Series and Parallel Ac Networks RLC
Series and Parallel Ac Networks RLC
Series and Parallel Ac Networks RLC
Resistive elements
For the purely resistive circuit of Fig. 6.1, the voltage and current are in phase and
the magnitude is
In phasor form
where V = 0.707 Vm
Since i and v are in phase, the angle associated with i also must be 0º. To satisfy this
condition, θR must equal 0º. Substituting θR = 0º, we find.
In polar form the phase relationship between the voltage and the current of a resistor is
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It is often helpful in the analysis of networks to have a phasor diagram, which shows at
a glance the magnitude and phase relations among the various quantities with in the
network. Phasor diagram of a resistive ac network is shown in Fig 6.2 (c). and 6.3 (c).
Example 6.1: Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit of Fig. 6.2 (a).
Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
Waveform of voltage and current and phasor diagram are shown in Fig.6.2 (b) and 6.2(c).
Example 6.2: Using complex algebra, find the voltage v for the circuit of Fig. 6.3 (a).
Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
Waveform of voltage and current and phasor diagram are shown in Fig.6.3 (b) and 6.3(c).
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Inductive reactance
For a pure inductor of Fig. 6.4 (a), the voltage leads the current by 90, and the reactance
of the coil XL is determined by L.
Since v leads i by 90, i must have an angle of - 90 associated with it. To satisfy this
condition L = +90. Substituting L = +90, we obtain
In polar form inductive reactance, which is the phase relationship between the voltage
and the current of an inductor is
Example 6.3: Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit of Fig. 6.5 (a).
Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
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Example 6.4: Using complex algebra, find the voltage v for the circuit of Fig. 6.6 (a).
Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
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Capacitive reactance
For a pure capacitor of Fig. 6.7, the current leads the voltage by 90 and the reactance of
the capacitor XC is determined by 1/C.
Since i leads v by 90, i must have an angle of + 90 associated with it. To satisfy this
condition C = -90. Substituting C = -90, we obtain
In polar form capacitive reactance, which is the phase relationship between the voltage
and the current of a capacitor is
Example 6.5: Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit of Fig. 6.8 (a).
Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
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Example 6.6: Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit of Fig. 6.9 (a).
Sketch the waveforms of v and i.
Impedance diagram
An angle is associated with resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance, each
can be placed on a complex plane diagram, as shown in Fig. 6.10. For any network, the
resistance will always appear on the positive real axis, the inductive reactance on the
positive imaginary axis, and the capacitive reactance on the negative imaginary axis. The
result is an impedance diagram that can reflect the individual and total impedance levels
of an ac network.
Fig. 6.10
Once the total impedance of a network is determined, its magnitude will define the
resulting current level, whereas its angle will reveal whether the network is primarily
inductive or capacitive or simply resistive.
For any configuration (series, parallel, series-parallel, etc), the angle associated with the
total impedance is the angle by which the applied voltage leads the source current. For
inductive networks θT will be positive, whereas for capacitive networks θT will be
negative.
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SERIES CONFIGURATION
The overall properties of series ac circuits (Fig. 6.11) are the same as those for dc
circuits. For instance, the total impedance of a system is the sum of the individual
impedances:
For the representative series ac configuration of Fig. 6.12 having two impedances, the
current is the same through each element (as it was for the series dc circuits) and is
determined by Ohm’s law:
and
Fig. 6.12
The voltage across each element can then be found by applying of Ohm’s law:
and
Kirchhoff’s voltage law can then be applied. Note that we are now dealing with the
algebraic manipulation of quantities that have both magnitude and direction.
or
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For a series resistance and inductance (R-L) circuit, Z1 = R and Z2 = j XL = j ωL
Then, ZT = R + j XL = R + j ωL
For a series resistance and capacitance (R-C) circuit, Z1 = R and Z2 = 1/(jXC) = -j/ωC
Then, ZT = R - j XC = R - j /ωC
Then, ZT = R + j XL - j XC = R + j ωL - j /ωC
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Example: Determine the input impedance to the series network of Fig. 12(a). Draw the
impedance diagram.
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AC through series Resistance and Inductance (R-L circuit)
A pure resistance R and a pure inductive coil of inductance L are shown connected in
series in Fig 6.13.
Fig. 6.13 (a): Series R-L circuit. Fig. 6.13 (b): Applying phasor notation to
the network of Fig. 15.26.
Phasor Notation
Total impedance, ,
and
Current ,
Fig. 6.15 (c): Impedance diagram.
or,
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and
Phasor diagram: Note that for the phasor diagram of Fig. 6.16, I is in phase with the
voltage across the resistor and lags the voltage across the inductor by 90°.
Fig. 6.16
where E and I are effective values and θT is the phase angle between E and I, or
and
where is the phase angle between , and is the phase angle between .
Power factor: The power factor PF of the circuit is cos 53.13° = 0.6 lagging, where
53.13° is the phase angle between E and I.
, PF =
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AC through Resistance and Capacitance (R-C circuit)
A pure resistance and a pure inductive coil of inductance C are shown connected in series
in Fig 6.17.
Total impedance, ,
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A plot of all the voltages and current appears in Fig. 6.16 (e). Current i and voltage across
R, vR, in phase and voltage across capacitor, vc, lags by 90º.
Finally,
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Resistance, Inductance and Capacitances in series
A pure resistance, an inductance and a capacitance are shown connected in series in Fig
6.17 (a) and in phasor notation in Fig. 6.17 (b).
Total impedance, ,
Current I,
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Using KVL or,
Phasor diagram: The phasor diagram of Fig. 6.17 (d) indicates that the current I is in
phase with the voltage across the resistor, lags the voltage across the inductor by 90°, and
leads the voltage across the capacitor by 90°.
Time domain:
A plot of all the voltages and the current of the circuit appears in Fig. 6.17 (e).
or,
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Example: For the circuit of Fig. 6.18.
a. Combining common elements and finding the reactance of the inductor and capacitor,
Redrawing the circuit using phasor notation results Fig. 6.18 (b).
Total impedance
Current
The voltage across the resistor, inductor, and capacitor can be found using Ohm’s law:
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b. The total power factor, determined by the angle between the applied voltage E
and the resulting current I, is 48.16°
and
and
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Example: For the circuit of Fig. 15.119:
a. Find the total impedance ZT in polar form.
b. Draw the impedance diagram.
c. Find the current I and the voltages VR and VL in phasor
form.
d. Draw the phasor diagram of the voltages E, VR, and
VL, and the current I.
e. Verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the closed loop.
f. Find the average power delivered to the circuit.
g. Find the power factor of the circuit, and indicate
whether it is leading or lagging.
h. Find the sinusoidal expressions for the voltages and
current if the frequency is 60 Hz.
i. Plot the waveforms for the voltages and current on the
same set of axes.
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i. Find the sinusoidal expressions for the voltages and
current.
j. Plot the waveforms for the voltages and current on the
same set of axes.
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