Lecture 2. Distortion, Regulation and Filters: Ideal Supply
Lecture 2. Distortion, Regulation and Filters: Ideal Supply
Lecture 2. Distortion, Regulation and Filters: Ideal Supply
o Line regulation is a measure of how well a power supply can withstand Total harmonic distortion
fluctuations in the line voltage, to provide voltage to the load. Total harmonic distortion is a measure of how distorted an A.C. signal with
harmonic distortion is. It compares the powers at higher-order harmonics to
where the power at the fundamental frequency.
Vload max − Vload min o Vload max = Vload for maximum Vline
Line regulation = ∞ ∞
o For example a D.C. machine draws much more current when it’s Pure sinusoid: only one harmonic present (the zeroth), so that there are no
starting up than when it’s operating at full speed. A good supply can higher harmonics:
deliver close to nominal voltage under both conditions. 0
THD = 2
=0
Vm
Vload (max line ) − Vload (min line ) Vload (max line) = Vload for maximum Vline
Load regulation =
Vload ( no min al Vload (min line) = Vload for minimum Vline
line ) Two sinusoids: two harmonics:
Vload (nominal line) = Vload for nominal Vline 2
⎛1 ⎞
⎜ Vm ⎟
THD =
P1
= ⎝2 ⎠ = 1
2
P0 Vm 2
p(t ) = v load (t ) × i load (t ) = Vm I m sin ωt sin(ωt + φ ) So the power also flows in a sinusoidal shape (see Figure 2.1b):
ωt
Figure 2.1. (a) Load voltage and current out of phase. (b) some of the energy flowing into
the load flows out again in each cycle.
EE301 GB02 page 7 EE301 GB02 page 8
o So the average load power (sometimes called the active power) is smaller 2. Temperature Variation is a measure of the output voltage variation
than the apparent power S=VrmsIrms by a factor cosφ. This factor is called due to temperature, as components heat up or cool down.
the power factor, and is always less than or equal to 1.
• Important: circuits heat up as power is dissipated; this can change
o P=V.I.cosφ is called the active power the performance of the circuit itself
o Q=V.I.sinφ is called the reactive power. This is the power that is bounced • For example: resistors decrease in value with rising temperature
out of the load back to the supply.
o The electricity company usually objects if your power factor is too low
Filters fight distortion
• for instance, if your load is a large machine (looks like an inductor!)
Two common solutions to the harmonic problem:
• too much reactive power bouncing back at their power stations!
1. Produce less distortion! Design better supplies that minimize switching
• So sometimes power factor correction is built into your power supply. harmonics – use specialised components
2. Filter the rest: Eradicate unwanted harmonics and noise using filters
• Connect in series with the load Using phasor analysis, the transfer function turns out to be
These effects are extremely useful in filters. Vout ( jω ) 1
T ( jω ) = =
Vin ( jω ) ω
1+ j
ωp
1
where ω p = is called
RC
• pole frequency, or
• 3dB frequency, or
• cutoff frequency.
EE301 GB02 page 11 EE301 GB02 page 12
To filter out unwanted high-frequency signals using an RC filter, simply Low-pass RL filter
choose R and C such that the cutoff frequency is comfortably below the
lowest harmonic frequency. Recall: a low-pass RL filter looks like
L jω L
But look out! The lower the cutoff frequency we want, the larger R and C
have to be! vin(t) R vout(t) Vin(jω) R Vout(jω)
Example: Design a RC Low-pass filter At this frequency, the magnitude of the output voltage looks like
1. Try ωp= ωh = 200π. Now we have decided ωp = 100π rad/s, How to choose R and C?
At this frequency, the magnitude of the output voltage can be got from 1
• We must choose R and C so that ω p = , so we have a little freedom.
the transfer function: RC
But remember, a good supply does not itself dissipate much power!
V ( jω h ) 1 1 1
T ( jω h ) = out = = = = 0.707.
Vin ( jω h ) 2 2
2 • A large series R dissipates large i2R power – bad idea!
⎛ω ⎞ ⎛ωp ⎞
1+ ⎜ h ⎟ 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ω ⎟ ⎜ω ⎟ • So increase C – better idea.
⎝ p ⎠ ⎝ p ⎠
So if we put ωp equal to ωh, then the harmonic at ωh will only be • Choose R=10 Ω
attenuated to 0.707 of its original amplitude. Not very good!
• Then C turns out to be about 318 µF. (Work it out yourself, then hit the
2. Try ωp=½ωh = =2π×50=100π.rad/s. forum.)
END OF LECTURE