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II JIT 8 DETAILING OF STEEL STRUCTURE

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SI cture
8.1 Introduction
()bjectlves
8.2 Loads
8.2.1 Ileati Loark
5.2.2 Imposed Load/lmposed L ~ v eLoad
8.2.7 Wlnd Lo~dEhthquakeLoad
8.2.4 ('oniputatlon of Wllid Load

8.3 Structural Steel System of a Typical Factory Building

8 3.1 Roof System
8.3 2 Wind Brnclng
8 3.7 Hoi~mntalT ~ e ats Eave's Level
8 3.4 Other Structural Menikrs of Factory Bullding

8.4 Roofiilg System

5.4.1 Structural Steel Roof Truss
8.4.2 1)atalliug of Truss Members atid J o ~ m
8.4.3 l'urhns
8.4.4 Slde C'ladd~ngof Industr~dStnicture
8.4.5 T ~ e and
s Wind Branngs
8.4.6 F~xturrson A.C. Roof

8.5 Floori~lgSystem
85.1 Floors
8.5 2 Steel Be;~nis. Beam to Beam (Ionnectioo
8.5.3 Beam to Column ('onnect~on
X 5.4 1)eage Philosophy

8.6 Structural Steel Columns

8.6.1 ('omputat~on of Axla1 Load Capacity
8.6.2 Battens and Lacing
8.6.7 ('olumn Bme

8.7 Large Span Steel Girders

8.7.1 Solld Web Plate G~rder
8.7.2 Open Web C3rcler
5.7.3 (;antry Glrder

8.9 Key Words

8.10 Answers to SAQs
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8.
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Dt Ling of steel structures is an utmost important task before the constructiol~work car~be
ex ted. Detailed drawing of every menlber of the steel-structure needs to be drawl1 to ~ndlcate
1) Its ifligl~mentand exact position in the structure.
2) Elevation plan and Cross-section at typical locations.
3) End c o u ~ ~ e c t idetails.
ol~
Fr the structural drawings, the fabrication drawings are requlred to be prepared so that
fa1 atioil details are correctly knowu for all members. Locatioi~of bolt holes and their
di; :ter or le11gt11and size of the weld are to be clearly marked on the drawing. The fabricator
thl nakes every member as per the details given upto every mm of dimension, and assembles
rC( .ed parts a ~ erect
~ d the structure as i~naginedby the "Strucmral Designers"

0 :cti ves
Ai studying this unit you should be able to
knoyhow neat sketches and structural drawings art: drawn, al~tl
 draw useful drawings of roof-trusses, beams, columns and some steel girders
including details of their end coiinections.

8.2 LOADS
8.2.1 Dead Loads
Dead load (DL) consists of self weight of the materials used for construction. The density of
the various materials is indicated in I.S. 875 (Part 1). The rounded off values of weights of a
few materials is indicated below in Table 8.1 as per the above referred code.
Table 8.1

Nominal Size or Approximate

S1.No Material Thickness Weight in Units
{mm) kN kg
1) Asbestos Cement Sheets 6 0.12 to 0.13 12 to 13
2
a) Corrugated with kN/rn2 kg/m
pitch @ = 146 mm)
b) Plain
5 0.09 9

2) Bricks
Common brick - 16 to 19 1 600 to 1900
kN/rn3 kp/m3
Pressed bricks A
17 to 19 1700 to 1900

Refractory bricks A
18 to20 1800 tto 2000

3) CmtIron 500 mrn diameter 1.1 6 kN 118 kg

Manhole cover per unit per u111t
a) H.D 500
b) M.D 0.57 58
A

Rectangular (M.D) 0.78 80

Manhole frame 500
a) Circular (H.D) 500 0.83 85
b) Circular (M.D) 7 0.57 58
c) Rectangular (M.D) 0.63 64

4) Cement - 14.1 1 440

k~lrn' kg/m3

5) a) Reinforced Concrete - 25 2509

kN/m3 kg/ln3

b) Plain Concrete - 24 24001

mjm3 k gl111

6) Cement Plaster - 20.4 2 100

kN/m3 kglm 3

7) Glass Sheet 5 mm 0.123 12.5

kN/m3 kg/m3

8) Brick Masonry - 19 2000

Common Brick mlm3 kglm 3
Engineering Bricks - 23.5 2400
m/m3 kg/m

9) Stone Masonry - 25 2500 to 2600

kN/m3 kg/m3

The dead load of the floorlroof remains constant at all time.

8.2.2 Imposed Load (1L)IImposed Live Load
The imposed load (IL)on the tloor depends on the functional use of the tloor aa well ah the
 type of occupa~lcy.This load is also referred to as Live-load in practice and it varies from Detniling of Steel Structure
2 khVm 2 to 5 kPJ/m2 in residential to office buildings. The store room will have heavier
livelimposed l o d depending upon the height of the storey and for very heavy store rooms it
can be as high as 20 l c ~ / mThe
~ . toilet blocks have generally a low imposed load of 2 kN/m2.
The staircase units, where crowding is possible, the values of imposed load for residential and
office buildiilgs can be in the range of (3 to 5 kN/m 2) respectively. In the case of factory floors,
the weight of machinery or vessels and their impact effects need to be obtained from the
manufacturers. The DL and Imp sed Load together from roof-truss with A.C. sheets is
generally about 100 to 120 kg/mS when false ceiling is added to truss-soffit additional load of
50 to 7(J kg/m2 is to be considered. Imposed load need not be constant at all time. It can vary
from its minirnum value which can be nil to maximum value, which needs to be properly
estimated as given above or on the basis of previous experience.
1 8.2.3 Wind LoadlEarthquake Load
The lateral (horizontal) load is developed on the structure due to wind blowing against the
external walls. The wind pressure is a function of probable maximum wind velocity at a given
location in a country. It also depends on the height of structure above the mean sea level. The
wind pressure at higher altitudes are higher, The effect of wind on roof of steel structure is also
jo create either suction or pressure depending on the angle of inclination or the slope of roof
and direction of wind in reference to the building orientation. In case A.C. sheets are provided
on steel roof trusses, the suction load developed due to high wind velocity can be more than the
dead load of roof sheets and sheets are likely to fly-off unless properly anchored to trusses
which in turn are anchored to columns and held suitably.
"Magnitude of Earthquake Loads" are function of nlagllitude of mass at every floor and the
stiffness of the structure. The intensity of earthquake depends on locatioll or zone on the Indian
ap where the building is to be constructed. The details of colnputation of earthquake loads is
iven in I.S. 1893 of 1985.
general for steel structures, we will not consider the effect of earthquake loads since 1) Dead
of steel structure is much less as compared to that of RCC structure. Many times
sheds have A.C. sheet roof, 2) Generally steel factories are low rise structures for
hich earthquake forces are not critical.
general we will consider only the wind load on steel structures in this unit and simplify the
ork of allalysis and then study tile transfer of loads finally to the foundations.
when overhead moving crane girder is

r
4.2.4 ~orn~utatiod of Wind Load
ind loads are gellerally calculated based on the provisio~~s given in I.S.875 (Part 3) - 1987.
e n ~ a g ~ ~ i t uofdthe
e wiird pressure (PZ)at any level (2)above ground is given by

P, = design wind pressure in N / ~atSheight (Z) above mean ground level, and
(
V,= desigii wind velocity in m k at height (2).
velocity of the wind at 10 m height from the llleall ground level is referred to as basic wind
d and is given in the wind map of India in Figure 1 of the code. The maximum wind speed
dicated in the my) is 55 infsec and Lhe corresponding maximum wind pressure is estimated
about 1.8 kN/n~-whicll occurs in region near about Ladakh in the Himalayan region. The
wind speed near the eastern coastal region is 50 m/sec. which correspcmds to about 1.5
of wind pressure at level 10 m above the ground. The basic wind speed near the western
stal land from Ratnagiri to Siuat which also includes Mumbai (Bombay) port, is about 44
ec which correspond.^ to a maximtun wind pressure of 1.2 kN/m2. In the region near Delhi
wind pressure is around 1.3 kN/m 2

8.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL SYSTEM OF A TYPICAL

FACTORY BUILDING

I
Th factory building having overhead travelling crane facility, l ~ a generally
s large column-free
 , ~ ~ f S l Col1dructJon
~rl ; ~ e wllereby
a lo~lgspa11 trusses are required to he provided to support the ronf with A.C. sheets
on the top. When crane cjlpacity is high, the height of colunlrl is also substantially large. A
built up column of two I sections (Two legged colunin) is gclierally provided so that the onter
leg (1-0) is extended above the gantry level to support the roof trusses as shown in Figure 8.1
(Sectioll Y I Y l ) while the inner leg (Li) directly supports the gantry girder. The rails are laid
along gantry-girder over which the wheels of crane-girder can move. Figure 8.1 shows the
layout plan for a typical factory which has di~nellsiollsof42 m x 21 nl in plan. Reference
directiorls X and Y are marked in the plan. The grid-lines marked (1) to (8) alolrg Y directio~i
show centre to centre of steel colulnlis alolig X direction. Grid Lincs ( A ) , (B). (C), (D) aud E
parallel to X direction are centre lilies of hou~idarycolumns which are spaced at 5.25 in c/c
along Y direci~on.The portion of plan between grid lines (3) to (5) show plan details at gantry'
Ic;.el.

CRANE GIRDER
-r RIDGE LNEL 13.50

RAFTER BRACING

EAK5 LEVEL 10.0

COL. BRACING INVERT PLANE

TOP OF GANTRV GlRDEn

GANTRV LNEL 6.0

TOP Of 230 MI(BREW WU

AND BOTTOM OF A.C. SHEETING

(RAFTER
IN F U N E
SHEET

PART PLAN ATA PART PLAN AT PARTPLAN AT + PART PLAN

ROO F 1 GANTRY LEVEL+LINTH LEVEL AT TIE LVL.
a 1 PART LAYOUT PLAN a t various level.

, Figure 8.1 bf :Part Layout Plan a t ~ dElevation at Various Levels

 Detailing of Steel Stmcture

RAFTER M E M B E R

A. . CLADDING

GANTRY GIRDER

ESTAL

c 1 SECTIONAL ELEVATION Y Y

PLAN AT ZZ
P
. . lllle

CRANE WHEEL

RAIL SECTION

CRANE LEG
GANTRY GIRDER

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d l DETAIL AT A
[WHEEL ON GANTRY GIRDER [ I LACING OF C O L U ~

r
8.3.1 boof Systern
Figure 81 (c,d,e) :Derails oPTypical Factory Buildbg

I /

es (TR) which are placed along the grid lines (1) to (8) are fabricated out of a
mbers as shown in Figure 8.2 (a), 8.2 (c) with joints U i , U2, U3 etc. at top chord
at a spacing of about 1.4 m centre to centre. The purlins
trusses are placed over these joints. Thus the spacing of
they support A.C. corrugated sheets with their span same as
11s.This is a desirable span of the sheets from two considerations. i) The
lable sizes of A.C. sheets range from 1.0 m to 3 m with an i~lcrementalvalue of
m the deflection point of view, its maximum span is restricted to 1.65 m. Further,
lso required between adjacent sheets. The location of
Y i Y I as ,well as in part plan of nearly two hays between
(3). The trusses are not always necessary at end grids (1) and (S), as span
ines is reduced due to provision of extra boundary columls along grid lines
s shown. However, many times it is worthwhile to consider for the future
Detailing OP Steel Construction expansion of the factory when additional Land-space is available beyond these grid line. The
extensio~iof column-free area is easily possible if uusses along grid lines ( I ) andq8) are also
provided afid supported on columns (81, El) and (As, Es) respectively. When such provision is
made, the steel columns Bs, Cs on grid lines (B) and (C), which then become ~nternalcolumns.
can be removed, if desired.

$3.2 Wind Bracing

a) When wind blows along Y direction (perpendicular to the ridge) it causes horizontal forces
on columns A2, ~3 etc. and also on columns E2, E3 etc. which are on the leeward side. The
wind pressure acting on the external A.C. cladding of the building is transferred to the
column causing high hending moment at the base of the column which maillly act as
cantilevers lixed in the pedestals at Ground-level. This bending moment together with
B.M. developed due to crane movement is resisted by these two legged structural-steel
columns A2, A3 etc. in which tension is developed in the roof leg (i.e. outer leg Lo) and
compression is developed in the crane leg (inner leg Li) as shown in Figure 8.1 (el. The
fou~ldationof these columiis are also to be designed for the axial load and the B.M. When
the wind blows in opposite direction, compression is developed in the roof-leg of these
colu~nnsA2 and A3.
h) When the wind blows along X direction (parallel to the ridge), the following two
provisions are generally made in the structural system at eave's level (E) at each end of the
building so that columns are relieved of B.M. in this direction.
a) Horizontal Wind Girder and Vertical Wind Bracing
i) ReferringthelayoutplmandelevationofFigure8.1,whenwindblowsona
gable-end colu~n~is As, B8, Cs, D8 and Es from Right to Left direction, tlle
horizontal force on the cladding upto ridge level is partly transferred to horizontal
wind-girder ( W I , W ~ , W ~ , W ~ ) with diagonal members (DH) and Ties (T) at
formed
tie-level or Eave's-level as shown in Figure 8.1 and partly to the column footings.
Horizontal wind girder is assumed to be simply supported in the horizontal plane
at top ends of two columns A7, As at one end and the two columlls E7, EXat tlie
other end with a span of 21 metres. It undergoes horizontal bending with its deptli
(W1 W 2 = 6 m )asshown in theFigure8.1 (a).
ii) Diagonal hracing(W I L1),(W2 Lz), (LI M I ) and (L2 M2) are provided in the
vertical planes between columns A m n d As. These are called as colurnn bracings
(Dv) and are also provided between columns E7 and Es. Thus the horizontal load
on wind-girder at points W1 W2 etc. is transferred downward at points Li and L2
id the first step by virtue of upper diagonals (WI L I ) and (W2 L2) and tllen to M I
and M2 near the foundation of the columns A7 and As in the second step through
the lower diago~~al members. Thus the colum~icarries mainly a11 axial loarl and is
relieved from effects of B.M. in it due to wind blowing parallel to ridge. Similar
wind-girder and vertical bracings in both diagonal-directions are needed at the
other-gable end between grid lines (1) and (2) when length of workshop is lrlore
than 30 metres.
hl Concept of Duplicate Tie-system
It is important to note that generally the length of these diagonal members (LI Mi 1, (L2 M?) is
quite large. Further for a given direction of wind (say from right to left) acting ~iormally011
face of gable on grid line (8): diagonal members W 1 L I and L2 M2 carry axial con~pression
force. The slender~iessratio of these members being generally large, its resistance to
compressioll force is quite low. Hence in the design practice it will be assumed that these
members will not be considered to be effective in resisting any Lateral Load. Since other
diagonal members (Li M I ) and (W2 L2) are in tension these can be easily designed of required
area of cross-section without'having any stringent limit for its slenderness ratio.
When the wind direction is reversed, the axial forces in the above referred diagonal bracings
will reverse in sign. Again the member (Li MI) carrying tension is designed for the full teiislon
assumlng that the other diagonal member L2 M2 carrying a very small compression force 1s
alniost a dummy member.

This system of wind resistance by the Tie-action of two diagonal members. only one of which
is effective for a given direction of wind is referred to as "Duplicate-Tie System".
1 , ~ )Stability d Trusses Detailing OF Steel Structure

The plane roof truss is fully designed for vertical loads in the plane of the truss while it is likely
to be unstable under wind loads perpendicular to its plaue. To achieve overall integrated action
of the roofing system, diagonal bracing (Rafter-Bracing) in both directions are gei~erally
provided in the plane of roof sheets (called as Rafter-Plane also) in panels of the boundary bays
along all the edges. hl case the number of bays are quite more, such stiffening arrangement of
diagonal bracing is repeated after about every 8 to 10 bays. During erection of trusses,
contractors need to take special measures for its stability.

8.3.3 Horizontal Ties at Eave's Level

T h e ties or Tie Runners ( T )of angle section or channel section are generally provided
connecting t$e corresponding bottom joints of adjacent trusses. These may serve also to
provide lateral stability and restraints against buckling of bottom-chord members (of the truss)
since it becomes compression member under wind suction load, as discussed earlier.
e shows Ties T I ,T 2 T3 etc. in the layout plan.
~ i g u r 8.1
Ties are thus not always required at all the roof joints. In zone of high wind velocity, it is
necessary to consider the suction load on roof alld desigu of bottom chord- member (i.e,
Tie-member) may be governed as compression member needing lateral restraints to reduce
slenderness ratio about hot11 axes of the section.
Ties can also be designed, if required, for walkway/passages to go from one truss to other truss
at tie-level. Walkway will be used only by a few people at a time for generally maintenance
2
purposes with expected live-load of 1.2 kN/m . Check for deflection is essential for larger
spans.

18.3.4 Other Structural Members of Factory Building

D e w l s of columns, gantry girder e t c will be discussed later at appropriate places,

8.4 ROOFING SYSTEM

m
bigure 8.1 shows roofing system for a typical factory shed
is consists of
1) Structural Steel Roof Truss (TR) as shown in Figure 8.1 [its Elevation in part (c)
and in part layout plan in Figure 8.1 (a)]
2) Ft~rlins(P) shown in Figure 8.1 (parts a and c)
3) Ties in part plan in Figure 8.1 (part- a)
3) Horizontal Wind-girder (W 1 W2 W3 W4) in (Part a ) at caves level.

C 5 ) Wind Bracing for columlls in part (b) in the vertical plane.

e details of all these items are discussed below:

1 Steel Roof Truss

y assumed to be a pin-jointed frame supported on columiis at its ends as

ard wind load on the truss can be more than

D e t a i l i of Steel Comtmction

Figure 8 2 (a) :Typical Roof-truss with Ends on RC Cdumm

Figare 8 2 (b) :Alternative Intend Pattern of Truss Member with Shorter Vertical Member at Support
The top chord hembers (i.e. Rafter members) of the truss are generally provided with a
uniform slope generally in the range of 115 to 112.5 i.e. about 11' to 26'. At places where
rainfall is quite high it is better to provide a minimum slope of 1:3 from the point of view of
avoiding percolation of rain-water and water-leakages. This slope is also desirable where wind
velocities are larger than 44 rntsec. A map of India showing wind velocities in different regions
is given in I.S. 875, Part IU.In a few cases specially for long-span truss, the uuss has a
end-vertical member and a flatter-slope as shown in Figure 8.2(c).

Figare 8.2 (c): Alternative Internal Pattern of Trim Members with Shorter Vertical Eod Member
h 1 internal members and purlins on the right-side of centre line of uuss are not shown in the
Figure. These are assumed to be provided symmetrically. In the industries where
ovenslftunaces create flue gases, the outlet for the same can be created by providing
monitor-system in trusses as shown in Figure 8.2(d). The top chord member of the above
referred types of trusses generally carry large axial compression force under effects of D.L. +
L.L. and hence designed as compression member under effects of combination of D.L. + L.L.
In case of a truss which acts as a cantilever and supported at ohe end fully, the top-chord
member will be in tension.
The internal members of the truss, which are either vertical or inclined are provided so that Detailing of S t c d SI
effective length of top chord compression member is reduced. Since the A.C. corrugated sheets
are to be supported over a span of about 1.4 m, from the deflection criteria, it is preferable to
provide the top chord joints at spacing of about 1.4 m so that purlins can be supported at these
joints. Since the purlin loads are at the joints of the truss, the truss-members wili carry only

It the top chord joints are spaced at say 2.8 m clc, and purlills are spaced at 1.4 m clc, the top
chord members will carry substantial bending moment apart from axial coinpression force. The
design of top chord members will then become heavier, and the weight of such a truss is likely
to be higher even though the weights of some of the internal members will be reduced.
Figure 8.2 shows the elevation of 50% (i.e. left half) of the truss on one side of centre line of
symmetry central vertical member U8 Ts is also centre line of symmetry.
In order to draw the fabrication drawing of a truss, initially it is required to draw the axis-line
(or centroidal axes) of all the members of the truss showing the locatioli of point of intersectioli
of axial forces. Such a point at the joint is called as work-pointinode centre of the truss.
Knowing the distance of centroid from the top facehottom face of the truss member (which is
generally an angle-section), the top chord memher and hottom chord members can be d r a m on
the drawing. The angle cleat about 200 mm long is generally welded to top face of top-chord
member as shown typically in Figure 8.2 (a) and (d).

.-..-

Figure 8.2(d) :Roof with Monitor for Industries Inddling OvenlBurner

The anglelchannel purlins are then supported on these cleat angles with a minimum of two
belts at each of its ends so that a small moment of resistance is developed at the interior
support, of the purlin as a continuity moment.

8.4.2 Detailing of Truss Members and Joints

Figure 8.3 shows truss wherein there are joints Uo, Ui ,..., Us along top chord memb7r and
joints L1,L2 and so on in the bottomllower chord memher of the truss. It is seen that joints U?,
has form members (U2 Ug, U3 U4, L2 U3 and Lq Uq) meeting through a gusset plate.
Thickness of gusset-plate generally 2nun more &an that of members connected to it. Similarly
gusset-plates are generally required to make a good joint of various members so that adequate
length of each nlemher is lapped over the gusset-plate and welded to it. The length of the lap is
generally designed 011 the basis of full strength of the member using gelierally 6 111111 fillet
weld. It is lherefore required to keep clear distance between adjacent members on the gusset
plate to facilitate welding on all possible edges.
 0) DETAILS OF SAG ROD-

A) PART Of RWF-TRUS5 SUPPORTED ON STEEL COLUMNS

8.3 (a): I'a1-L
r7i~~11.r of RuuT-Truw Supyortc.tl {m Strrl C ~ ~ U I I I I I
17i:rlrt. 8.3(h) : 1)c~tdilsorS;q Roll
 Detailiug of Steel Structure
Fig
LO r
[>la
its p as shown in Figure 8.4 (a). Base plate is simply resting on the cap-plate. It 1s also

{
64

10THK LOCK-PUTE ( L P )
1 8 M b 225 C C L U W
1
LOCK- N UT

W E 8 OF COLUMN

COLUMN I . S . M 8 ZZS

b) SIDE ELEVATION AT GECTION (93)

1 b, PLAN AT 2-2

0640N6 HOLE Ma YIDIN6

PUE, a
r
FU lROLLER-AC710N.

I 4 M B 225
MOT SHOWN
L20 a! BOLT
C) PLAN AT SECTION M
DETAIL OF ROLLER JOINTCLI)

WSE PLATE
M L T IN CIRCULAR HOLE3 Z1.Smm
IN B l b L PLATE AND WOC P U T R

6) HtNGED. SUPPORT f IYP! CAL)

1Jigul.r. 8.4 (a,b, c, d) :Detailing of Roller Joint (L1) of Truss on Steel Column
DetailingofSteel seen that a lock plate is welded to steel column at distance of about 200 to 250 Inin below the
cap-plate so that anchor bolt provided in shoe plate and base-plate is held fixed by nut and
lock-nuts applied on the lock plate as seen in Figure 8.4 (a). The hole provided in the shoe plate
is elongated (or oblong hole) with its length about (3) times the bolt diameter. The bolt head of
the bolt is kept above the shoe-plate with a clearance of about 1.5 to 2 mm so that shoe-plate
call slide over the cap-plate smoothly, to allow for expansionlcontraction of truss-length during
summer/w~nter.
Generally, point loads from purlins are transferred on the top-chord joints of the truss and
under such condition members of the truss carry only axial-forces either tensile or compressive
111 nature. The strength of any tension member is given by

Generally, as per 1.S 800 Lhe permissible tensile stress pat) under axial tensile load is
150 N/mm2(i.e 0.6 fy).The shape of tension members in the roof truss IS generally angle
section either single or double angle as shown in Figure 8.5 (a). The members are connected at
the joint through a gusset plate. The tension load capacity of the member depends on its net
area (An&)whlch is the effect~vearea of section. The effectwe area is computed as follows;

(a) Single Angle (b) Double Angle wit11 ( c ) 1)uuble A ~ ~ g\\it11

lr (..1'.
\ Same Side of (;.P. ill Retwren
Figure 8.5 : Connection of Tensior~Member

a ) For a single anglC section.

&,,=A1 + (KI)A?
where,
An = Net cross-sect~onalarea of connected leg shown shaded, and
A2 = The net cross-sect$onal iuea of the outstand ( i s . unconnected leg whlch
perpendicular to the gusset plate). In case there IS no hole In the ouutancl. ~t IS the
gross-area of cross-sectlon of the outsrand.

N.B :Note that if ed connection is bolted, net Area ( A l ) is the shaded position.
b) In case of a pair of angles back to back (or a single tee) connected by one leg of the angle
to the same side of a gusset plate as shown 111 Figure 8.5 (b) when the two angles are
tacked to each other by rivetslweld witll spacing less than (l(X1O) mm

where,

c) 111 case of double angles placed back to back with gusset plate in between tlle two as
shown in Figure 8.5 (c) provided members are suitably tacked to each other all along their
length by Tack boltslweld ;it distance less than 10(N mm center to center.
 Detailing d Steel Structure

i It is to be noted that K3 > K2 > K I

K3= I

! The truss-member which carry colnpression force are also generally angle section and are
dealt with separately later in the unit of structural steel column.

Refer Figure 8.6 showi~lglayout of purlins, their connection with truss members and
Roof-Sheets. The purlins are the structural steel members directly supporting the A.C. sheets or
G.I. corrugated sheet of the roof. Normally, the length of sheets available in the market are 1,
1.5,2,2.5, 3 m. The corrugated A.C. sheets cannot span more than 1.65 m clc from the
detlection criteria of the structural design consideration. Considering both these aspects
maxi~numspan of the sheet is generally adopted as about 1.4 metres so that a sheet of 1.5
rnetre length covers one span along with a total lap of 100 mm with the adjacent sheets, while a
(3) metre long sheet as shown in Figure 8.6 (a) "J bolts" of 6 to 8 mm diameters are used to
fix up the A.C. sheets to the purlins. Generally, angle section purlins are used when the spacing
of the trusses are upto (4) metres. When the spacing of the trusses is more than or equal to 4.0
m. the channel section is generally preferred. 111 case the spacing of the trusses exceeds 8.0 m
or 50 it is preferable to provide a built up purlin made either of two angles, one at top and one
at hottorn with a M.S. barlnlild steel angle and lacing members placed diagonally connecting
the two :wgles at a series of equidistant points. Angle of diagonal member with the horizontal
varies <tom45' to 60". As an alternative to this a three angle purlin forming a triangular
.onfiguration with two angles at the top at a spacing of 1.2 m to 1.4 m and one angle at the
ottom connected with diagonal lacing members of m.s bar on all the three faces.
etailing of Purlin-connection with Truss and Sheets
igure 8.6 shows the details of A.C. slleetings and purlins as supported on the top chord
lember of the trusses. Figure 8.6 (a) shows a sectioli of purlin mounted at approximately on
he truss joint through a11 angle cleat welded on the topchord in directiou across the truss. The
entre of a typical truss joint marked as WI is a point intersection of the centroidal axes of the
d o u s mernhers of the truss. This point Wi is sometimes referred to as node centre or the
etails of the angle cleat whose lengtll is generally not less than about 160 mm
welded on the top chord members of the truss, is shown in Figure 8.6 (d). Each purlin is
enerally discontilluolls over the trusses and connected to their cleat angle by means of at least
y 12 mm or 16 mm diameter as shown in Figure 8.6 (d). The advantage of
ts is to provide partial continuity effect on interior mss-joints, so that
as bonding-moment at mid-spa1 of purlin are reduced. Sometimes a fish
ate of 6 nlln to 8 mm is also provided to stiffen the joint (i.e. to provide more amount of fixty
o be noted that bolt's are not provided at location where cleat angles are
In view of this, the bolts shown in Figure 8.6 (a) are shown dotted and are
tion. The exact locations of the bolts are shown in Roof-plan layout

, the moment of resistance in the plane of the web is quite high as

e angle purlin, while the M.R. in the plane parallel to flange or to
n this case, the span of the channel section can be divided into equal
alile by providing "Sag-Rods" bolted to each purlin as shown in
gure 8.5 (b) so that purlin acts as continuous beam for bending considered in €he plane of
o distance of this subdivisions (i.e. distance between sag-rods). This
mica1 section of the purlin. The reaction for the inplane component of
load on lower most purlin is taken by the sag-rod and is transferred on the next purlin at
her level. Thus loads carried by upper sag-rod is a cumulative addition for reaction of all
ins below it. The two purlins on either side of the ridge can be connected by the sag-rod so
loads on sag-rods on the two slopes are balanced. In case of a North-light type of
sag-rod could be taken up incli~ledtowards the top end of uuss and
t is transferred to the framed structure.
Detailing of Steel C o ~ ~ ~ t r u c t i o ~ l
8.4.4 Side Cladding of Industrial Structure Detailing of Steel Structure

trial structures, generally steel columns are provided and the extenla1 face of the
is covered with A.C. or G.1. corrugated sheets. Figure 8.7 shows the typical details of
cladding of the building formed by A.C. sheets supported on horizontal side cladding
(similar to purlins of the trusses). Figure 8.7 (a) shows a typical layout plan of the

by means of J bolts as show11in section X2-X2. The vertical sheets are generally 1 m
d a suitable lap between the two adjacent sheets is provided as shown in part plan of

COLUMN ISM0 300

AT 4000 C / C .
T--------

2' BOLTS A7 1000 qc

d ) SIDE VIEW Z ~ Z ~
A.C. SHEETAS CLADDING

STIFFNER PLAlE (S1)TYPICAL

-- ---4
-
~_
0 CLEAT -

NG RUNNER -____

) PART PLAN OF EXTERNAL tq SECTION x,xl

FACE OF STRUCTURE. I USING L 110 x 110x8 ) A S RUNNER

Y Figure 8.7 (4b2,d) :Details of Side Cladding

b,) SECTION XI X I i u s 1 6CWNEL RUNNER) C) SECTION X 2 X 2

Figure 8.7 (bl, c ) :Details of Side Cladding
Detailing Of Steel Construction For the purpose of design of the side cladding runners, wind 'load is considered in a llorizolltal
directionbdsed on the velocity of wind at the given place. Wind load is transferred from the
A,C, sheeting to the side cladding runners. The span of the A.C. sheets is generally considered
to be 1.4 m in vertical direction as shown in section Xi-XI. The horizontal wind load is then
taken up by th,e side cladding runners in horizontal bending with a horizontal span of (Lr)
which is also equal to the centre to centre distance of the columns as shown in the figure. When
the span is less than or equal to about 3.5 m to 4 m angle purlins are provided. For larger spans
geiierally channel section is preferred, mounted with web horizontal as show11in Figure 8.7 (c)
and (d).

8.4.5 Ties and Wind Bracings

Ties and bracings are provided in the roofing system to stiffen the same against horizontal
forces aud uplift forces due to wind. The bottom chord member of a truss carries a tensile force
uiider the coiidition of dead load and live load acting on it i11 the downward ilirection.
However, due lo the uplitt force caused by wind suctioli effect, when the wind blows parallel
to the ridge of the roof, this bottom-chord member carries an axial compression force uilder
which it is likely to buckle in the horizontal plane. Ties TI, T2,T3 as shown in the layout plan
in Figure 8.1 help to prevent buckling of the bottom chord member. The top chord member of
the adjacent trusses are also connected by means of diagonal bracing members in the plane of
the roof sheets. This system of bracing is referred to as Rafter-Bracing as shown in part-plan of
Figure 8.1. Many of the aspects of ties and bracings are already covered under the W c l e wind
loadlearthquake load in sectio~i8.2.
Apart from the aspect of instability of the roof trusses discussed above, the instability of the-
overall structural framework is also required to be studied. For this purpose marly times
horizo~italwind girders are provided in various floor levels, wherever possible, along a given
horizontal direction so that the horizontal force on the tloor is transferred to the end-vertical
planes of the building. Diagoiial wind bracings are provided in these vertical planes along the
column lines at each end of the wind girder so that these vertical planes of diagonal hracings
are perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the horizontal wind girder. Such a system of
bracing is already discussed in detail in section 8.2 and indicated in drawing of Figure 8.1.

8.4.6 Fixtures on A.C. Roof

Figure 8.8 shows details of fixing A.C. half-round gutter at the edge of the sloping roof. The
edge purlin is used to fix the metal clamps over it and thus the gutter is supported over a series
of such gutter metal clamps.

Figure 8 8 t Details of Half Round Gutter

Figure 8.9 shows how north light end of the truss is protected from rains by meails of
northlight-curves fixed by standard (J) bolts over the purlins. It is also indicated how glaz~ng
frame is supported over the rullner angles which in turn are supported on vertical end members '

of north light truss.

 (IF Steel Structure
Detail~~ig

'
S

Figure 8.9 :Fixing of North Light Curves

.10 sllows how A.C. ridge can be constructed at the crow11 edge of the roof-truss.
ridges are also available so U~at(J) bolts can be conveniently located.
P . C . SEPARA~P
ADJUSTABLE RW6E

&HER PLACEP
BnUMEN W)SfM% 3
G

I Figure 8.10 :Typira) Details of Adjustable Ridger at the Ridge Line of T a w

i) . a ) Distinguish between Dead load a i d Imposed live load.

b) Referring I.S. 875, state the dead load of following material in square
metrelcubic metre.
1) Bricks (common clay bricks) 220 mm x 110 m m x 7 5 inn1
2 ) Brick masonry with cement and sand in proportion 1:3 with overall
thickness of 260 mm including plaster of 20 mm thickness on each
face.

I 3) Cement (ordinary portland)

4) Weight of fully filled cement bag
5 ) Reinforced cenlent concrete
ii) W h i d ~are the places in India where wind velocity is maximum'? What is the
magnitude of intensity of wind pressure in these places?
iii) a) Draw a typical detail of a purlin supported on Truss.
b) Draw a typical detail of a purlin supporting A.C. sheets.
iv) a) Indicate the need of wind-bracings in vertical plane.
b) What is meant by Duplicate Tie system?

SC,
Detailing of Steel Construction
8.5 FLOORING SYSTEM

Hooril~gsystem co~~sists of floor and the supporting beams. There are two types of tloors
generally used in the industries :
1) Chequerred Plate Floor,
2) Grating Floor.
Sometimes R.C.C. slab is also used as floor. The floor referred above is supported on
secondary or main beams. Finally, beams are supported on the columns.
8.5.1 Floors
a) Chequerred Plates: Chequerred plates are either plain mild steel plates or mild steel
plates with top surface provided with slurations or shallow notches of about 1.5 nllll depth
having various patterns - diamond shaped pattern being more common. Generally plate
sizes of l m width are used over the steel beams of channel section or (I) sections. The
thicknesses of these plates are generally 8 mm to 12 mm depending up011 the span which
can vary from 600 to 1200 mrn.
b) Gratings : Gratings are fabricated steel tloors from flats. Span of the gratings can be
varied from 1 m to 2 m and the length of the grating can be chosen in the range o i 2 nl to
3111.Grating consists of two series of flats called as
1) Main member, and
2) Secondary member.

Figure 8 1 1 (a) :~ n ~ o u t -Memher

of i n Grating
 ain members, as shown in Figure 8.11 (a, b, c), are generally the flats of thicknesses 4 mm to Detailing of Steel Struetom
depth from 25 mm to 50 mm and at a spacing of about 65 mm to 100 mm.
ndary members are generally lighter sectiolls of thickness 3 mm to 4 mm, depth varying
10 mm to 15 mm and spaced at 200 mm to 300 mm centre to centre. Thedetails of
raung along with a typical joint (J) of the main member of size 35 mm x 4 mm with the
ondary member 12 mm x 4 mm are shown separately in plai~and section in Figure 8.1 1 (b)

R MAIN MEMBER
rnunc". -71

FPgnre 8.11 (b, c) :Grating

In this case rectangular notches of size 12 mm x 4 mm are provided at a spacing of
250 mm centre to centre on the top portion of the main member so that the secondary
members can be placed fully inside the notch and fillet weld is provided on atleast two
sides of the join J I as shown in the plan. secondary members are useful to provide lateral
restraints to main memher which carries load in vertical bending.
R.C.C floor slah can also he provided over the steel heams. In such cases the spacing of the
steel beams can he increased to around 2.5 m. Figure 8.12 (a) shows the layout plan of a
typical illdustrial building having steel columns and steel beams. As shown in the figure
the columns are spaced at 6 m c/c in 'X' direction and 8 m c/c in 'Y' direction. The
columns carrying heavier loads and of larger heights are generally two-legged columns
0)-sections or channel section suitably Iacedlbattened. The steel colum~lscanylng light
loads or medium loads can he of single (I) section also. It is observed in the Figure that the
columns along grid line (B)are of double channel section while those along grid lines (A)
& (C) are only single (I) section. Referring to section YI-Y I in Figure 8.12 (b) it can be
seen that beams of MB 450 are provided at 2 m centre to centre and R.C.C. slah is laid on
the top of these beams. In order to provide restraint to the compression flange (i.e. top
flange) of the heams shear connectors (SC)of 12 mm diameter hars are provided as shown
in the section YI-YI in Figure 8.12(b) and (bl). The bottom portion of this shear
connectors are welded to the top flange. Such shear connectors can be provided at a
spaclng of 600 mrn centre to centre along the length of the beam.
Detailing 18Steel (:n1is4ruction
 restraint for the compression flange of the (I) section can also be provided by embedding Detailing of Steel Strueturn
the top tlallge in the R.C.C. slab. In the part layout plan between grid lines (3) & (4)
rred floor are shown over the steel beams ISMB 150 spaced at 1 m centre to centre.
n X-X is drawn separately in Figure 8.12 (c) to indicate how the chequerred plates are
-ed on the top of the (I) beams either with welded connections or with bolted connections.

(b) SECTION YtYL

BEAM - .RC C SLAB
SUPWRIIf&
--

WCmLD CONNECTION OOLlCD CONNECTION

150 LOUS Q 4- c/e) t t 6 80LTO MO clc

C) -- -
SECTICN -
X X-
CHEQURRED FLOOR
Figure 8.12 (b, bi, c) :Typical Structural Steel Floor System

8 5 2 Steel Beams :Beam to Beam Connection

As seen in Figure 8.12 (b), steel beams ISMB 450 are provided at a spacing of 2 m centre to
centre. These beams c k y the loads coming from the R.C.C. slab and any other machine load
or wall loads placed over the floor. Spa11 of these beams is 6 m and these beams transfer loads
to the main beams at their ends shown typically as joint J i . The main beam has a span of 8 m
between grid lines (A) to (B) or between grid lines (B) to (C). The external main beams along
grid line (1) will also carry either the wall load or the load from side cladding. Thus the section
required for main beams is quite heavier. For span of 8 m, ISMB 600 with additional plate of
150 n m x 8 im welded to its top and bottom is provided as indicated in plan of the
Figure 8.12. Tlie actual sizes of beams are to be designed on the basis of maximum bending
moment and shear-force occurring at critical section as also on the permissible values of
detlectinn. The sizes indicated in the above referred figures are assumed for the sake of
completing'the detailing works. The typical detail of beam to beam connection is shown in
Figure 8.13 (a, b) which is very much similar to view R I Ri. It is observed that the top faces o f e
the secondary hean ISMB 450 and the (main - beam) at the joint J i are kept at same level.
Cleat angles are gellerally provided to connect the webs of the secolidary beams and the main
heam by means of either the bolted connection or the welded connection Figure 8.13(a) and (b)
shows the two view of the details of typical bolted connection. It is required to note ttie
tollowing points.
Detailing of Steel Construction 1) Spacing of bolts to be not less than (3 x dia of bolt).
2) Minimum distance of the top-most bolt below the top flange.
3) Minimum horizontal distance of first bolt line from web of beam.
4) Refer details such as distances g and g i of I Section given in Handbook No. (I-S).
It is also seen that some part of the top flange of the secondary beam is required to be cut so
that web of the secondary beam is extended upto the web of the main beam. The above referred
detail is typically called as a beam to beam connection.

(a) Elevation (R1R1) (b) Section AA

Figure 8.13 :Beam to Beam Connection with 20mm 4 B o b in 21.5 mm Holes

8.5.3 Beam to Column Connection

Figure 8.14 shows a section Yz-Y2 and its part plan of the flooring system shown in
Figure 8.12. At the left end J2 of the beam, the main beam is connected to the flange of the
column of (I) section wllile at the right end of the beam, it is connected to the web of the
channel section column. In general cleat angles are provided on either side of the web of the
beam by means of bolts (or tillet weld) as shown in the figure. The location of the bolts are
typically indicated both in elevation and in the pl'm details in Figure 8.14 consideri~~g the
section Y2 Y2. The end beams ISMB 450 along grid line (A) are connected to the web of the
(I) section column while the interior beam ISMB 450 dong grid line (B) is connected to tile
double channel section of the column through a special batten as shown it1 elevatioll and
sectiolial plan on (ZI-ZI).
Reference can be made to structural steel sections given in IS1 Handbook for structural
Engineers. A typical detail of the heam to heam connection requires the minimum distdances of
the bolts in the clear angles from the top face of the flange of the beam. This distance is markec
as gl in Table 8.1 of dimensions and properties of Rolled steel beams. The distance inarkedg
between the centre lines of the bolt-holes in the flange of the (I) beam is also given in the Table
8.1. The minimum celltre to centre distance of the bolts along a given line can be take11 as three
times the diameter of the bolt. For the purpose of ease of construction aid tiglltel~l~~gor the
bolted joint the location of the bolts in the weh of the main beam can be staggered with respect
to the locations of bolts in the secondary beam.
 Doeillnp: d Steel S t ~ c t u r c

(b) Part Plan between (1) Prad (2) on Zfll

-
Rgun 8.14 :Typical Detaib of Benin Cdluan Comedon at J o b J2 sod J3

8.5.4 Design Philosophy

Since this chapter is not for study of the design of steel-members it is intended to provide only
the guidelines of design.
1 Following steps should be considered for Ule purpose of design of the beam member.
1) Compute all the vertical loads and their locations on the beam.
2) Compute the magnitudes of the horizontal loads, if any and their locations.
I 3) Check up whether the beam is subjected to torsional moment.
4) Determine the value of maximum bending moment, maximum shear and
maximum torsional moment if any. - ...
5 ) Determine the maximum benchg stress at critical locations under combined
action of vertical bending moment and horizontal bending moment.

i 6) Determine rhe maximum hending compressive and tensile stresses and check
whether these are less than the permissible bending compression for compressive
Detailing of Steel Cnnstruction stresses and permissible bending tensile stress for tensile stresses. The value of the
maximum permissible bending stress in tension can be taken as obt = 0.66 fy as
recommended in IS 800-1 984.
7) Compute the maximum shear stress and check whether it is less than the
permissible shear stress. Value of the maximum permissible shear stress can be
taken as that recommended in I.S. Code.
T~,= 0.45 fy
where,
fy= Yield stress of the steel. 1
The average shear stress calculated on the cross-section of the web of the beam
shall generally not exceed the value Tva= 0.4fy.
i
8) Determine the maximum deflection and check whether it is less than the 1
L
permissibie value of -
320'

8.6 STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS

The structural steel columns generally carry axial compression load. Sometimes these ilre
required to be designed for combined effect of axial-load and Bending Moment. Permissible
axial compressive stress in steel colu~nndepends on its slenderness ratio and is lower than the
permissible axia! tensile stress.
The slender the column, the smaller is the permissible axial compressive stress. If r rnin is the
least radius of gyrations of the cross-section of the column and (1 eff) is the effective 1engt.h of
the colunm,

h = slenderness Rati --Leff

rmin
The values of ratio of Leffto actual length of colunln member are given in Table 5.2 of
"

I.S. 800 -1984 based on end conditions of the column.

The values of permissible axid compressive stress ( Csc) are given in Table 8.1 for various
values of its Slenderness - Ratio, where, yield stress of the steel is as'surned to be 250 Nlmm 2
Table 8.1

Slenderness 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 250

Ratio of
Column

Permissible 150 148 145 139 122 101 80 64 51 41 33 28 18

Axial
Compressive
Stress in
~lrnm (asc)
~

Let the permissible axial compression load that can be carried by a column be (PC),
-
P, = Axial load capacity in compression = a,, x A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the colunln

8.6.1 Computation of Axial Load Capacity

Case (a) : If an I section MB 200 is used as column, A = 32.33 cm2
RXX= 8.32 cm, ryy= 2.15 cm , r min = ryy
The values of PCfor various effective length of column are given in Table 8.2 (Case b): In
case a column is made of two legs (Double I section) as shown in Figure 8.15 (a) it can he
provided with lacing or battens as shown in Figure 8.1 5 ( a) and (b) so that the combined
section is effective as single colunm. The moment of inertia of column about YY axis is larger
than (Ixx) where XX and YY are axes through the centroid of the combined section as shown in
Figure 8.15.
 Detailing of Steel Structure

(21) bur-legged Colunm (Caw C (b) '~.wu-le~ed'Colurnn

(Case 1
Figure 8.15: Built up Colu~nns

Lx .
-
Thus ;in rxx= 8.32 cm is the critical radius of gyratioi~and r.1~1:IS the Sleilderness - Ratio. Tlle
vdues of Axial 1o;ld Capacity (PC) for this two-legged colum~iis also Tabulated in Table 8.2.
T a s e (C) : Ftlrther when column heights are quite large, the axial load capacity of a built-up
~ each leg of < 75 x 75 x 6 and external dimensions of 400 mm,x 400
four-legged c o l u m ~with
nlnl shown in Figwe 8.15 (h) is computed and Tabulated for comparison. Since CXX= 2.06
r min > (20 - Cxx). Assume r~,i,,= 18 cin (Apl)roximately)
Referring to Table 8.3 and Figure 8.15 (ii, b), it is noted that columns under cases a) and c)
have alnlost same area of cross-section. Colunill of case (a) callnot have effective lellgth more
Ulan 4 metres since its slenderness ratio (1)is then beyonrl (180).However, the column under
case (c) call be co~lstn~cted even with effective lalgth of 12 metres when its value of h = 66.7
o~llya i d its load carrying capacity is (398 kN) no re
than the correspol~di~lg
value (310 IrN) of .
2(ISMB 200) of case (b) for which area of cross-section is almost double of that of case (C).
Table 8.2 :Axial Load Capacity (PJ of Columns of Different
Configurations for Various Values of the Effective Length

Details of Few Cases of Cross-Section of Column

Effective Case (a) Case (h) Case (c)

Length Single ISMB 200 Double ISMB 200 4<75 x 75x 6
2
of A = 32.33 cm2 A = 2 x 3233 = 64.66 cm A =4 x 8.M = 34.64 cm
Column rmin = ry = 2.15 cm rmin = rx= 8.32 cm rmin 18 cm
-
in (h) 0 sc PC
Metres ~lrnrn~ kN (a) &C Pe (h) 5 PC

2 93 87 28 1 24 147 950 II 150 520

* Value of h -, 186 is marginally higher than a value of (180) whlch is ga~lerallyconsidered as it$
upper limit for steel column.
.In the case of a Compression members of a roof-truss, a double angle sectioii is generally 'used
"' (L) =kTeater 12 m.Refer p l a c e ~ ~of ~ t ailgla in starred c o l ] f l ~ ~ ~ill
k ~two o rUoit
r,
( 5 ) in the
ofSAVs ( ~ 0 l ~ pro,mhlems).
ed ~t is tllal
Detailing of Steel Construction
gyration is TX = rx value of single angle, where X & Y are axes through centroid
of combined section of two angles, while x and y are axes of individual section.
c) When two aiigles are connected in starred fashion, the miuirnum value
(r min) is further improved and given by ruuwhich happens to be the maximum
value of (r = rulSof a single angle section.
d) When a coinpression member is quite long, the starred shape of cross-section of
two aiigles can be chosen suitably to make an eco~iomicaldesign.
8.6.2 Battens and Lacing
When a columii is built up of two or more members, it is necessary that these member he
suitably connected to each other by plates or angles so that cornbilled section of the column can
act as an integrated unit. Consider a case of Two I sections as shown in Figure 8.16 (a).

GUSSEI BASE

TYPICALWELOW LONNECTION

SIIFFNER R N E IOrnrn(51)

b) SECTION - Z Z

ALL WELDED BATTENS

0 750 CLC AS PER DESIGN

SSET PLATE A!.l B A S

P C C 150 THK

. .

a) ELEVATION1 WITH BATTEN)

klgure 1.16 (a,b) :Two-legged Braced Colu~~ln
with Base Connection to K.C.C Footing
Figure 8.16 (a) shows the elevatioi~of such a built-up column with batten-plates of s i x ilbout
150 mm x 450 mm colinecting the two legs (MB 200) by welding. The battens are provided 011
both sides as indicated by dotted lines in plan of Figure 8.16 (a). The size of battens and their
spacing are required to be designed depending o!~the vertical loads aiid the horizontill loads to
be carried by the column. The details of provision of design is not intended to he covered in
this chapter. The design is based 011 the assumption that battens along with the colunlll fr>rnls ;I
rigid-jointed frame in resistiiip the lateral load. Alter~iativeto batten-connect~o~is the lacillp 01
h e column as indicated in Figure 8.16 (c). Lacings are pe~lerallyeither the fiats thw cl'7r
 upto (75 x 8), or Angles (say of size, 35 x 35 x 5 ) or higher) depending on the codal Detailing of Steel Structure
of the design. The analysis is based on the assumption that along with the column, it
frame to resist the horizontal load.

a ) 75 X 8 PLATES OR
bl S O X S O X 6 ANGLE
AS PER DESIGN
FULLY WEU)ED

= M . B . 200

Figure 8.16 (c) :Two-legged Column with Lacing ( 30's 8 5 60')

structural steel column are generally not provided below the ground level. Since it may
I
ntact with moist-soil. It needs to be fully encased in concrete if it
1 below ground-level.
I ally a steel coluinn is supported on the top of a R.C.C pedestal (similar to short and
R.C. column) at a level about 300 mm or more above ground level. The steel base plate
e bottom face of the column and Anchor bolts1Holding down bolts
provided as shown in Figure 8.16 (a &b). These bolts are well anchored in the concrete of
I bolt length embedded in the concrete is about 30 x diameter of the
lded at bottom of bolt to further develope additional mechanical
ts help to prevent the overturlliilg or lifting of steel column when
igned for wlnd-load. Sometimes the height of pedestal is quite large 'and R.C.C. spread
ting is provided below it so that it bears on a good soil-strata at appropriate depth. As shown
ure 8. lh. the base plate is stiffened by a) stiffells plates (S1) and b) gusset base plates of
le thickness. These are welded to the hase-plate of the columll aild also welded/bolted to
nges on both sides of the two-legged-column. The load tr'ansfer from steel-column to soil is
s through a continuous medium of R.C.C footing and pedestal. The clear cover of the
in-reinforcement bar is also generally 2 50 mm so that corrosion effect are reduced.
re 8.1'6 mainly shows the detailing of the base of steel column wherein connection
een column to the base-plate and connectic~ndetails of hase-plate to the pedestal are
rcement in the R.C.C. pedestal or the footing are not indicated
has to be studied separately as a part of design of reinforced concrete footings.

$.7 LARGE SPAN STEEL GIRDERS

hen span of girders are more than 10 metres, the compound section built up from standard
section, which are generally available upto a depth of 600 mm, are uneconomical. For a
 DecdlingofSteei range of span from 10 metres to 20 metres solid web plate girder can be designed and
fabricated fully with the help of the steel-plates.
When the span is more than about 20 metres or when loads on girder are quite heavy, even for
smaller span, it may be economical to fabricate an open-web girder which is basically a lattice
girder where bending moments are resisted by top chord member and bottom chord member
while shear is resisted by the vertical and diagonal members.
Gantry girders are a special case of girders which carry moving wheel loads causing both
vertical as well as horizontal bending moments. Figure 8.1 shows elevation and cross-section
(Part d) of the gantry girder. These are required to be designed for both vertical loads with
impact as well as horizontal load caused by the BreakingIAccelerating of moving Trolleys.
All the above referred types of girders are explained below. In this unit, design of suuctural
steel member is not included. However, the main emphasis on sharing typical details of the
girders based on assumed sizes.
8.7.1 Solid Web Plate Girder
Figure 8.17 shows a typical solid plate girder simply supported over a span which is assumed
to be 16 metres. Loading diagram is given in Part (a) of the Figure, wherein it 1s noted that
apxt from uniformly distributed load (say W = 40 kNIm), a collcentrated load P (say of 60 kN)
is also applied at its midspan. Overall depth (D)of Girder is chosen as 1500 mm at midspan.
Generally vertical stiffners are provided to stiffen the thin web-plate. Web thickness should
generally be more than -
(io]
The vertical stiffener at locations of heavy concentrated loads like load ( P ) or support reactions
are called as bearing st~ffnessand have to be designed tc~carry the concenuated load at that
P = 6 0 0 KN location. The intermediate stiffness (IS) are provided at a spacing less thau (1 .S 1)) LO prevent
the buckling of the web.
~ s o o o The tliicktiess of the flange-plate at tophottom depends on the maximum Belidilig Molllent
5--
8000
,! (B.M) at midspan. The thickness of flanges can be reduced near the support where the B.M i,s
Kgure 8.17 (a) :l,oa&mgfiagram much lesser. Accordingly the location at which flange thickness can be reduced to 12 nlm or
16 mm is to be determined. Figure 8.17 (d) shows a typical butt weld joint where ll:ln@e
thickness 1s changed, from 16 mm to 30 mm.

Figure 8.17 (h) : Elevation of Solid Weh Plate Girder

SQPE 1:5

8 THK(-/ /
-- 6 THK WEB- SPLICE
-
tcJ beetiom BB (for Web-s@ice) (d) Butt Weld Joint tJt)
Figure 8.17: Solid-Web Plate Girder ( Span -16 m )

Splices
The length of the web plate available in market call be about 10 to 12 metres. Hence it is
necessary to make a joint of two web plates at some location (W) as indicated in
Figure 8.17 (b). Plan section BB is showii in Figure 8.17 (c) wherein it is seen that cover plate Detailing of Steel Structure
of about 500 mm wide and 1400 deep can be weldedholted on each side of web plate. These
plates and weld-size are to be designed adequately to resist mainly shear-force and partial B.M.
carried by tlie we6 at that section.
Bearing stiffener (B.S.) over a column of I sectioii is detailed in Figure 8.18 (a, b). The pair of
stiffener plate on each side of web of girder are welded to the web and generally these plates
are placed in alig~inlentwith the flange-plates of colunin helowlabove. These plates have their
end faces cut to the profile of top and bottom tlaiige angles of the girder and placed with proper
beanng over the legs of the angles.
The typical welding details of the bearing stiffener to the web plate are shown in the three
views o f Figure 8.18 to transfer the co~ice~itrated load from reaction provided by the steel
column. The typical details of welding between web and tlanges are also shown in the part
elevation of the figure. Iii the view (AA), a clamping plate (B) welded to column tlanges is
shown. The holding-clown bolts provided through base-plate of the girder are held with the
help of this clamping plate. In case of roller support at right hand side (R) of the girder
(Figure 8.17) the bolt hole in the base plate need to be made oblong and the top nut of the bolt
is kept above the base plate and the tlange plate by a clearance of about 1.5 mm so that the etid
of the girder along with the base platc can slide while the bolt remailis in position since it is
locked with l o c k - i ~ ~oil
~ t the
s clampiiig plate. I11 these situation it is better to provide a separate
cap-plate welded on tlie top of the column so that hase plate can slide over the same smoothly.
The circular bolt holes shown in Figure 8.18 (c) are meant of hinged support at end (L) of the

8.7.2 Open Web Girder

A typical open-web girder used as "Foot-over Bridge" over the railway-lines covering a span
of 24 metres aiid simply supported over steel-column is shown in Figure 8.19 (a,h,c). Part (a)
of the Figure 8.19 shows the general elevatioli of the girder wherein top chord member, bottom
chord member ilre generally of double angle section. For larger span a box scction of two
channels is also used. llle vertical ~nemhers( V ) carry compression load and are generally
douhle angle section. The diagonal members carry tensile force and cm , be designed as single
angle section if so required. Ge~ierallythe minimum size of the angle used is angle

In tnis girder web plate is not provided and hence the name "Open Web Girder" is
appropriate. The cross-beams B I and B2 are supported over the two girders at the joints of
horizontal bottom chord and the verticalldiagonal member. The function of the cross-beams
which are generally R.S.J (Rolled steel joisl of I section is to support the R.C.C. slab over
which people can walk. The side elevation in Figure 8.19 (b) shows liow conliectioli of girder
and R.S.J can be designed. The layout plan of R.S.J. is shown in Figure 8.19 (c). It is a good
practice to provide wind bracings (Dl designed as ties in diagonal direction in betwecii tlie
R.S.J. as shown in thc layout. The horizoiital wind load over the height of tlie girder or over
side sheetiiigs if provided will cause horizontal bending of this horizontal open-web girder
provided below tlie R.C.C. slah. This girder is also supported on the Vme vertical columns. In
the layout plan it is noted that alternate cross-bcams are extended beyond the centre lines of
girder by about 700 mm. The raker arms (R) as shown in Figure 8.19 (b) are provided from
these ends to provide lateral restraint to the top-chord ~rieniberof the girder. It is known that
top chord member which carries axial compression forces should be provided with lateral
restrailits to reduce its effective length against buckling in horizontal plane also. I11 tlie vertical
ntrolled by the spacing of vertical niellibers (v) of the girder.
The details of members and their conliection at joints are not shown since these are similar to
those shown ill the case of roof-truss. A detail of raker connection with top chord arid bottom
R.S.J. is however shown in Figure 8.20.

Gantry girders are essentially required iu factory building where devices for lifting machinery
or its part and trallsporting the same fro111ally location of Ule factory tloor to any other locatio~i
as required are required to be provided. Generally the part of trailsporting the masses of
machine-parts is to be dense at quite high level over the essential head room so illat working of
persolls 'in other portion is not affected. Thus electrically operated overhead travelling cranes
(0.T.C) are usually provided. The trolley with wheels, carrying the hoisting system aiid its
hook is supported over the rails of the crane-girder aiid call be moved along the crane-girder.
The crane-girder itseltl is provided with eiid wheels and call he rolled over the rails of the
1)elailiny nf Steel Cnnstruction
 r TOP CHORD MEMBER ( 2 BER ( 2 L 90~90~8)I I

\ v3 i ,/ vz 1
1 ez
,r a'= 3000
101
+
10.2 I I r I 1

( 8 EQUAL PANEL X 3 0 0 0 - = 22 000 )

r

( b ) = PANEL LE NGTH = 3000 m m

b ) SIDE ELEVATION a) ELEVATION
u REFER DETAILS OF M E M B q V l D l IN flG 8.7.4.
I 1 300

CAP PI
16 Tk
R
L a 7 n

DETAIL OF COLUMN CqflWO LKG u u

RJ- U

CJ Layout Ran of Cross Beams (B1& Bz).Supporting R.C.C. slab and Diagonal wind Bracings
Figure 8.19: Open web Girder for Railway Foot -over Bridge ( Typical )
 - -

Detailing IBT Stcel Corrslruction

TOP CHORD L S

GUS5 €1 PLATE ( PI ) WELDED

TO PLATE ( P 2 )

RAKER(L65X 6 5 x 6 )

b) VIEW AA a)PART ELEVATION OF ( V 3 1

(it) P i i d uf (V.3)
Elevutiu~~ (1)) View AA
Figure 8.20 :Connection Details of Raker Bi & V3

longitudinal girder (along X direction called as gantry girder supported on steel columns A I , A2
etc. as shown is general layout. plan and elevatiol~of the factory building in Figure 8.1.
The gantry girder thus carries the vertical loads transferred through the wheels of the lnovlllg
crane girder. When the trolley moves in cross-direction (Y) and suddenly accelerates or breaks.
the lateral forces in horizontal directions are also transferred to the gmUy girder apart:ronl the
vertical loads. In view of this the gantry girder is to be designed for both vertical arid horizontal
bending. Hence, generally its cross-section is a cornpound section with a channel placed with
its web horizontal on tlie top of I section with its web vertical as shown in Figure 8.1 (d).
~,

SAQ 2
i) a) Draw a neat drawing showing a bolted connection of beam 1.S.M.B
350 to another 1.S.M.B 500 going in perpendicular direction.
b) Draw a similar detail if it is a welded connection, through cleat allgles
connected web to web.
ii) Draw a detail of an open web girder at its end supported on steel colum~lof I
' section

a) if it is a hinged con~iection,and ..

b) if it is a roller connection.
iii) Draw a welded detail of bearing stiffener of a solid-web girder supported over a
steel column of I section.
iv) Draw a typical detail of a web-splice of solid web plate girder
v) Draw a built up column of two I sections and show a typical lacing detail.
 19ctaili11gnf S t r d Structure
8.d SUMMARY
s a part of professional practice and improvement can bc done by
llce in tlle various jobs. The details of various drawiligs indicated are only the
tion. Whenever you move about any structure, you should take interest to inspect
s are provided and how the same are jointed to form the structure
the roof. You may draw to scale the details shown below to

sses, the centre-line of members, cuttillg length of various iliterllal members, purlills &
eir connection with top chord member and the A.C. roof-shwts.
e floor slab such as chequerred plates and grating to be shown along with various k a n l s

1 e detail of bean1 to column collllection is very important.

el has its weakness when considering axial compressioli for long-member while it is
y strong,in Tension. Draw suitable cross-sections for very tall column.
ers of steel are quite light as against R.C. beams or prestressed concrete
s. Open-web girders ire further lighter. It is extremely important that every sniall
in&has at its background, a design requirement to be fulfilled and thus study of'
cture is of utmost imporLmce and should go llalld in hand with the

: A beam fonned by fabricating it by using steel-plates.

: web plate Girder is an example of built up girder.

: mats used to make two or more legs of the column to behave as

angle column and to resist better lateral load.
: Flats or allgles used to improve the load capacity of the column.
: A member supported on roof tnisses and used for supporting the
A.C. sheeting.
: A bar or a rod to provlde interior support to purlll~scollllected from
one purlin to another in a directioli parallel to tclp chord of tnlss to
reduce the span of purlin for loadconlponents in plane of the
sheeting. These pair of sag-rod on the two slopes of roof are I'inaHy
tied to ridge member.

8.10 ~ N S W E R STO SAQs

H
of SAQs are generally in the form of detailing and available ill the text of
 -
Detailing of steel Construction
FURTHER READING
1 ) 7'he steel designer's manual - Gray
2) The I.S. Handbooks Nos. (1) (2) and (3) for structural Engineers
i) Structural Steel Sectiolls
ii) Steel Beams
iii) Steel Columils and struts.
3) I.S. 800-1984 for Gcneral Construction in steel
4) .Structural Steel Handl>ookby B.N. Sridhara through "University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.
5 ) Design of steel Structures by Arya & Ajmani
6) Ilesign of steel structures by Ncgi
7) Steel designer's nzanual hy C.S. Gray and others
8) Design of steel structures by A.S. Arya and J.L. Ajmani
9) Design of steel structures by L.S. Negi
10) Reference to IS Codes
Indian standards for material and other properties of rivets and bolts:
, i) Rivets
a) IS 1929 - 82- Hot forged rivets for general purposes
h) IS 2 155-82-Cold forged rivets
c) IS 1 149-82 - High tension steel rivet bars
ii) Rolts
a) IS 1363 - 84 - Parts I - I11 Hexagon grade C bolts
h ) IS 3640 - 82 - Hexagon fit bolts
-
c ) IS 1364 85 - Hexagan graivcs B&A bolts
d) IS 3757 - 85 - High strength friction grip bolts.
e) IS 1367-84- Pans I to VIlI - Technical supply conditions for threaded
fasteners
f ) IS 1364-85Hexagon grades B&A Bolts.
iii) Nub
IS 6623 - 85 - High strength friction grip nuts
IS 1364-79 - Parts I to XVIII Hexagon grades A & B nuts & lock nuts
IS 1367-85 - Parts 1 - VIII- Techilical supply conditions parts for threaded
fasteners
iv) Washers
IS 5370 - 69 - Plain washers
IS 20 16 - 67 - Plain washers
IS 5369 - 75 - General requirclnents for plain washers and lock was11er:rs
IS 66 10 - 72 - Heavy washers
IS 6649 - 85 - HIgh strength friction grip washers
IS 3063 - 72 - spring washers.
11) Indian St(zncitircis and Hundbooks , Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
I.S.800.813, 816,822,823, 806,1161,
12) Structurc~lWelding, V.K. Cllavan, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi - 1975
13) Theory ~ n Pructice
d q f A r c Welding, R.J. Sacks, Van Nostrand Co.Affiliated East West
Q ~ T td N P W n p l h i
P ~ P Pvt
 -- -

Detailing of Steel Structure

14: Design qf Steel Structures, Breslin, Lin & Scals, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd.
15:l Design q f Steel Structures, Arya & Ajmaii, Nem charid & Bros. Roorkee, 1975
16: Design qf Modern Steel St!'UCtUICS,L.E. Grinter, Eurasia Publishiilg House Pvt.. Ltd.,
New Delhi 1969.
NOTES