedule of inspection and routine
maintenance. Areas of special concern are the
membrane, rainwater outlets, gutters, flashings
and other detail work.
The inspection should also include checks to
ensure that the insulation and its loading layer
are still positioned as installed. Weed growth
should be eradicated with a water based
weed killer.
Table 14 - Weight and thickness of
ballast with Polyfoam Slimline system
Ballast type
Thickness
(mm)
Weight
(kg/m2)
Gravel
50
80
Concrete slabs
50
125
Flat Roofs
Solution optimiser and pathfinder
2.3
Key

Thermal insulation achievable by constructions within this document.

Find online. Visit knaufinsulation.co.uk and key in construction code to find the
Pb01

U-values
0.28 0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21 0.20 0.19
0.18 0.17
0.16 0.15
0.14
0.13
2.3
Knauf Insulation solution
most up to date information on your chosen solution.
Warm deck single ply membrane

Product: Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab
See page: 96
Fl01

Product: Polyfoam ECO Roofboard
See page: 98
Fl02
Warm deck built-up felt/mastic asphalt

Product: Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab
See page: 100
Fl03
Protected membrane
Products: Polyfoam ECO Roofboard and
Polyfoam Slimline membrane
See page: 102
Fl04

Product: Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super
See page: 104
Fl05
Cut-to-falls
Product: Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls
system
See page: 106
Fl06
Cut-to-falls
Product: Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls system
See page: 108
Fl07
95
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab
NEW BUILD
Significantly improves acoustic

performance and reduces the
drumming effect of rainwater
on lightweight roofs
REFURB
Fl01
C
ompatible with a wide range of
single ply membranes - no
requirement for separating layer

N
on-combustible with a Euroclass
A1 reaction to fire rating
BBA certified
Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Zero Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Single ply
waterproofing system
mechanically fixed to
the deck
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat
Roof Slab mechanically
fixed to metal deck
Products
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is a high
strength, consistent density, rigid, rock mineral
wool slab manufactured using Krimpact
technology and specifically designed for use in
flat roofing.
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has sufficient
compressive strength to be used on warm-deck
flat roofs with limited access with concrete,
timber or metal decks and subject to light
maintenance traffic. If there is a likelihood of
more severe traffic occurring, then additional
precautions should be considered.
Typical construction
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is suitable for
use on all types of roof deck. The slabs are laid
over a vapour control membrane and
mechanically fixed to the deck. The insulation is
overlaid with a single ply membrane which is
mechanically fixed.
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is compatible
with most PVC, EPDM and other types of
mechanically fixed single ply waterproofing
membrane systems. The advice of the single ply
96
membrane manufacturer should be sought to

confirm compatibility with specific membranes.
Installation
The vapour control layer should be laid over
the structural deck and all joints lapped and
sealed. Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is
then laid in a staggered pattern from one
corner of the roof. The orientation of the slabs
is unimportant provided the constraints on
spanning metal profiled decks are followed.
The slabs and membrane should be
mechanically fixed to the deck using specialist
fixings such as those available from Ejot*.
Typically two fixings equally spaced along
the length and in the centre of each slab are
required to secure the system in place.
*For information on EJOT fixings, contact 01977 687040
Performance
Standards
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has been
tested to the UEAtc Technical Guidelines MOAT
No 50: 1992, Thermal insulation systems
intended for supporting waterproofing
membranes on flat and sloping roofs. It is
classified B for mechanical performance roof
Structural deck
only accessible for purpose of maintenance and

may be used without any restrictions.
Compressive resistance
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has a
compressive strength of 60 kPa.
Thermal performance
The thermal conductivity of Rocksilk Krimpact
Flat Roof Slab is 0.038 W/mK.
Fire performance
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is classified as
A1 to BS EN 13501-1, the best fire performing
insulation. Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has
a melting point of over 1000C. In the event of
fire it will emit negligible quantities of smoke
and fumes. The heat emission from the product
is insignificant.
Flat Roofs
Typical section
2.3
Typical specification
Single ply waterproofing system

mechanically fixed to the deck

mechanically fixed to metal deck
2.3
The vapour control layer and Rocksilk

Krimpact Flat Roof Slab, thickness ......mm to
be mechanically fixed to the roof deck.
The single ply membrane should be applied
over the insulation in accordance with the
appropriate manufacturers recommended
specification.
Alternatively, consult the National
Building Specifications, Standard
version clause/clauses
J42/425
Knauf Insulation specification clauses can be
downloaded from knaufinsulation.co.uk/nbs

Structural deck
Table 15 - Typical U-values of warm deck single ply membrane roofs

Product
U-values (W/m2K)
Thickness
Rocksilk Krimpact
Flat Roof Slab
150mm concrete
40mm screed
13mm plaster
Profiled
metal
deck
19mm chipboard
timber joists
12.5mm plasterboard
245
(145+100)
0.15
0.15
0.14
230
(130+100)
0.15
0.16
0.15
215
(165+50)
0.16
0.17
0.16
200 (2x100)
0.17
0.19
0.17
180
(100+80)
0.19
0.21
0.19
165
0.21
0.22
0.20
150
0.22
0.24
0.22
140
0.24
0.26
0.24
130
0.25
0.28
0.25
Note: For project specific calculations contact our Technical Advice and Support Centre on 01744 766666.
CERTIFICATE CS/1001-2
U Value Competency Scheme
Flat roofs
(mm)
The profiles of metal deck roofs need to provide

sufficient support for the insulation. The greater
the thickness of insulation, the greater the span
it can accommodate on profiled metal decks.
Where the butt joint of Krimpact Flat Roof Slabs
occurs along the top of the profiles then the
maximum allowable span is (a), as shown in the
table. Where the butt joint occurs over the
troughs of the profiles then the maximum
allowable span is (b), as shown in the table.
Note: Polyfoam ECO Roofboard will perform at least as
well as Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab.
Table 16 - Maximum allowable span

Insulation
Max span
Max span
thickness (mm)
a (mm)
b (mm)

50
60
70
75
80
160
170 120
180 140
200 160
210 170
220 180
220
200
Insulation slabs butt along tops of profiles
Insulation slabs butt over troughs
97
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra
NEW BUILD
Light, strong, moisture resistant

with a high compressive strength
REFURB
Fl02

C
ompressive strength allows light
roof traffic and offers future use
potential
R
ebated edges provide support
across spans in profiled roof decks

BBA certified
Global Warming Potential (GWP) <5
Single ply
membrane
Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Extra
Products
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is 100% ozone
friendly, extruded polystyrene, rigid board
insulation it is lightweight, yet has excellent
structural strength and long term effectiveness.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra has a Global
Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 5.
It is supplied with interlocking rebated edges
and is suitable for lightly trafficked flat roofs.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is for use in
medium trafficked flat roofs and in green and
garden roofs.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is suitable for
use on all types of roof deck. The boards are
laid over a vapour control layer and either
mechanically fixed or bonded to the vapour
control layer.
The insulation is overlaid with a single ply
membrane which can be fully adhered to the
insulation or mechanically fixed to the deck.
98
Structural deck
Installation
When using partially or fully bonded membrane
systems, Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra should
be mechanically fixed to the deck to withstand
the calculated wind load. The waterproof
membrane may then be bonded to the
insulation using a polyurethane based adhesive
in accordance with the membrane
manufacturers instructions. The advice of the
waterproofing membrane manufacturer will be
required for the precise fixing specification.
When using mechanically fixed membranes,
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra should be
mechanically fixed to the deck.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is suitable for
use with most PVC membranes (provided there
is a separation layer between the board and
membrane), EPDM and other types of single ply
waterproof membranes. The advice of the single
ply membrane manufacturer should be sought to
confirm compatibility with specific membranes.
The vapour control layer should be laid over the

structural deck and all joints lapped and sealed.
If a PVC membrane is being used, a suitable
separating layer should be installed.
The boards are then laid in a staggered
pattern from one corner of the roof.
In a bonded membrane system, each layer of
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra must be
bonded as well as the waterproof membrane
itself. A polyurethane based adhesive is
recommended.
When a mechanically fixed membrane is
being used, Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra
should be mechanically fixed to the deck with
two centrally placed fixings in each board to
secure the boards in place before the
membrane is fixed.
When installing double layers of Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Extra, the second layer should be
installed transversely to the first layer in order to
minimise the number of coincident joints
between the insulation boards. If required, one
centrally placed mechanical fixing can be
installed in the first layer prior to the installation
and final fixing of the second layer. Both
insulation layers should be laid in a staggered
stretcher brick bond pattern.
Flat Roofs
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra below a

mechanically fixed single ply membrane
2.3
Single ply membrane
2.3
The vapour control layer and Polyfoam ECO

Roofboard Extra, ......mm thick, to be
mechanically fixed*/adhered* to the roof
deck.
The single ply membrane should be installed
over the insulation in accordance with the
appropriate manufacturers recommended
specification.
J42/415

Extra mechanically fixed
to metal deck
Structural deck
Table 17 - Typical U-values of warm deck single ply membrane roofs

Product
(mm)
Performance
Thermal performance
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra, has a thermal
conductivity of 0.033 W/mK.
150mm concrete
40mm screed
13mm plaster
Profiled
metal
deck
19mm chipboard
timber joists 12.5mm
plasterboard
200
(2x100)
0.16
0.16
0.15
190
(100+90)
0.17
0.17
0.16
180
(100+80)
0.18
0.18
0.17
170
(100+70)
0.19
0.19
0.18
160
0.21
0.21
0.20
150
(80+70)
0.22
0.23
0.21
140
0.23
0.24
0.22
130
(70+60)
0.25
0.26
0.24
Compression resistance
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is highly
resistant to compression and withstands both
occasional and long term static loads. Load
bearing construction elements should be
designed to adequately support the
combination of impossed and deadloads with
creating excessive deflection.
Moisture resistance
resistant to moisture and can be laid in standing
water or up against wet concrete with negligible
impact on the performance of the product.
Fire performance
When Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is
installed in a roof construction it will not
contribute to the development stages of a fire.
U-values (W/m2K)
Thickness
99
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Warm deck built-up felt/mastic asphalt
NEW BUILD
REFURB
Fl03

Insulation slabs knit together at

joints, reducing the potential for
cold spots and loss of thermal
performance
Quick to install and dimensionally

stable
Compatible with a wide range of
weatherproofing systems

on-combustible with a Euroclass A1
N
reaction to fire rating
Mastic asphalt
waterproofing
BBA certified
Isolating felt

12mm bitumen impregnated fibreboard

bonded to vapour control layer
Sand cement screed laid to falls
Products
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is a high
strength, consistent density, rigid, rock mineral
wool slab manufactured using Krimpact
Technology and specifically designed for use in
flat roofing.
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has sufficient
compressive strength to be used on warm-deck
flat roofs with limited access with concrete,
timber or metal decks and subject to light
maintenance traffic. If there is a likelihood of
more severe traffic occurring, then additional
precautions should be considered.
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is suitable for
use on all types of roof deck. The insulation
slabs are laid staggered bond, butt jointed and
bonded to the deck. The insulation is overlaid
with a waterproof membrane consisting of
either a fully bonded built-up bitumen roofing
system, or mastic asphalt. When used with
100
mastic asphalt, the insulation is overlaid with

12mm bitumen impregnated fibreboard and an
isolating felt.
Concrete roof deck
without bonding onto the fibreboard prior to the

application of the mastic asphalt.
Installation
The vapour control layer and Rocksilk Krimpact
Flat Roof Slab are both fully bonded in hot
bitumen and then waterproofed.
Built-up felt membranes
High performance bitumen membrane systems
are fully bonded in hot bitumen to the Rocksilk
Krimpact Flat Roof Slab using traditional roll
and pour methods. Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof
Slab is not suitable for the direct application of
torch-on roofing felts.
Mastic asphalt surface
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab provides a
stable base for mastic asphalt. The slabs should
be overlaid with a 12mm layer of bitumen
impregnated fibreboard. A bitumen felt (low
grade is satisfactory) should be loose laid
Performance
Standards
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has been
tested to the UEAtc Technical Guidelines MOAT
No 50: 1992, Thermal insulation systems
intended for supporting waterproofing
membranes on flat and sloping roofs. It is
classified B for mechanical performance roof
only accessible for purpose of maintenance and
may be used without any restrictions.
Thermal performance
Flat Roof Slab is 0.038 W/mK.
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab has a
compressive strength of 60 kPa.
Fire performance
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab is classified as
Euroclass A1 to BS EN 13501-1. Rocksilk
products have a melting point of over 1000C.
In the event of fire they will emit negligible
quantities of smoke and fumes. The heat
emission from the products is insignificant.
Flat Roofs
Typical parapet
2.3

Krimpact Flat Roof Slab,......mm thick to be
fully bonded, with hot bitumen.
Cavity tray
Flashing
Mastic asphalt waterproofing
Polyfoam ECO Upstand Board

separated from mastic asphalt
by polyester fleece
Isolating felt
12mm bitumen
impregnated
fibreboard
2.3
The waterproof membrane should be applied

in accordance with the appropriate
manufacturers recommended specification.
J42/425
Vapour control
layer
Rocksilk Krimpact Flat

Roof Slab bonded to
vapour control layer
Sand cement screed

laid to falls
Table 18 - Typical U-values of flat roofs insulated with Rocksilk Krimpact

Flat Roof Slab
U-values (W/m2K)
Thickness
(mm)
150mm
concrete 40mm
screed 13mm
plaster
Profiled
metal
deck
19mm chipboard
timber joists
12.5mm
plasterboard
245 (145+100)
0.15
0.15
0.14
230 (130+100)
0.15
0.16
0.15
215 (165+50)
0.16
0.17
0.16
200 (2x100)
0.17
0.19
0.17
180 (100+80)
0.19
0.21
0.19
165
0.21
0.22
0.20
150
0.22
0.24
0.22
140
0.24
0.26
0.24
130
0.25
0.28
0.25
N ote: For project specific calculations contact our Technical Advice and Support Centre
on 01744 766666.
101
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Protected membrane
Polyfoam Slimline System
High compressive strength of

supports loading of paving slab
supports
NEW BUILD
Fl04
olyfoam Slimline system enables a

P
thinner layer of insulation to achieve
the specified U-value
Protected membrane flat roofs using
the Polyfoam Slimline system are
lighter as less ballast is required

BBA certified
REFURB
Flashing
Polyfoam
ECO
Upstand
Board
Paving slab
ballast
Spacer
supports
Polyfoam
Slimline
membrane
Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Extra on
separating fleece/
isolating layer
Mastic asphalt
waterproof
membrane
Screed laid to falls
Concrete roof deck
Products
olyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is a 100%
P
ozone friendly, extruded polystyrene, rigid
insulation board that is lightweight, yet has
excellent structural strength and moisture
resistance.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra has a Global
Polyfoam Slimline membrane is a high
performance, non woven polypropylene
geotextile membrane that prevents the passage
of water and is water vapour permeable.
olyfoam ECO Upstand Board is a laminate of
P
Polyfoam ECO extruded polystyrene, rigid
board insulation and a tough, weather resistant
facing board suitable for exterior use.
Protected membrane roof with ballast of gravel
or paving slabs and the Polyfoam Slimline
membrane in place of the standard filtration
membrane. Polyfoam Slimline membrane:
is water resistant, preventing cold rainwater
reaching the waterproof membrane and so
improving thermal performance
allows water vapour from below to permeate
102
the membrane
reduces flotation, so less ballast is required
Installation
The waterproofing membrane is laid on the
roof deck in accordance with manufacturers
instructions. The waterproofing membrane
can be either reinforced bitumen, polymeric
single ply, mastic asphalt or hot melt
waterproofing system.
The waterproof membrane must be free of
loose gravel and grit before the insulation
boards are laid.
On existing roofs, any existing chippings should
be covered with a polyethylene cushion layer,
such as Floorfoam.
For all mastic asphalt applications, a separating
non woven polyester fleece is required as
defined in BS 8218:1998. For PVC single ply
membranes, a similar fleece or other approved
separating layer, should be laid immediately
below the insulation and turned up at all
upstands to the top of any upstand insulation to
isolate Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra from the
waterproofing layer. If in doubt regarding the
compatibility of the insulation and membrane
contact Knauf Insulation Technical Advice and
Support Centre or the membrane manufacturer.

Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra should be laid
in a staggered pattern from the point of access
across the roof. It is important that all joints
between boards are tight fitting and there are
no gaps at the junctions with rooflights,
upstands etc.
Polyfoam Slimline membrane is loose laid over
the insulation, at right angles to the slope, with
300mm side laps. At all upstands and
penetrations, turn the membrane up so it
finishes above the ballast level.
Gravel ballast is laid (using 20-40mm diameter
gravel at 50mm depth) to prevent wind uplift. To
create a roof terrace/patio area, paving slabs
at 50mm thick are an alternative to gravel
ballast.
Each layer is laid on an advancing front in
order to protect the membrane from mechanical
damage as the materials are transported
across the roof.
At upstands, fix Polyfoam ECO Upstand Board
to the abutment using a suitable mechanical
fixing or adhesive. Ensure the top exposed
edge of insulation is protected from UV
degradation using a suitable UV resistant
Flat Roofs
Typical detail with concrete paving ballast
2.3
Polyfoam ECO Upstand Board
Spacer supports
Polyfoam Slimline membrane
The whole of the roof area, lined with a

waterproof membrane to be insulated with
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra ......mm
thick. The insulation to be overlaid with
Polyfoam Slimline membrane and covered
with gravel ballast.*/minimum 50mm thick
paving slabs on spacers*.
2.3
(*Delete as required.)
The gravel to be washed, rounded and

graded, free from sand and grit with a
nominal diameter of 20 to 40mm and a
minimum of 50mm deep.
Concrete paving slabs

on separating fleece/isolating
layer

J42/415
Screed laid to falls

Concrete roof deck
Mastic asphalt waterproof membrane on isolating layer
flashing.
of 0.033 W/mK.
Performance
Fire performance
When Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra is
combination of imposed and dead loads
without creating excessive deflection.
The facing board is classified as Class 1 Surface

Spread of Flame to BS 476: Part 7: 1987.
Polyfoam ECO Upstand Board is faced with a
Table 19 - Typical U-values of protected membrane roofs using Polyfoam Slimline System
Product
The facing of Polyfoam ECO Upstand Board is

highly resistant to impact damage and provides
a robust finish.
Moisture resistance
water or up against wet concrete with
negligible impact on the performance of the
product.
6mm weather resistant board which offers

excellent fire performance as a facing material.
Thickness
U-values (W/m2K)
(mm)
150mm concrete
40mm screed
13mm plaster
240 (140 +100)
0.14
220 (120+100)
0.15
200 (2 x100)
0.16
180 (100+80)
0.18
The facing of Polyfoam ECO Upstand Board is

moisture resistant.
170 (100 +70)
0.19
160
0.21
Thermal performance
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra has a thermal
150 (80+70)
0.22
The extruded polystyrene content of Polyfoam

ECO Upstand Board has a thermal conductivity
140
0.24
130 (70+60)
0.26
103
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super
NEW BUILD
Lightweight, very strong, and

moisture resistant
REFURB
Fl05

High level of compressive strength

to support the loads associated
with a car park roof
P
rotects waterproofing membrane
during concrete casting, increasing
its in service life

BBA certified
Reinforced cast
concrete slab
Slip layer
Super
Asphalt and felt layer
Products
Installation
Performance
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super is a 100%

ozone friendly, extruded polystyrene, rigid
board insulation. It is lightweight, yet has
excellent structural strength and long term
effectiveness.
Cover the whole of the roof deck with a

waterproofing layer. Lay Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Super onto this layer (using a non
woven polyester fleece separation layer if the
waterproofing layer is PVC based or asphalt).
Stagger the joints of the boards and ensure the
interlocking rebates are tightly pushed together.
All materials are compressed under load. If the
roof is going to be transformed from a limited
access waste of space into a useful space the
insulation must be capable of accommodating
applied loads.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super has a Global

A structural concrete deck designed as a
waterproof car park roof. Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Super is installed on top of the
waterproof layer and then covered with a
structural reinforced concrete slab to withstand
heavy loading and traffic.
Cover the insulation with a slip layer and a

reinforced cast concrete slab designed to
withstand the expected load of vehicle traffic.
Finish slab as required for car park deck.
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super is highly

combination of imposed and dead loads
without creating excessive deflection.
Moisture resistance
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super is highly
water or up against wet concrete with
negligible impact on the performance of the
product.
Thermal performance
The thermal conductivity of Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Super is 0.034 or 0.036 W/mK.
Fire performance
When Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super is
104
Flat Roofs
Typical section
Non woven polyester fleece between
insulation and waterproofing layer (if
required)
Reinforced cast concrete slab
The whole roof area to be covered with a

waterproofing layer and insulated with
Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Super ....mm thick.
The insulation to be covered with a .....mm
reinforced concrete slab. Finish slab as
required for car park deck.
2.3
Waterproofing layer
2.3

J42/415
Concrete roof deck
Table 20 - Typical U-values of car park roofs

Product
Thickness
U-values (W/m2K)
(mm)
150mm concrete
40mm screed
13mm plaster
240 (3x80)
0.14
220
(100+2x60)
0.15
200 (2x100)
0.17
180
(100+80)
0.19
160 (2x80)
0.21
140 (80+60)
0.23
120 (2x60)
0.26
Note: Assumed finish of 100mm cast concrete slab.

For project specific calculations contact our Technical Advice and Support Centre on 01744 766666
105
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Cut-To-falls
NEW BUILD
REFURB
Fl06

Insulation slabs knit together at

joints, reducing the potential for
cold spots and loss of thermal
performance
Bespoke system supported by

specialist design service to meet the
needs of each individual project
Compatible with a wide range of
single ply membranes - no

requirement for separating layer
Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls
N
on-combustible with a Euroclass
A1 reaction to fire rating
Built-up bitumen roofing

system bonded in hot bitumen

Plywood, chipboard or OSB deck
Products
Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls is a system of
tapered, pre-cut, compression resistant
insulation slabs made from rock mineral wool.
The slabs are supplied pre-cut to the required
falls, normally 1:60 or 1:40 (BS 6229 requires
a minimum fall of 1:80 to be achieved on
built-up roofs) so normal practice is to design at
a greater fall to allow for deflection of the deck
or other site problems.
Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls is suitable for
use on all types of roof deck. The insulation
slabs are laid over and fully bonded to a
vapour control layer which is bonded to the
roof deck. The insulation is overlaid with a
waterproof membrane consisting of either
a fully bonded built-up bitumen roofing system,
a single ply membrane or mastic asphalt.
When used with mastic asphalt, the insulation
is overlaid with 12mm bitumen impregnated
fibreboard and an isolating felt.
Timber decks
The vapour barrier can be either nailed to the
timber deck as defined in BS 8217: 2005, or
bitumen bonded using traditional techniques.
Typical example of cut-to-falls plan and

roof drainage outlets
Built-up felt membranes

High performance bitumen membrane systems
are fully bonded in hot bitumen to the Rocksilk
Cut-To-Falls slabs using traditional roll and pour
methods.
Mastic asphalt surface
Rocksilk Cut-To-Falls slabs provide a stable base
for mastic asphalt. The slabs should be overlaid
with a 12mm layer of bitumen impregnated
fibreboard. A bitumen felt (low grade is
satisfactory) should be loose laid without
bonding onto the fibreboard prior to the
application of the mastic asphalt.
Single ply membranes
These should be fixed in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.
Installation
Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls slabs are
numbered and supplied with a laying scheme
for the individual roof in accordance with
drawings supplied by the client. Rocksilk
Krimpact Cut-To-Falls is not just a product but a
comprehensive service from design to delivery.
106
Timber roof construction
Performance
Standards
Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls has been tested to
the UEAtc Technical Guidelines MOAT No 50:
1992, Thermal insulation systems intended for
supporting waterproofing membranes on flat
and sloping roofs. It is classified B for
mechanical performance roof only accessible
for purpose of maintenance and may be used
without any restrictions.
Rocksilk Krimpact Cut-To-Falls has a compressive
strength of 60 kPa.
Thermal performance
Cut-To-Falls is 0.038 W/mK.
Flat Roofs
Typical verge detail

Krimpact Cut-To-Falls ......mm thick to be fully
bonded with hot bitumen. Rocksilk Krimpact
Cut-To-Falls should be laid in accordance with
the laying scheme supplied. The waterproof
membrane should be applied in accordance
with the appropriate manufacturers
recommended specification.

Insulation
extends to
edge of roof
2.3
Built-up bitumen roofing system

bonded in hot bitumen
2.3

J41/425

Ceiling fixed first and sealed
against wall to minimise air leakage
Void fully filled with insulation

to provide continuity between
wall and roof insulation
Table 21 - Typical U-values of cut to falls flat roofs

Table 26 shows the U-values achieved for
typical constructions insulated with various
thicknesses of Rocksilk Cut-To-Falls slabs.
Because the thickness of insulation varies across
the entire roof in cut to falls schemes, the
U-value varies across the whole roof, being best
and worse where the greatest and least
thickness of insulation occurs, respectively.
Every scheme is different and the average
U-value for the entire roof can only be
calculated when the scheme of falls has been
designed. The cut to falls scheme designer will
then set the minimum thickness so that the
average U-value for the entire roof meets the
design or Building Regulations requirements.
This table is a useful reference to determine
what the highest possible minimum thickness of
insulation would be to achieve a specific
U-value, in reality it will be less. The thermal
performance of a cut-to-falls roof is based on
the overall U-value of the roof system, which is
a function of the individual tapers and the
respective areas as detailed in BS 6946:2007.
Fire performance
Rocksilk Cut-To-Falls is classified as Euroclass
A1 to BS EN 13501-1, this is the highest fire
rating possible for an insulation product
to achieve. Rocksilk products have a melting
point of over 1000C. In the event of fire they
Product
U-values (W/m2K)
Thickness
(mm)
150mm concrete
40mm screed
13mm plaster
Profiled
metal
deck
19mm chipboard
timber joists
12.5mm plasterboard
245
0.15
0.15
0.14
230
0.16
0.16
0.15
215
0.17
0.17
0.16
205
0.17
0.18
0.17
190
0.19
0.19
0.18
180
0.20
0.21
0.19
170
0.21
0.22
0.20
160
0.22
0.23
0.21
150
0.23
0.24
0.22
145
0.24
0.25
0.23
Note: U-value calculations based on the installation of a single ply membrane and are calculated for the specific indicated thickness of Rocksilk
Krimpact Cut-to-Falls Slab.
will emit negligible quantities of smoke and

fumes. The heat emission from the products is
insignificant.
For general technical enquiries on cut to falls
roofing, contact the Knauf Insulation Technical
Advice and Support Centre on 01744 766666.

For a quotation on a specific project please
contact Knauf Insulation Sales on 0844 800
0135.
107
2.3
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs
Cut-To-falls
Polyfoam ECO Cut-to-Falls
Lightweight, strong, and moisture

resistant
NEW BUILD
Fl07
REFURB
Bespoke system supported by

specialist design service to meet the
needs of each individual project
High compressive strength allows
roof traffic and offers future use
potential
Polyfoam ECO Cut-to-Falls

Single ply membrane

Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls
mechanically fixed to deck
Plywood, chipboard or OSB deck
Timber roof construction
Products
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls is a specially
designed system of pre-cut, tapered, 100%
ozone friendly, extruded polystyrene rigid
board insulation. The boards are supplied precut to the required falls, though most are either
1:40 or 1:60 (BS 6229 requires a minimum fall
of 1:80 to be achieved on built-up roofs) so
normal practice is to design at a greater fall to
allow for deflection of the deck or other site
problems.
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls has a Global
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls boards are suitable
for use on all types of roof deck.
The boards are laid over a vapour control layer
and mechanically fixed or bonded to the deck.
The insulation is overlaid with a single ply
membrane which can be fully adhered to the
insulation or mechanically fixed to the deck.
When using partially or fully bonded membrane
systems, Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls boards
should be mechanically fixed to the deck to
withstand the calculated wind load.
The waterproof membrane may then be bonded

to the insulation using a polyurethane based
adhesive in accordance with the membrane
manufacturers instructions. The advice of the
waterproofing membrane manufacturer will be
required for the precise fixing specification.
When using mechanically fixed membranes,
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls boards should be
mechanically fixed to the deck.
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls is suitable for use
with most PVC membranes (providing there is a
separation layer between the board and the
membrane), EPDM and other types of single ply
waterproof membrane systems. The advice of
the single ply membrane manufacturer should
be sought to confirm compatibility with specific
membranes.
Installation
The vapour control layer should be laid over
the structural deck and all joints lapped and
bonded. Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls boards are
numbered and supplied with a laying scheme
for their application.
Each component will be marked on the diagram
and should be laid as indicated starting at,
and working away from, the drainage outlet.
In a bonded membrane system, each layer
of the Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls scheme must
108
be bonded as well as the waterproof

membrane itself.
When a mechanically fixed membrane is
being used, the Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls
boards should be mechanically fixed to the
deck with two centrally placed fixings in each
board to secure the boards in place before the
membrane is fixed.
Performance
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls is highly resistant to
compression and can be specified to withstand
both occasional and long term static loads.
Moisture resistance
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls boards are resistant
to moisture absorption and can be laid in
standing water or up against wet concrete
with negligible impact on the performance
of the product.
Thermal performance
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls has a thermal
Table 22 (right) shows the U-value achieved for
typical constructions insulated with various
thicknesses of Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls
products. Because the thickness of insulation
varies across the entire roof in cut to falls
schemes the U-value varies across the whole
Flat Roofs
Typical abutment detail with concrete deck
2.3
The vapour control layer and Polyfoam ECO

Cut-To-Falls to be mechanically fixed*/
adhered* to the roof deck.
2.3
(*delete as required)
Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls should be laid in

accordance with the laying scheme supplied.
300mm min
Vapour control layer to bond with weatherproof membrane
The waterproof membrane should be applied

in accordance with the appropriate
manufacturers recommended specification.
Insulation upstand to extend thermal

bridge to minimum of 300mm high

J42/415

Table 22 - Typical U-values of flat roofs insulated with Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls
roof, being best and worse where the greatest
and least thickness of insulation occurs
respectively. Every scheme is different and the
average U-value for the entire roof can only be
calculated when the scheme of falls has been
designed. The cut-to-falls scheme designer will
then set the minimum thickness so that the
average U-value for the entire roof meets the
design or Building Regulations requirements.
Product
U-values (W/m2K)
Thickness
(mm)
150mm concrete
40mm screed
13mm plaster
Profiled
metal
deck
19mm chipboard
timber joists
12.5mm plasterboard
230
0.15
0.15
0.14
220
0.16
0.16
0.15
210
0.16
0.17
0.16
This table is a useful reference to determine

what the highest possible minimum thickness of
insulation would be to achieve a specific
U-value, in reality it will be less.
200
0.17
0.18
0.16
190
0.18
0.18
0.17
180
0.19
0.19
0.18
The thermal performance of a cut-to-falls roof is

based on the overall U-value of the roof system,
which is a function of the individual tapers and
the respective areas as detailed in
BS 6946:2007.
170
0.20
0.21
0.19
160
0.21
0.22
0.20
150
0.23
0.23
0.21
140
0.24
0.25
0.23
130
0.26
0.27
0.24
Fire performance
When Polyfoam ECO Cut-To-Falls is installed in
a roof construction it will not contribute to the
development stages of a fire. When overlaid
with a single ply membrane the performance of
the finished roof will depend on the membrane
used. Please consult the membrane supplier for
further details.
Note: U-value calculations based on the installation of a single ply membrane and are calculated for the specific indicated thickness of Polyfoam ECO
Roofboard Extra.
For general technical enquiries on cut-to-falls

roofing, contact the Knauf Insulation Technical
Advice and Support Centre on 01744 766666.
For a quotation on a specific project please
contact Knauf Insulation Sales on 0844 800
0135.
109
Knauf Insulation Ltd

PO Box 10
Stafford Road
St Helens
Merseyside
WA10 3NS
Customer Service (Sales)

Tel: 0844 800 0135
Fax: 01744 612007
Email: [email protected]
www.knaufinsulation.co.uk
Technical Advice and Support Centre

Tel: 01744 766 666
Fax: 01744 766 667
Literature
Tel: 08700 668 660
Fax: 0870 400 5797

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What are the different types of flat roof designs?

What are the different types of flat roof designs?

What factors affect the risk of condensation in flat roofs?

What factors affect the risk of condensation in flat roofs?

Section 2.

Warm deck single ply

Warm deck single ply

Warm deck built-up felt/

Warm deck car park roof

Warm and cold roofs

Thermal insulation and the flow of heat and

The position of the thermal insulation in relation

continuous ventilated airspace to disperse the

This section only considers warm roofs

The three types of warm deck considered in this section

2. Warm deck single ply membrane

3. Inverted/protected membrane/green roof mastic asphalt waterproofing

Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk

Warm roof with built-up felt or mastic

Flat roof design

Built-up felt/mastic asphalt

PVC single ply membranes

Vapour control layers

Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk

Inverted/protected membrane roofs can be

A filter layer should be placed between the

The loading layer can be provided by washed,

Control of condensation in protected membrane roofs

To help prevent the condensation from occurring

Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk

Solution optimiser and pathfinder

Thermal insulation achievable by constructions within this document.

0.21 0.20 0.19

Knauf Insulation solution

most up to date information on your chosen solution.

Warm deck single ply membrane

Warm deck single ply membrane

Warm deck built-up felt/mastic asphalt

Warm deck car park roof

Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk

Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab

Significantly improves acoustic

Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab

Vapour control layer

membrane manufacturer should be sought to

Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk

only accessible for purpose of maintenance and

Single ply waterproofing system

Rocksilk Krimpact Flat Roof Slab

The vapour control layer and Rocksilk

Vapour control layer

Table 15 - Typical U-values of warm deck single ply membrane roofs

The profiles of metal deck roofs need to provide

Table 16 - Maximum allowable span

Insulation slabs butt along tops of profiles

Insulation slabs butt over troughs

Technical Advice and Support Centre 01744 766666 www.knaufinsulation.co.uk

Polyfoam ECO Roofboard Extra

Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

olyfoam Slimline system enables a